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KEY TERM
DEFINITION
an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and
maintain that organism.
An agent , such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive
element, that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in
an organism.
Nondisjunction is the failure of two members of a homologous
pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a laboratory technique used
to make multiple copies of a segment.
Genetic engineering is the deliberate, controlled manipulation of
the genes in an organism with the intent of making that organism
better in some way.
A type of mutation resulting from the addition of extra
nucleotides in a DNA sequence or chromosome.
a plant or animal that is grown from one cell of its parent and that
has exactly the same genes as its parent.
an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease.
A type of point mutation in which a single nucleotide is
substituted with (or exchanged for) a different nucleotide that
may result in an altered sequence of amino acid during
translation.
occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as
to alter the genetic message carried by that gene.
is a type of mutation involving the loss of genetic material. It can
be small, involving a single missing DNA base pair, or large,
involving a piece of a chromosome.
any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA
molecules at specific sites.
DNA in which one or more segments or genes have been inserted,
either naturally or by laboratory manipulation, from a different
molecule or from another part of the same molecule, resulting in a
new genetic combination.
the crucial process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is
copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
an abnormal condition where there are three copies, in stead of
two, of a particular chromosome within the cell.
a field of study concerned with the ethics and philosophical
implications of biological practices and their impact on society.
A type of gene mutation wherein the addition or deletion of (a
number of) nucleotide(s) causes a shift in the reading frame of the
codons in the mRNA
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organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in
order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the
production of desired biological products
a technique for separating protein molecules of varying sizes in a
mixture by moving them through a block of gel, by means of an
electric field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore
farther than larger ones
A laboratory technique used especially for identification (as for
forensic purposes) by extracting and identifying the base-pair
pattern of an individual's DNA
an organism that has had genes (one or more DNA sequences)
from another species put into its genome having been introduced
by artificial means such as recombinant DNA techniques.
the crucial process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is
copied to produce two identical DNA molecules