Chapter 1- 5 Glossary (from publisher website)
Chapter 1
collectivist
culture
Culture that emphasizes the importance of belonging to a larger group, such as a family, tribe, or
nation.
individualistic
culture
Culture that places great emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments.
personality
Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual.
Chapter 3
anal stage
The psychosexual stage of development in which the anal region is the primary erogenous zone.
conscious
In Freud’s topographic model, the part of personality that contains the thoughts we are currently
aware of.
defense
mechanisms
Devices the ego uses to keep threatening material out of awareness and thereby reduce or avoid
anxiety.
denial
A defense mechanism in which a person denies the existence of a fact.
displacement
A defense mechanism in which a response is directed at a nonthreatening target instead of the
unconsciously preferred one.
ego
In Freud’s structural model, the part of personality that considers external reality while mediating
between the demands of the id and the superego.
fixation
Tying up psychic energy at one psychosexual stage, which results in adult behaviors
characteristic of that stage.
free association
A procedure used in psychoanalysis in which patients say whatever comes into their mind.
Freudian slip
A seemingly innocent misstatement that reveals unconscious associations.
Human Figure
Drawing test
A projective test in which test takers are asked simply to draw a person.
id
In Freud’s structural model, the part of personality concerned with immediate gratification of
needs.
intellectualization A defense mechanism in which the emotional content of threatening material is removed before it
is brought into awareness.
libido
The limited amount of psychic energy that powers mental activity.
oral stage
The psychosexual stage of development in which the mouth, lips, and tongue are the primary
erogenous zones.
phallic stage
The psychosexual stage of development in which the genital region is the primary erogenous
zone and in which the Oedipus complex develops.
preconscious
In Freud’s topographic model, the part of personality that contains thoughts that can be brought
into awareness with little difficulty.
projection
A defense mechanism in which one’s own unconscious thoughts and impulses are attributed to
other people.
projective tests
Tests designed to assess unconscious material by asking test takers to respond to ambiguous
stimuli.
psychoanalysis
The system of psychotherapy developed by Freud that focuses on uncovering the unconscious
material responsible for a patient’s disorder.
psychosexual
stages of
development
The innate sequence of development made up of stages characterized by primary erogenous
zones and sexual desires.
reaction
formation
A defense mechanism in which people act in a manner opposite to their unconscious desires.
repression
A defense mechanism in which the ego pushes threatening material out of awareness and into
the unconscious.
Rorschach
inkblot test
A projective test in which test takers are asked to describe what they see in a series of inkblots.
structural model
Freud’s model of personality that divides personality into the id, the ego, and the superego.
sublimation
A defense mechanism in which threatening unconscious impulses are channeled into socially
acceptable behaviors.
superego
In Freud’s structural model, the part of personality that represents society’s values.
Thanatos
The self-destructive (death) instinct, which is often turned outward in the form of aggression.
Thematic
Apperception
Test (TAT)
A projective test in which test takers are asked to tell stories about a series of ambiguous
pictures.
topographic
model
Freud’s original model of personality structure, in which personality is divided into three different
levels of awareness.
unconscious
In Freud’s topographic model, the part of personality that contains material that cannot easily be
brought into awareness.
Chapter 4
absorption
The ability to become highly involved in sensory and imaginative experiences.
catharsis
A release of tension or anxiety.
neodissociation Hilgard’s theory, which maintains that consciousness is divided into aware and unaware
theory
parts during hypnosis.
Chapter 5
anima/animus
The archetype that is the feminine side of the male (anima) or the masculine side of the female
(animus).
archetypes
Primordial images that predispose us to comprehend the world in a particular manner.
collective
unconscious
The part of the unconscious mind containing thoughts, images, and psychic characteristics
common to all members of a culture.
personal
narratives
Assessment procedure that asks individuals to provide autobiographical descriptions of important
events in their lives.
primordial
images
The images that make up the collective unconscious.
shadow
The archetype that contains the evil side of humanity.
striving for
superiority
The primary motivational force in Adler’s theory, which is the person’s effort to overcome feelings of
inferiority.