Task 3 : The philosophy of science(the scientist has no other
method than doing his damnedest)
Percy W.Bridgman
AS 2434
GROUP MEMBER :
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MOHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN SAADON
KHAIRIL AIZAT BIN KMARUZAMAN
AIZAT FATHI BIN SEZALI
MUHAMMAD HANIF BIN MD JAIS
MUHAMAD TAUFIQ BIN MOHD TAJUDDIN
AKRAM NAIM B. MOHD YUSOF
AHMAD RIDWAN BIN MUSA@ ISMAIL
MOHD AZRIN B. RUSLAN
1. Summarized by AkramNaim b. MohdYusof
Epistemologies
Epistemologies is to understand sociology or any other science. Science is defined and compared
with four epistemology. Which is required faith in us. Depend upon the opinions of person in
authority and and procedures for collecting observation that reflect reality. Epistemology
requires also the testing or development of theory. There are 3 theories of science which are
theory provides an explanation of occurred events while empirical generalizations summarize
observations. Secondly, scientists use theory depends on their investigation to help community
of scholars. Lastly, by gaining support for theory, scientist can confidently apply the theory to
improve life.
2. Summarized by Muhammad Aizat Fathi bin Sezali
Some note about science
From my reading and opinion ,falsification in theory can be determine in principle if cannot
verify the truth by observation.
In other hand, science necessary to deductive and inductive in procedure to produce new result
or observation.
Creationism and evolution meaning each other is contrast. Creationism cannot be approve by
theory cause it is not and never as scientific theory and cannot be test or experiment. That
limitation of our mind .Rather than evolution ,it can be observation and experiment. It can be
false thus it it scientific theory cause science depend on principle that may false.
3. Summarized by Mohammad Syafiq Bin Saadon
Rules of Positivism
The rule of positivism can verify the truth about science statement. This positivism philosophy
can be determine in four rules that are rule of operationalism, rule of nominalism, rule of valuefree knowledge and unity of scientific method. All these rule consist of data that being recorded,
theory, observation by specific senses, no comprehensive constructs, no bias and hence all of
this specific method must be valid and general to all range of sciences.
4. Summarized by Muhamad Taufiq bin MohdTajuddin
As se all know, although the rules of posivitism is good, but in sciences, it is different as the rule
is impossible to be followed and implied in sciences due to its contradiction to sciences and
causes damage to the value of science .
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Critique of the rule of operationalism
o
These critique of operationalism shows that the data that been presented might be
polluted by the ideology of scientist as they also human being. Data that been received
is not being fully filtered as we are only using our senses to justify the data and the data
might be biased as not everything is observed directly. Nothing is pure enough to be
presented as the accurate data rather it is influenced by either personality of a person,
experience of oneself or the ideas of scientist that might by been conceived by his
ideology.

Critiqueof the rule of nominalism
o

Critique of the omission of values.
o

These shows that when rules of operational and nominalism is just impossible to be
followed. It becomes truth that the observation of one is normally perceived by the
values and bias of oneself. It means that, observation is naturally affected by values and
bias of human being.
Critique of the principle of one science
o
5.
the critique of nominalism is the concept that is established so that a person can
understand a thing to its logical atomism means that all the observation been reduced
to its basic component of data to infinitum until it reflect to the fundamental building
block of reality. An example of a thing that used this concept is that the thing been
descript to its atomic structure, but the reality is sense is different than the concept. All
description can be used with no definite logic but the reality is that after descript to its
basic building block, the thing can never the thing until it been called by the observer as
the thing shows the abstract concept that been created.
Science and not just one type, but any kind of science is not compatible to the rules of
posivitism as the rule cannot justify a set of rules for verification that causing to made
science as human enterprise. Although the rule of all science must adhere to the same
set of guidelines, but these set of rules is just impossible to be followed by sciences
Summarized by Muhammad Hanif Bin MdJais
The good science based on community approach.
In my opinion, community approach are one of the method using the the opinion from experts
about truth. Sometime there are no method in solving the truth. We need the expert opinion on
the truth that we seek for. After the opinion are collected, then we can accept either the
statement are acceptable or not. This method did not form the real truth since the evidence did
not state clearly and only based on expert opinion but it can be one of the method to decide
either statement is the truth or not. There will be weakness on this method which the others
can argue with it. For example, if the statement are from Malaysia and the expert that give the
opinion are from Malaysia and they said the statement can be acceptable, the other expert from
other country can argue with the statement because there are many more opinions from
different culture or studies.
6. Summarized by Muhammad Azrin bin Ruslan
Phenomenology critique of the community of scholar approach
Community of scholars approach is when an evaluation of science relies on the consensus
opinion of the community of scholars regarding the acceptability of statements about reality. It
is the community that decides on the truthfulness of statements until something better comes
along to support the statement. In practice, authors submitted technical reports of scientific
investigation to be reviewed by the community of scholars. If the scholars find that the
manuscript is acceptable, they will recommend it to be published. Upon publication, the study is
said to be “acceptable review”. But, in The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Thomas Khuns
argued that the peer review process is something subjective one as, if the finding did not in line
with the religious, political or philosophical positions of the reviewers of a professional journal,
it will be more difficult for these persons to support the manuscripts.
7. Summarized by Ahmad Ridwan bin Musa @ Ismail
The Hypothetico Deduction Model
The Hypothetico-Deductive (HD) Model approach to find out the truthfulness of statements
about reality is to establish a set of rules whereby objective, value-free, unbiased conclusions
can be drawn from admittedly biased observations. HD Model states that the explanandum is a
conclusion drawn from premises that cover one or more universal laws. However, HD Model has
two fundamental problems which are deduction and induction. Deduction concluded that if one
begins with the wrong law, then one's conclusions will be incorrect. For example if a first
statement is false but the second statement is true so the conclusion will be incorrect. While for
induction, scientific inquiry can falsify a theory, but never can verify it.
8. Summarized by Khairil Aizat bin Kamaruzaman
Problem of deduction
The problem of deduction are the statement that use as explains might be an accidental
law so that is might be true or also false. The prediction does not mean explanation but
when one begin wrong law, then that conclusions will be incorrect. For example in Sir
Isaac newton case, he stated that lighter mass object is pulled by the heavier mass
object but nowadays we know that the apple falling down due to falling phenomena
(gravity theory). In other words, what we might think it is true for today might be false
for tomorrow
The Problem of Induction
Induction refer to the statement that summarize that how thing works. The problems for
induction are some of the observation cannot be verify the law due to some equally
logical observation. Some of theory maybe false but the statement can be verify.