1. Necrosis is
a) the total change in the cytoplasm of damaged cells;
b) the transformation of cells into malignant;
c) genetically programmed cell death;
+d) irreversible damage to the cell;
e) trophic disturbances cells.
2. Shrinkage of the cell nucleus is called
+a) pyknosis; b) karyorrhexis; c) karyolysis; d) autolysis; e) necrobiosis.
3. Ionizing radiation has the greatest impact on the
a) ribosomes; b) sarcoplasmic reticulum; +c) nucleus of the cell during mitosis;
d) Golgi complex; e) mitochondria.
4. Specific manifestation of cell damage when cyanide poisoning is
a) denaturation of the protein molecules; b) increased lipid peroxidation;
+c) the blockade of cytochrome oxidase; d) acidosis; e) uncoupling of oxidation and
phosphorylation.
5. Inactivation of cytochrome oxidase is a specific manifestation at
a) the effect of radiation; +b) cyanide poisoning; c) the effect of high temperature;
d) mechanical trauma; e) the action of antioxidants.
6. Is a correct the assertion a) intracellular acidosis and hyperhydration cells are strictly specific manifestation of cell
damage;
b) increase the permeability of cell membranes is strictly specific manifestation of cell damage;
+c) increasing the permeability of cell membranes accompanies any damage cells;
d) the ability to stain of damaged cells is reduced;
e) the electrical conductivity of damaged cells is usually reduced.
7. Factors that contribute to the development of edema in damaged cells:
+a) increasing the concentration of intracellular sodium; b) increase the concentration of
intracellular potassium; +c) the increase in the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane for
ions; d) inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis; e) reducing the hydrophilicity of cytoplasm.
8. Specify the mechanisms of cell damage:
a) increasing the conjugation of oxidative phosphorylation; b) increase in the activity of enzymes
of the DNA repair; +c) increase the free radical oxidation of lipids; +d) yield of lysosomal
enzymes in hyaloplasm; +e) acidosis.
9. Cell damage may occur due to changes in its genetic program if:
a) the expression of pathological genes; b) repression of normal genes; c) translocation genes; d)
changes in the structure of genes; +e) all answers are correct.
10. Identify the reasons for hyperhydration of cell at damage:
a) decrease in the activity of Na + / K + - ATPase; b) increase in intracellular osmotic pressure;
c) intensification of lipid peroxidation; d) increase the hydrophilicity of cytosolic proteins; e)
decrease in the activity of Ca ++ - ATPase; +f) all answers are correct.
11. Which of the following indicators show the damage of transmembrane ion pumps?
+a) increase of intracellular calcium;
b) decrease of intracellular sodium;
c) increase of intracellular potassium;
+d) decrease of intracellular potassium;
+e) increase in intracellular sodium.
12. Excessive activation of free radical reactions and peroxide reactions causes:
+a) conformational changes of lipoprotein complexes of cell membranes;
+b) inactivation of sulfhydryl groups of proteins;
+c) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation;
+d) reduction of the activity of sodium-calcium exchange transmembrane mechanism; e) the
activation function of membrane receptors.
13. Indicator of cell damage is
a) increasing the pH of the cytoplasm; b) increase in the membrane potential of the cell;
c) increase in the intracellular concentration of potassium; +d) increase in intracellular calcium
concentration; e) reduction of the intracellular concentration of sodium.
14. What is accompanied by an increase in the content of free ionized calcium in the cell?
+a) activation of phospholipase A2; b) inactivation of phospholipase C;
c) hyperpolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane; d) an increase in the content of free
calmodulin; +e) uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation.
15. Cause of damage to cell membranes can be factors:
a) mechanical; b) chemical; c) biological; d) physical; +f) all of the above.
16. What are the mechanisms of damage to cell membranes
a) activation of membrane transferase; b) activation of glucose transport into the cell;
+c) significant activation of lipid peroxidation; +d) activation of membrane phospholipases and
other hydrolases; +e) osmotic damage; +f) adsorption macromolecular protein complexes on the
membranes.
17. What are the main reasons for the activation of phospholipase when damaged cells:
a) increase in intracellular sodium ions; +b) increase in intracellular calcium ions; c) decrease in
intracellular potassium ions; +d) increasing the intracellular content of water; +e) reduction of
intracellular pH.
18. To lipid peroxidation leads
+a) the decrease in the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase); b) increase in the activity of
catalase; c) high concentration of alpha-tocopherol; d) high concentrations of proteins containing
SH-groups; e) reducing the concentration of ions with variable valence.
19. What are the consequences of lipid peroxidation (LPO) of cell membranes:
+a) reduction of the hydrophobicity of the lipid; b) reducing the ion permeability of the cell
membrane; +c) hyperhydration cells; +d) increase in intracellular calcium ions; +e) violation of
the structural integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane.
20. Which of the following substances weaken the damaging effects of free radicals on the
cell?
+a) glutathione peroxidase; +b) superoxide dismutase; +c) vitamin E; d) unsaturated fatty acid;
+e) ionol.
21. The consequence of lipid peroxidation in membranes is to increase
+a) membrane permeability; b) surface tension; c) electric strength of the membranes;
d)potassium in the cells; e) macroergs in the cells.
22. Damage mitochondrial membranes primarily leads to
a) karyorrhexis; b) autolysis of the cell; c) violation of the regulation of cell division;
+d) violation of oxidative phosphorylation; e) lowering the membrane potential of the cell.
23. Damage to the lysosomal membranes leads to
a) activation of tissue respiration; +b) increase of hydrolysis in the cell;
c) activation of protein synthesis; d) increase in membrane potential; e) apoptosis.
24. Increased permeability of cell membranes leads to
a) exit from cells sodium ions; b) entry into the cell of potassium ions; c) exit from cells calcium
ions; +d) exit from cells enzymes and hyperenzymemia; d) decrease in staining cells by dyes.
25. Reduced defusing of toxins in the cell is due to damage
a) the nucleus; b) ribosomes; c) the mitochondria; +d) the endoplasmic reticulum; e) lysosomes.
26. Insert the missing link in the pathogenesis of cell injury
Rupture of the membranes  ion imbalances  increase in cell ions ..?  activation of
membrane phospholipases, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
+a) calcium; b) sodium; c) potassium; d) magnesium; e) hydrogen.
27. The missing link in the pathogenesis of cell damage is
Rupture of the membranes  ion imbalance: ..?  increase in osmotic pressure 
hyperhydration of cells
a) reduction of sodium, calcium and potassium in the cell;
b) increase of the sodium, reduction of calcium in the cell;
+c) increase of sodium and calcium in the cell;
d) increasing the sodium, calcium and potassium in the cell.
28. What mechanisms underlie reperfusion damage cells?
+a) activation of lipid peroxidation; b) activation of enzymes synthesis and transport of ATP;
+c)increase in entering of oxygen in the cell; +d) increase of free radicals in the cell.
29. Specify the features characteristic of apoptosis
a) chaotic DNA breaks; b) DNA cleavage in strictly defined areas; c) release and activation of
lysosomal enzymes; d) forming formations containing fragments of the nucleus and organelles;
e) hyperhydration of cells.
30. Adaptive mechanisms of the cells are
a) karyorrhexis; b) rupture of the cristae of mitochondria; c) decrease in the activity of the
respiratory enzymes; d) increasing the activity of lysosomal enzymes; +e) hypertrophy and
hyperplasia of intracellular structures.
31. Specify the non-enzymatic factors of antioxidant defense of the cells:
a) the bivalent iron ions; b) SOD; c) vitamin D; +d) vitamin C; +e) vitamin E.
32. Specify the intracellular adaptive mechanisms in acute cell damage:
a) enhancing the transport of calcium ions into the cell; +b) activation of the buffer systems of
the hyaloplasm; +c) activation factors of antioxidant protection; d) yield of lysosomal enzymes
in hyaloplasm and their activation; +e) activation of DNA polymerases and lipases.
33. The main target in the cell under the influence of ionizing radiation:
a) cytoplasmic membrane; +b) DNA; c) the sarcoplasmic reticulum; d) the ribosome;
e) mitochondria.
34. Factors which contribute to the radiation damage of the cells:
+a) increase of the oxygen content in the blood; b) reduction of the oxygen content in the blood;
+c) lack of vitamin E; +d) high mitotic activity; e) low mitotic activity.
35. Enzymes of antimutational system of the cell:
+a) restriction enzyme; b) histaminase; c) hyaluronidase; +d) DNA polymerase; e) creatine
phosphokinase; +f) lipase.
36. The increase in the content of free ionized calcium in the cell is accompanied by:
+a) activation of phospholipase A2; b) inactivation of phospholipase C; +c) activation of lipid
peroxidation; d) hyperpolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane; +e) increase in the yield of K +
out of the cell; +f) overhydration of the cells.
37. The effects of severe acidosis in ischemic damage of cardiomyocytes:
+a)  Ca ++ - transporting function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; b) activation of the Na + / K +
- ATPase; c) inactivation of lysosomal proteases and phospholipases; +d) activation of lipid
peroxidation; +e) reduction of contractile function of the myofibrils; f) activation of enzymes of
the creatine kinase system.
38. Signs that are typical for apoptosis:
a) chaotic DNA breaks; +b) DNA cleavage in strictly defined areas;
c) release and activation of lysosomal enzymes; +d) formation of vacuoles containing the
fragments of the nucleus and organelles; e) hyperhydration of the cells.
39. The consequences of apoptosis:
+a) phagocytosis of fragments of the cells bounded by a membrane; b) formation of a zone of the
plurality of dead and damaged cells; +c) destruction and removal of a single cell;
d) development of the inflammatory response; e) autolysis of dead cells.
40. Non-specific manifestations of cell damage are:
+a) damage to the genome; +b) acidosis; c) alkalosis; +d) sodium accumulation in the cell;
+e) activation of lysosomal enzymes.