1890-1920
Formal Empire
“Semi-Formal” (Protectorates)
Lakes Africa
Caribbean
South China Sea
Persian Gulf
Congo: Belgium
Kenya: Britain
Ger. E. Africa: Germany -> Brit.
Cuba: Spain (to 1898)
British Honduras: Britain
Antilles except Hispaniola:
various European
Mesopotamia: Ottoman
Zanzibar, Uganda: Britain
Rwanda-Urundi: Ger -> Belgium
Cuba: USA (from 1898)
Panama: USA (from 1903)
Central America: mainly
USA
(Mexican Revolution/
Zimmerman Telegram)
China: Qing (Manchu) to 1912
Vietnam: France
Philippines: Spain -> USA
(1898)
Malaya: Britain
Indonesia: Netherlands
Hong Kong: Britain
China: USA, Japan, various
European
China and Vietnam: supply
laborers to Western Front
China: Japan conquers
German concessions
China: Warlordism
Chinese: 1906-12
Iran: Britain & Russia
Ottoman: Britain & France
Mesopotamia: British and
French colonials conquer
parts of Ottoman Empire
(Armenian massacre)
Ottomans: top-down,
Ottomanism and PanIslamism
Ottoman: Wahhabists,
Kurdish & Armenian
Ottoman: Railroads
(German)
Trucial States & Iran:
Petroleum
Empires
Political
Informal Empire
Great War (WWI)
Allies’ colonials conquer German
East Africa
Constitutionalist Revolutions
n/a
Mexico: 1910-18
Cuba: Platt Amendment
Nationalism
(not yet)
Cuban: Multi-racial
China: Boxers (1900-2)
Philippines: 1890s-1913
Anti-“Colonialism”
Congo & Kenya: various
Ger. E. Africa: various + Maji-Maji
All: Ports & Railroads (extractive
only)
Mines
Cuban
Mexico/Mainland
Mexico:
Porfieriato/Cientificos, Mines
Central America: Ports & RR
(extractive)
Cuba: Sugar processing
Extraction Infrastructure
Monocropping
China: Boxers (v. Qing and
West)
China: Railroads
Vietnam: Roads
Development
Economic (Labor)
Underdevelopment
Finance/Debt
Extracted Resources
Extraction Infrastructure
Laborer Deaths
Imported Disease
Food Insecurity (Forced Labor)
All: Subjects taxed in coin
Webs of indebtedness
Concessions
Extraction awarded by Metropole
Resource Plunder
Congo: Ivory & Tree Rubber
All: Minerals, Timber
Uganda: Cotton
Ger. E. Afr.: Cotton, Sisal, Tree
Rubber
Kenya: Coffee
Plantations/Monocropping
Opium Importation
Industrial Imports
Mexico: Foreign Investors
owned means of production
Cuba: USA owners of sugar
infrastructure
Iran: 1906
Ottoman: “Young Turks”
1908
Industrial Imports
1881, Europeans manage
Ottoman state debt
Marketing coerced from Qing
Mexico: Minerals
All: Soil
Mexico: Haciendas (std.
Agriculture), Sisal/Henequen
Cuba: Sugar
Mainland Central: Coffee,
Bananas
Trucial States: Britain
Vietnam: Rice, Rubber Trees
Malaya: Rubber Trees
Marketing & Banking
coerced from Ottomans
Marketing (tobacco) coerced
from Qajars (Iran)
Persia, Arabia, Trucial
States, Mesopotamia: Oil