Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
Disease
Pathogen name
Pathogen
type
Main Host
Land Use Type
Continent
Transmission
Type
Citation
arthropod
Multi or
Single
Host
MHP
Ectoparasites, lizard
Eutrombicula
lizards
arthropod
MHP
Bats
Tick-borne zoonotic
bacteria
Anaplasma,
Rickettsia,
bacteria
MHP
wildlife,
birds and
mammals
Rubio and Simonetti
(2009)
(Pilosof, Dick et al.
2012)
(Halos, Bord et al.
2010, Ogrzewalska,
Uezu et al. 2011)
Lyme disease
Borellia
burgdorferi
bacteria
MHP
Whitefooted
mice,
mammals,
birds,
reptiles
deforestation,
forest
fragmentation,
agricultural
development,
urbanization
S.
America
S.
America
N.
America,
S.
America
N.
America,
Eurasia
direct
Bat fly
forest
fragmentation
Human
settlement
forest
fragmentation
Ectoparasites, bat
Campylobacter
Campylobacter
spp
E. coli
bacteria
MHP
direct
MHP
agricultural
development
forest
fragmentation
Oceania
bacteria
Africa
direct
Waterborne enteric
pathogens
Cryptosporidium
, Giardia,
Salmonella,
Campylobacter,
Listeria, E.coli
bacteria
MHP
agricultural
development
N.
America
direct
(Wilkes, Edge et al.
2011)
Ehrlichiosis and
Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichia
chafeensis,
Anaplasma
phagocytophilum
bacteria
MHP
human
/livestock
human and
nonhuman
primates
humans,
other
mammals,
amphibians,
reptiles,
birds
deer
reservoir
(Ehrlichia)
forest
fragmentation,
urbanization,
suburbanization,
forest park
management
N.
America
VB
(Wimberly, Yabsley et
al. 2008, Foley, Nieto
et al. 2009, Allan,
Dutra et al. 2010)
enteric bacterial
pathogens
direct
VB
VB
(Glass, Amerasinghe
et al. 1994, Allan,
Keesing et al. 2003,
LoGiudice, Ostfeld et
al. 2003, Brownstein,
Skelly et al. 2005,
Linard, Lamarque et
al. 2007, Diuk-Wasser,
Vourc'h et al. 2010, Li,
Hartemink et al. 2012,
Tack, Madder et al.
2012)
(Eyles, Brooks et al.
2006)
(Goldberg, Gillespie et
al. 2008)
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
meningococcal
meningitis
group A
meningococci
bacteria
SHP
human
leptospirosis
Leptospira canis
serovar pomona,
Leptospira spp.
bacteria
MHP
mammals
bovine tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
bovis
Mycobacterium
ulcerans
bacteria
MHP
bacteria
MHP
bovine, wild
ungulates
human
woodland
management
agricultural
development
Chromoblastomycosis
Cladiophialopho
ra carrionii
fungus
MHP
human
Chytridiomycosis
Batrachochytriu
m dendrobatidis
fungus
MHP
intestinal helminth,
bobwhite quail
Raillietina spp.,
Aproctella sp.
Cheilospirura,
Cyrnea sp.
Dispharynx sp.
Heterakis sp.
Tetrameres
Trichostrongylus
helminth
(nematod
e,
cestode)
Echinococcus
Echinococcus
multilocularis
Balysascaris
endoparasitism, wild
Buruli ulcer
desertification,
loss of
vegetation cover
Agricultural
developmenturbanization
Africa
direct
(Molesworth, Cuevas
et al. 2003)
S.
America,
N.
America
Eurasia
direct
Africa
direct
deforestation
Africa
direct
amphibian
deforestation,
forest
fragmentation
direct
MHP and
SHP
bobwhite
quail
agricultural
development
N.
America,
S.
America
N.
America
(Barcellos,
Lammerhirt et al.
2003, Ghneim, Viers
et al. 2007)
(Vicente, Hofle et al.
2007)
(Wagner, Benbow et
al. 2008, Wagner,
Benbow et al. 2008)
(Esterre,
Andriantsimahavandy
et al. 1997)
(Becker and Zamudio
2011, Hartson,
Orlofske et al. 2011)
direct and
trophic
(Davidson, Kellogg et
al. 1991)
helminth
(cestode)
MHP
rodent/
carnivore
deforestation
Eurasia
trophic
Balysascaris
procyonis
helminth
(nematod
e)
MHP
raccoons,
mammals
urbanization
N.
America
trophic
(Craig, Giraudoux et
al. 2000, Giraudoux,
Pleydell et al. 2006,
Reperant, Hegglin et
al. 2007, Robardet,
Giraudoux et al. 2011)
(Page, Gehrt et al.
2008, Kellner, Page et
al. 2012, Samson,
Dubay et al. 2012)
GI nematodes
helminth
MHP/
wild rodents
forest
S.
direct and
direct
(Puttker, Meyer-Lucht
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
rodents
endoparasites, bobcat
mermithid nematodes
intestinal helminth and
cestode rabbit
onchocerchiasis
Cryptosporidium
Giardia sp.
Ancylostoma,
Uncinaria,
Toxacara cati
Mermithidae
nematodeTrichostrongylus
retortaeformis,
and cestodeMosgovoyia
pectinata
Onchocerca
volvularis
(nematod
e)
Protozoa
and
helminth
SHP
fragmentation
America
trophic
et al. 2008)
MHP
Bobcats,
mammals
Urbanization
N.
America
direct and
trophic
(Carver, Scorza et al.
2012)
helminth
(nematod
e)
helminth
(nematod
e)
MHP
spiders
habitat
fragmentation
N.
America
trophic
(Vandergast and
Roderick 2003)
SHP /MHP
rabbit
forestry
management
Eurasia
direct and
trophic
(Hulbert and Boag
2001)
helminth
(nematod
e)
SHP/MHP
human
deforestation,
human
settlement
(immigration)
Africa
VB
amphibian(Rana
sylvatica
and Hyla
versicolor)
duck, snail,
canid
amphibian
larvae,
snail, bird
amphibian
Rana
pipiens
aquatic
eutrophication,
urbanization,
agricultural
development
N.
America
trophic
(Muro and Mziray
1990, Fischer, Garms
et al. 1997, Traore,
Diarrassouba et al.
1997, Wilson, Cheke
et al. 2002)
(Belden 2006,
Koprivnikar, Baker et
al. 2006, King,
McLaughlin et al.
2007, Skelly, Bolden
et al. 2007)
aquatic
eutrophication
N.
America
trophic
(Johnson, Chase et al.
2007)
wetland and
agricultural
development
N.
America
trophic and
direct
(Schotthoefer, Rohr et
al. 2011)
human,
mammals
agricultural
development,
rice and
Eurasia
trophic
(Spear, Seto et al.
2004, Leonardo,
Rivera et al. 2005,
amphibian
trematodiasisechinostomiasis
Echinostoma
trivolvis
helminth
(trematod
e)
MHP
amphibian
trematodiasis
Riberoia
ondatrae
MHP
Amphibian helminth
communities
Multiple species
of amphibian
trematodes and
nematodes
schistosomiasis
Schistosoma
japonicum
helminth
(trematod
e)
helminth
(trematod
e and
nematode
)
helminth
(trematod
e)
MHP
MHP
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
irrigation,
deforestation
Yang, Vounatsou et al.
2005, Wang, Chen et
al. 2009)
(Muigai, Wasunna et
al. 1989, el Sayed,
Rizkalla et al. 1995, de
Clercq, Vercruysse et
al. 2000, Umeh, Amali
et al. 2001, Njiokou,
Yimta Tsemo et al.
2004, Yapi, Briet et al.
2005, Matthys,
Vounatsou et al. 2006)
(Huspeni and Lafferty
2004)
schistosomiasis
Schistosoma
mansoni,
Schistosoma
hematobium
helminth
(trematod
e)
MHP
human,
snail
deforestation,
urbanization,
agricultural
development
(irrigation, rice),
deforestation,
dam building,
land reclamation
Africa
trophic
trematode
communities-general
trematode
MHP
avian, snail
restoration of salt
marshes
N.
America
trophic
schistosomiasis and
hookworm
Schistosoma sp
and Ancylostoma
MHP/
SHP
human,
mammals,
snail
urban farming,
agricultural
Africa
trophic and
direct
(Matthys, Tschannen
et al. 2007)
amphibian
trematodiasis and
nematodiasis
trematodes and
nematodes,
different species
MHP/ SHP
amphibian
deforestation,
agricultural
development
N.
America
trophic, direct
(McKenzie 2007)
endoparasites,
primates
Oesophagostomu
m sp,
Cryptosporidum,
Giardia,
Strongyloides
spp., Trichuris
spp, Ascaris sp.,
Colobenterobius
sp., cestode
(Bertellia sp.),
helminth
(trematod
e)
helminth
(trematod
e,
cestode)
helminth
(trematod
e,
cestode)
helminth,
protozoa
MHP
Primatescolobus and
red-tailed
guenons
forest
fragmentation,
selective logging
Africa
direct and
trophic
endoparasites,
primates
Giardia spp.,
pinworm,
helminth,
helminth,
protozoa
MHP/ SHP
howler
monkey
forest
fragmentation
N.
America
direct and
trophic
(Gillespie and
Chapman 2004,
Gillespie, Chapman et
al. 2005, Gillespie and
Chapman 2006,
Salzer, Rwego et al.
2007, Gillespie and
Chapman 2008,
Mbora, Wieczkowski
et al. 2009, Bonnell,
Sengupta et al. 2010,
Hodder and Chapman
2012)
(Vitazkova and Wade
2006, Trejo-Macias,
Estrada et al. 2007,
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
coccidia,
trematode
Ectoparasites and
endoparasites, and
health, primates
Endoparasites, deer
Parasites, general
Lice,
helminth,
bacteria
Helminth
SHP/MHP
Primate,
Inri indri
Forest
disturbance
SHP/MHP
Roe deer
prion
prion
MHP
"Old World"
leishmaniasis
Leismania
major, L.
turanica, L.
gerbilli
protozoa
MHP
deer (mule,
whitetailed)
Wild and
domestic
mammals,
humans
habitat
fragmentation,
agricultural
development
suburban
development
Chronic wasting
disease
Leishmaniasis, 'New
World'
Leishmania
mexicana,
L. braziliensis
L. chagasi
L. panamensis,
L. donovani
protozoa
MHP
Wild and
domestic
mammals
Perkinsus
Perkinsus
marinus
Plasmodium
protozoa
MHP
protozoa
SHP
malaria vectors,
general
Helminths,
general
Valdespino, RicoHernandez et al. 2010,
Kowalewski, Salzer et
al. 2011, Trejo-Macias
and Estrada 2012)
(Junge, Barrett et al.
2011)
Africa,
Madagasc
ar
Eurasia
direct, trophic
direct
(Navarro-Gonzalez,
Verheyden et al. 2011)
N.
America
direct
(Farnsworth, Wolfe et
al. 2005)
agricultural
development,
woodland use,
agricultural
developmentdeforestation and
irrigation
deforestation,
urbanization,
agricultural
development,
land resettlement
Africa and
Eurasia
VB
S.America
, N.
America
VB
oysters
urbanization
direct
vertebrates
deforestation,
urbanization,
N.
America
Oceania
(Ashford, Chance et
al. 1976, Elhassan,
Zijlstra et al. 1995,
Thomson, Elnaiem et
al. 1999, Wasserberg
G 2003, Bhunia,
Kesari et al. 2012)
(Ready, Lainson et al.
1983, Mouchet, Le
Pont et al. 1994, Kawa
and Sabroza 2002,
Costa, Werneck et al.
2005, Guerra, Ribeiro
et al. 2006, Salomon,
Sosa-Estani et al.
2006, Chaves, Cohen
et al. 2008, Salomon,
Acardi et al. 2009,
Quintana, Salomon et
al. 2010, Fernandez,
Lestani et al. 2012)
(Gray, Bushek et al.
2009)
(Leisnham, Lester et
al. 2006)
VB
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
malaria
Plasmodium
falciparum,
Plasmodium
vivax,
Plasmodium
ovale,
Plasmodium
malariae
protozoa
SHP
human
pastoralization
agricultural
development(incl
uding irrigation
and orchard) ,
deforestation,con
struction,social
factors, rice
plantation,
human
settlement, brick
making, road
building, wetland
development,
urbanization
N.Americ
a,
S.America
Africa,
Eurasia,
Oceania,
Africa
VB
(Lee, Atmosoedjono et
al. 1980, Amerasinghe
and Ariyasena 1990,
Rosenberg, Andre et
al. 1990,
Amerasinghe,
Amerasinghe et al.
1991, Ramasamy, De
Alwis et al. 1992,
Singh, Singh et al.
1996, Singh, Mehra et
al. 1999, Lindblade
K.A., Walker E. D. et
al. 2000, Nanda,
Yadav et al. 2000,
Ataka, Ohtsuka et al.
2001, Conn,
Wilkerson et al. 2002,
Jacob, Regens et al.
2003, Carlson, Byrd et
al. 2004, Keiser,
Utzinger et al. 2004,
Klinkenberg, van der
Hoek et al. 2004,
Mutero, Kabutha et al.
2004, Afrane, Lawson
et al. 2005, AntonioNkondjio, Simard et
al. 2005, Kebede,
McCann et al. 2005,
Krishnamoorthy,
Jambulingam et al.
2005, Leonardo,
Rivera et al. 2005,
Sattler, Mtasiwa et al.
2005, Afrane, Zhou et
al. 2006, de Castro,
Monte-Mór et al.
2006, Grieco, Johnson
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
et al. 2006, Munga,
Minakawa et al. 2006,
Vasconcelos, Novo et
al. 2006, Vittor,
Gilman et al. 2006,
Yanoviak, Paredes et
al. 2006, Afrane, Zhou
et al. 2007,
Vanwambeke, Lambin
et al. 2007, Yasuoka
and Levins 2007,
Zhou, Munga et al.
2007, Klinkenberg,
McCall et al. 2008,
Turell, Sardelis et al.
2008, Saraiva,
Amorim et al. 2009,
Olson, Gangnon et al.
2010, Wayant,
Maldonado et al. 2010,
Krefis, Schwarz et al.
2011)
Trypanosomiasis,
African
Trypanosoma
brucei, other
Trypanosoma
spp
protozoa
MHP
mammals
anthropogenic
land use and
agricultural
development
Africa
VB
Trypanosomiasis
American (Chagas
disease)
Trypanosoma
cruzi
Protozoa
MHP
mammals
forest
fragmentation,
deforestation,
agricultural
development,
urbanization
S.
America,
N.
America
VB
(Dagnogo, Yapi et al.
1997, bde La Rocque,
Augusseau et al. 2001,
Cecchi, Mattioli et al.
2008, Ducheyne,
Mweempwa et al.
2009)
(Teixeira, Monteiro et
al. 2001, Ceballos,
Cardinal et al. 2006,
Vaz, D'Andrea et al.
2007, Abad-Franch,
Ferraz et al. 2010,
Maloney, Newsome et
al. 2010, Gottdenker,
Calzada et al. 2011,
Gottdenker, Chaves et
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
al. 2012, Moreno,
Hoyos et al. 2012)
(Cottontail,
Wellinghausen et al.
2009)
(Herrera, Rademaker
et al. 2007)
Trypanosomes, bats
Trypanosoma
spp.
protozoa
MHP
bats
forest
fragmentation
N.
America
VB
Trypanosomiasis, wild
and domestic animals
Trypanosomiasis
, wild and
domestic animals
hemogregarine
protozoa
MHP
mammals
cattle ranching
S.
America
VB
protozoa
NS
VB
Plasmodium,
Haemoproteus
protozoa
MHP/ SHP
forest
degradation
deforestation,
urbanization
Eurasia
hemoparasites, avian
Reptilelizard
passerine
birds
N.
America,
Africa
VB
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma
gondii
protozoa
MHP
N.
America
trophic
agricultural
development,
urbanization,
runoff
protozoa
MHP
N.
America
direct
(Wilberg, Livings et
al. 2011)
protozoa
MHP
SHP/ MHP
habitat loss
agricultural
development
agricultural
development
N.
America
Eurasia
(Ziegler, Wade et al.
2007)
(Leonardo, Rivera et
al. 2005)
diarrheal pathogens,
general
Giardia, E.coli,
rotaviruses
SHP/ MHP
human
road building
S.
America
direct
(Eisenberg, Cevallos
et al. 2006)
Malaria and dengue
Plasmodium
spp., dengue
virus
arbovirus,
Flavivirus
protozoa
and
trematode
protozoa,
bacteria,
virus
protozoa,
virus
cattle, other
mammals
human
direct
malaria and
schistosomiasis
Dermo –
Perkinsus
marinum, MSXHaplosporidium
nelsoni
Cryptosporidium
spp.
Plasmodium and
Schistosoma
vertebratefelids
reservoirs
affecting
sea otters
Oysters
SHP
human
agricultural
development
Eurasia
VB
(Vanwambeke,
Lambin et al. 2007)
virus
MHP
human and
nonhuman
primates
deforestation
S.
America
VB
(Ribeiro and Antunes
2009)
Hemoparasites-reptile
MSX and dermo
Cryptosporidiosis
Yellow fever
VB and
trophic
(Amo, Lopez et al.
2007)
(Geue and Partecke
2008, Bonneaud, Sepil
et al. 2009, Chasar,
Loiseau et al. 2009,
Fokidis, Greiner et al.
2009)
(Miller, Miller et al.
2008, Lehrer,
Fredebaugh et al.
2010)
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
Dengue
Dengue virus
Virus
SHP
Humans
Horticulture, rice
paddies,
agricultural
development
urbanization,
suburbanization,
deforestationeri
Eurasia
VB
West Nile Virus
Flaviviridae,
Flavivirus
virus
MHP
vertebrates
Tick borne
encephalitis
Flavivirus
virus
MHP
Louping ill
Flavivirus
Virus
MHP
Hantavirus
hantavirus
virus
Rabies
rhabdovirus
virus
(Vanwambeke,
Bennett et al. 2011,
Sarfraz, Tripathi et al.
2012)
(Gibbs, Wimberly et
al. 2006, Bradley,
Gibbs et al. 2008,
Gomez, Kilpatrick et
al. 2008, Ozdenerol,
Bialkowska-Jelinska et
al. 2008, Wimberly,
Hildreth et al. 2008,
Gates and Boston
2009, Eisen, Barker et
al. 2010, Trawinski
and Mackay 2010,
Bowden, Magori et al.
2011, LaDeau, Calder
et al. 2011, Liu, Weng
et al. 2011, Rochlin,
Turbow et al. 2011,
Chuang, Hockett et al.
2012, Hamer, Lehrer
et al. 2012, Johnson,
Munafo et al. 2012)
(Vanwambeke, Sumilo
et al. 2010)
N.
America
VB
forest
fragmentation,
logging
habitat
fragmentation
Eurasia
VB
Eurasia
VB
(Jones, Webb et al.
2011)
MHP
small
rodents,
livestock
Sheep, red
grouse,
humans
wild rodents
habitat
fragmentation,
forest
fragmentation,
agricultural
development,
deforestation
N.
America
direct
MHP
bats,
agricultural
S.
direct
(Langlois, Fahrig et al.
2001, Ruedas, SalazarBravo et al. 2004,
Savory, Cuevas et al.
2006, Suzan,
Giermakowski et al.
2006, Suzan, Marce et
al. 2008)
(Gomes, Monteiro et
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
mammals
Venezuelan equine
encephalitis
Eastern equine
encephalitis
Togaviridae,
alphavirus
Togaviridae,
alphavirus
virus
MHP
mammals,
birds
Birds,
mammals
Virus
MHP
Chikungunya
Chikungunya
virus
virus
MHP
Multiple
species
Ross river virus
Togaviridae
Alphavirus
Virus
MHP
Mammals
Crimean-congo
hemorrhagic fever
Bunyaviridae,
Nairovirus
virus
MHP
multiple
species wild
and
domestic
animals
Bluetongue virus
Orbivirus
Virus
MHP
ruminants
Feline
Immunodeficiency
virus
Sea-turtle
fibropapillomatosis
Retrovirus
Virus
MHP
Felids
Herpesvirusassociated
virus
MHP (sea
turtles)
sea turtle
Avian pox
Poxvirus
Virus
MHP
avian
Avian Influenza,
Highly Pathogenic
influenza,
Orthomyxovirus
virus
MHP
avian
Hendravirus
Hendravirus
Virus
MHP
Bat
Puumala virus
Puumala virus
virus
MHP
bank vole
development,
forest
fragmentation
deforestation
America
al. 2010)
S.
America
N.
America
VB
Africa
VB
(Diallo, Sall et al.
2012)
Oceania
VB
(Jardine, Speldewinde
et al. 2008)
Eurasia
VB
(Estrada-Pena,
Zatansever et al. 2007,
Estrada-Pena,
Vatansever et al.
2010)
N.
America
N.
America
VB
(Mayo, Gardner et al.
2012)
(Lee, Ruell et al.
2012)
Oceania
direct
(Van Houtan,
Hargrove et al. 2010)
Galapagos
Direct and VB
Eurasia
direct
(Zylberberg, Lee et al.
2013)
(Gilbert, Xiao et al.
2007)
Urbanization
Oceania
direct
forest
fragmentation,
deforestation
Eurasia
direct
Natural resource
extraction/forestr
y
Deforestation,
human
settlement,
agricultural
development
Agricultural
development,
land clearing
fragmentation of
agricultural land
between forests
and shrubs,
forest
fragmentation
agricultural
development
urbanization,
habitat
fragmentation
urbanization,
aquatic
eutrophication
Agricultural
development
agricultural
development
VB
Direct
(Barrera, Torres et al.
2001)
(Kelen, Downs et al.
2012)
(Plowright, Foley et al.
2011)
(Linard, Tersago et al.
2007, Tersago,
Schreurs et al. 2008)
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease
Rabies
lyssavirus
virus
MHP
Mammalsraccoons
deforestation
N.
America
direct
Mosquito-borne
disease-general
various
virus,
protozoa
MHP/ SHP
vertebrates
agricultural
development,
rice cultivation
and irrigation,
deforestation,
irrigation
S.
America,
Eurasia
VB
MHP-multihost pathogen, SHP-single host pathogen.
(Jones, Curns et al.
2003, Recuenco,
Eidson et al. 2008)
(Amerasinghe and
Ariyasena 1991,
Forattini, Kakitani et
al. 1993, Forattini and
Massad 1998,
Mukhtar, Herrel et al.
2003, Jacups, Warchot
et al. 2012, Steiger,
Johnson et al. 2012)
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
References
Abad-Franch, F., G. Ferraz, C. Campos, F. S. Palomeque, M. J. Grijalva, H. M. Aguilar and M. A. Miles
(2010). "Modeling Disease Vector Occurrence when Detection Is Imperfect: Infestation of Amazonian
Palm Trees by Triatomine Bugs at Three Spatial Scales." PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4(3): e620.
Afrane, Y. A., B. W. Lawson, A. K. Githeko and G. Yan (2005). "Effects of microclimatic changes
caused by land use and land cover on duration of gonotrophic cycles of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera:
Culicidae) in western Kenya highlands." J Med Entomol 42(6): 974-980.
Afrane, Y. A., G. Zhou, B. W. Lawson, A. K. Githeko and G. Yan (2006). "Effects of microclimatic
changes caused by deforestation on the survivorship and reproductive fitness of Anopheles gambiae in
western Kenya highlands." Am J Trop Med Hyg 74(5): 772-778.
Afrane, Y. A., G. Zhou, B. W. Lawson, A. K. Githeko and G. Yan (2007). "Life-table analysis of
Anopheles arabiensis in western Kenya highlands: effects of land covers on larval and adult
survivorship." Am J Trop Med Hyg 77(4): 660-666.
Allan, B. F., H. P. Dutra, L. S. Goessling, K. Barnett, J. M. Chase, R. J. Marquis, G. Pang, G. A. Storch,
R. E. Thach and J. L. Orrock (2010). "Invasive honeysuckle eradication reduces tick-borne disease risk by
altering host dynamics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 107(43): 18523-18527.
Allan, B. F., F. Keesing and R. S. Ostfeld (2003). "Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk."
Cons Biol 17(1): 267-272.
Amerasinghe, F. P., P. H. Amerasinghe, J. S. Peiris and R. A. Wirtz (1991). "Anopheline ecology and
malaria infection during the irrigation development of an area of the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka." Am J
Trop Med Hyg 45(2): 226-235.
Amerasinghe, F. P. and T. G. Ariyasena (1990). "Larval survey of surface water-breeding mosquitoes
during irrigation development in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka." J Med Entomol 27(5): 789-802.
Amerasinghe, F. P. and T. G. Ariyasena (1991). "Survey of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during
irrigation development in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka." J Med Entomol 28(3): 387-393.
Amo, L., P. Lopez and J. Martin (2007). "Habitat deterioration affects antipredatory behavior, body
condition, and parasite load of female Psammodromus algirus lizards." Can J Zool 85(6): 743-751.
Antonio-Nkondjio, C., F. Simard, P. Awono-Ambene, P. Ngassam, J. C. Toto, T. Tchuinkam and D.
Fontenille (2005). "Malaria vectors and urbanization in the equatorial forest region of south Cameroon."
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99(5): 347-354.
Ashford, R. W., M. L. Chance, F. Ebert, L. F. Schnur, A. K. Bushwereb and S. M. Drebi (1976).
"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Libyan Arab Republic: distribution of the disease and identity of the
parasite." Ann Trop Med Parasitol 70(4): 401-409.
Ataka, Y., R. Ohtsuka, T. Inaoka, M. Kawabata, J. Ohashi, M. Matsushita, K. Tokunaga, S. Kano and M.
Suzuki (2001). "Variation in malaria endemicity in relation to microenvironmental conditions in the
Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea." Asia Pac J Public Health 13(2): 85-90.
Barcellos, C., C. B. Lammerhirt, M. A. de Almeida and E. dos Santos (2003). "Spatial distribution of
leptospirosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: recovering the ecology of ecological studies." Cad Saude
Publica 19(5): 1283-1292.
Barrera, R., N. Torres, J. E. Freier, J. C. Navarro, C. Z. Garcia, R. Salas, C. Vasquez and S. C. Weaver
(2001). "Characterization of enzootic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in western Venezuela."
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1(3): 219-230.
bde La Rocque, S., X. Augusseau, S. Guillobez, V. Michel, G. De Wispelaere, R. Bauer and D. Cuisance
(2001). "The changing distribution of two riverine tsetse flies over 15 years in an increasingly cultivated
area of Burkina Faso." Bulletin of Entomological Research 91(3): 157-166.
Becker, C. G. and K. R. Zamudio (2011). "Tropical amphibian populations experience higher disease risk
in natural habitats." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(24): 9893-9898.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Belden, L. K. (2006). "Impact of eutrophication on wood frog, Rana sylvatica, tadpoles infected with
Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84(9): 1315-1321.
Bhunia, G. S., S. Kesari, N. Chatterjee, V. Kumar and P. Das (2012). "Localization of kala-azar in the
endemic region of Bihar, India based on land use/land cover assessment at different scales." Geospat
Health 6(2): 177-193.
Bonneaud, C., I. Sepil, B. Mila, W. Buermann, J. Pollinger, R. N. M. Sehgal, G. Valkiunas, T. A.
Iezhova, S. Saatchi and T. B. Smith (2009). "The prevalence of avian Plasmodium is higher in
undisturbed tropical forests of Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Ecology: 439-447-.
Bonnell, T. R., R. R. Sengupta, C. A. Chapman and T. L. Goldberg (2010). "An agent-based model of red
colobus resources and disease dynamics implicates key resource sites as hot spots of disease
transmission." Ecological Modelling 221(20): 2491-2500.
Bowden, S. E., K. Magori and J. M. Drake (2011). "Regional differences in the association between land
cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States." Am J Trop Med Hyg 84(2):
234-238.
Bradley, C. A., S. E. J. Gibbs and S. Altizer (2008). "Urban land use predicts West Nile virus exposure in
songbirds." Ecol Appl 18(5): 1083-1092.
Brownstein, J. S., D. K. Skelly, T. R. Holford and D. Fish (2005). "Forest fragmentation predicts local
scale heterogeneity of Lyme disease risk." Oecologia 146(3): 469-475.
Carlson, J. C., B. D. Byrd and F. X. Omlin (2004). "Field assessments in western Kenya link malaria
vectors to environmentally disturbed habitats during the dry season." Bmc Public Health 4.
Carver, S., A. V. Scorza, S. N. Bevins, S. P. Riley, K. R. Crooks, S. Vandewoude and M. R. Lappin
(2012). "Zoonotic parasites of bobcats around human landscapes." J Clin Microbiol 50(9): 3080-3083.
Ceballos, L. A., M. V. Cardinal, G. M. Vazquez-Prokopec, M. A. Lauricella, M. M. Orozco, R. Cortinas,
A. G. Schijman, M. J. Levin, U. Kitron and R. E. Gürtler (2006). "Long-term reduction of
Trypanosoma cruzi infection in sylvatic mammals following deforestation and sustained vector
surveillance in northwestern Argentina." Acta Trop 98(3): 286-296.
Cecchi, G., R. C. Mattioli, J. Slingenbergh and S. De La Rocque (2008). "Land cover and tsetse fly
distributions in sub-Saharan Africa." Med Vet Entomol 22(4): 364-373.
Chasar, A., C. Loiseau, G. Valkiunas, T. Iezhova, T. B. Smith and R. N. M. Sehgal (2009). "Prevalence
and diversity patterns of avian blood parasites in degraded African rainforest habitats." Molecular
Ecology 18(19): 4121-4133-.
Chaves, L. F., J. M. Cohen, M. Pascual and M. L. Wilson (2008). "Social Exclusion Modifies Climate
and Deforestation Impacts on a Vector-Borne Disease." PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2(2).
Chuang, T. W., C. W. Hockett, L. Kightlinger and M. C. Wimberly (2012). "Landscape-level spatial
patterns of West Nile virus risk in the northern Great Plains." Am J Trop Med Hyg 86(4): 724-731.
Conn, J. E., R. C. Wilkerson, M. N. Segura, R. T. de Souza, C. D. Schlichting, R. A. Wirtz and M. M.
Povoa (2002). "Emergence of a new neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and
changes in land use." Am J Trop Med Hyg 66(1): 18-22.
Costa, C. H., G. L. Werneck, L. Rodrigues, Jr., M. V. Santos, I. B. Araujo, L. S. Moura, S. Moreira, R. B.
Gomes and S. S. Lima (2005). "Household structure and urban services: neglected targets in the control of
visceral leishmaniasis." Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99(3): 229-236.
Cottontail, V. M., N. Wellinghausen and E. K. Kalko (2009). "Habitat fragmentation and haemoparasites
in the common fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis (Phyllostomidae) in a tropical lowland forest in Panama."
Parasitology 136(10): 1133-1145-.
Craig, P. S., P. Giraudoux, D. Shi, B. Bartholomot, G. Barnish, P. Delattre, J. P. Quere, S. Harraga, G.
Bao, Y. Wang, F. Lu, A. Ito and D. A. Vuitton (2000). "An epidemiological and ecological study of
human alveolar echinococcosis transmission in south Gansu, China." Acta Trop 77(2): 167-177.
Dagnogo, M., Y. Yapi, G. Traore and M. Kone (1997). "Redistribution of glossina in a forest area of
Ivory Coast?" Med Trop (Mars) 57(3): 265-268.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Davidson, W. R., F. E. Kellogg, G. L. Doster and C. T. Moore (1991). "Ecology of helminth parasitism in
bobwhites from northern Florida." J Wildl Dis 27(2): 185-205.
de Castro, M. C., R. L. Monte-Mór, D. O. Sawyer and B. H. Singer (2006). "Malaria risk on the Amazon
frontier." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(7): 2452-2457.
de Clercq, D., J. Vercruysse, M. Sene, I. Seck, C. S. Sall, A. Ly and V. R. Southgate (2000). "The effects
of irrigated agriculture on the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in the Middle and Upper Valleys of
the Senegal River basin." Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94(6): 581-590.
Diallo, D., A. A. Sall, M. Buenemann, R. Chen, O. Faye, C. T. Diagne, Y. Ba, I. Dia, D. Watts, S. C.
Weaver, K. A. Hanley and M. Diallo (2012). "Landscape ecology of sylvatic chikungunya virus and
mosquito vectors in southeastern Senegal." PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(6): e1649.
Diuk-Wasser, M. A., G. Vourc'h, P. Cislo, A. G. Hoen, F. Melton, S. A. Hamer, M. Rowland, R.
Cortinas, G. J. Hickling, J. I. Tsao, A. G. Barbour, U. Kitron, J. Piesman and D. Fish (2010). "Field and
climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important
vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States." Global Ecology and Biogeography
19(4): 504-514-.
Ducheyne, E., C. Mweempwa, C. De Pus, H. Vernieuwe, R. De Deken, G. Hendrickx and P. Van den
Bossche (2009). "The impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse abundance on the plateau of eastern
Zambia." Prev Vet Med 91(1): 11-18-.
Eisen, L., C. M. Barker, C. G. Moore, W. J. Pape, A. M. Winters and N. Cheronis (2010). "Irrigated
Agriculture Is an Important Risk Factor for West Nile Virus Disease in the Hyperendemic LarimerBoulder-Weld Area of North Central Colorado." J Med Entomol 47(5): 939-951-.
Eisenberg, J. N. S., W. Cevallos, K. Ponce, K. Levy, S. J. Bates, J. C. Scott, A. Hubbard, N. Vieira, P.
Endara, M. Espinel, G. Trueba, L. W. Riley and J. Trostle (2006). "Environmental change and infectious
disease: How new roads affect the transmission of diarrheal pathogens in rural Ecuador." Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 103(51): 19460-19465.
el Sayed, H. F., N. H. Rizkalla, S. Mehanna, S. M. Abaza and P. J. Winch (1995). "Prevalence and
epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection in two areas of Egypt recently
reclaimed from the desert." Am J Trop Med Hyg 52(2): 194-198.
Elhassan, A. M., E. E. Zijlstra, A. Ismael and H. W. Ghalib (1995). "Recent Observations on the
Epidemiology of Kala-Azar in the Eastern and Central States of the Sudan." Trop Geogr Med 47(4): 151156.
Esterre, P., A. Andriantsimahavandy and C. Raharisolo (1997). "The natural history of
Chromoblastomycosis in Madagascar and the Indian ocean." Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie
Exotique 90(5): 312-317.
Estrada-Pena, A., Z. Vatansever, A. Gargili and O. Ergonul (2010). "The trend towards habitat
fragmentation is the key factor driving the spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever." Epidemiol
Infect 138(8): 1194-1203.
Estrada-Pena, A., Z. Zatansever, A. Gargili, M. Aktas, R. Uzun, O. Ergonul and F. Jongejan (2007).
"Modeling the spatial distribution of crimean-congo hemorrhagic Fever outbreaks in Turkey." Vector
Borne Zoonotic Dis 7(4): 667-678.
Eyles, R. F., H. J. Brooks, C. R. Townsend, G. A. Burtenshaw, N. C. Heng, R. W. Jack and P. Weinstein
(2006). "Comparison of Campylobacter jejuni PFGE and Penner subtypes in human infections and in
water samples from the Taieri River catchment of New Zealand." J Appl Microbiol 101(1): 18-25.
Farnsworth, M. L., L. L. Wolfe, N. T. Hobbs, K. P. Burnham, E. S. Williams, D. M. Theobald, M. M.
Conner and M. W. Miller (2005). "Human land use influences chronic wasting disease prevalence in mule
deer." Ecol Appl 15(1): 119-126.
Fernandez, M. S., E. A. Lestani, R. Cavia and O. D. Salomon (2012). "Phlebotominae fauna in a recent
deforested area with American tegumentary leishmaniasis transmission (Puerto Iguazu, Misiones,
Argentina): seasonal distribution in domestic and peridomestic environments." Acta Trop 122(1): 16-23.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Fischer, P., R. Garms, D. W. Buttner, W. Kipp, J. Bamuhiiga and J. Yocha (1997). "Reduced prevalence
of onchocerciasis in Uganda following either deforestation or vector control with DDT." East Afr Med J
74(5): 321-325.
Fokidis, H. B., E. C. Greiner and P. Deviche (2009). "Interspecific variation in avian blood parasites and
haematology associated with urbanization in a desert habitat." Journal of Avian Biology 39(3): 300-310.
Foley, J. E., N. C. Nieto and P. Foley (2009). "Emergence of Tick-Borne Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Associated with Habitat Type and Forest Change in Northern California." Am J Trop Med Hyg 81(6):
1132-1140-.
Forattini, O. P., I. Kakitani, E. Massad and D. Marucci (1993). "Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera:
Culicidae) and anthropic environment. 3--Survey of adult stages at the rice irrigation system and the
emergence of Anopheles albitarsis in south-eastern, Brazil." Rev Saude Publica 27(5): 313-325.
Forattini, O. P. and E. Massad (1998). "Culicidae vectors and anthropic changes in a Southern Brazil
natural ecosystem." Ecosystem Health 4(1): 9-19.
Gates, M. C. and R. C. Boston (2009). "Irrigation linked to a greater incidence of human and veterinary
West Nile virus cases in the United States from 2004 to 2006." Prev Vet Med 89(1-2): 134-137.
Geue, D. and J. Partecke (2008). "Reduced parasite infestation in urban Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus
merula): a factor favoring urbanization?" Can J Zool 86(12): 1419-1425.
Ghneim, G. S., J. H. Viers, B. B. Chomel, P. H. Kass, D. A. Descollonges and M. L. Johnson (2007).
"Use of a case-control study and geographic information systems to determine environmental and
demographic risk factors for canine leptospirosis." Vet Res 38(1): 37-50.
Gibbs, S. E. J., M. C. Wimberly, M. Madden, J. Masour, M. J. Yabsley and D. E. Stallknecht (2006).
"Factors affecting the geographic distribution of West Nile virus in Georgia, USA: 2002-2004." VectorBorne and Zoonotic Diseases 6(1): 73-82.
Gilbert, M., X. M. Xiao, P. Chaitaweesub, W. Kalpravidh, S. Premashthira, S. Boles and J. Slingenbergh
(2007). "Avian influenza, domestic ducks and rice agriculture in Thailand." Agriculture Ecosystems
& Environment 119(3-4): 409-415.
Gillespie, T. R. and C. A. Chapman (2004). "Forest fragmentation alters primate parasite dynamics:
Implications for primate health and conservation." Folia Primatologica 75: 462.
Gillespie, T. R. and C. A. Chapman (2006). "Prediction of parasite infection dynamics in primate
metapopulations based on attributes of forest fragmentation." Conserv Biol 20(2): 441-448.
Gillespie, T. R. and C. A. Chapman (2008). "Forest fragmentation, the decline of an endangered primate,
and changes in host-parasite interactions relative to an unfragmented forest." Am J Primatol 70(3): 222230.
Gillespie, T. R., C. A. Chapman and E. C. Greiner (2005). "Effects of logging on gastrointestinal parasite
infections and infection risk in African primates." J App Ecol 42(4): 699-707.
Giraudoux, P., D. Pleydell, F. Raoul, J. P. Quere, Q. Wang, Y. Yang, D. A. Vuitton, J. Qiu, W. Yang and
P. S. Craig (2006). "Transmission ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis: what are the ranges of parasite
stability among various host communities in China?" Parasitol Int 55 Suppl: S237-246.
Glass, G. E., F. P. Amerasinghe, J. M. Morgan, 3rd and T. W. Scott (1994). "Predicting Ixodes scapularis
abundance on white-tailed deer using geographic information systems." Am J Trop Med Hyg 51(5): 538544.
Goldberg, T. L., T. R. Gillespie, I. B. Rwego, E. L. Estoff and C. A. Chapman (2008). "Forest
fragmentation as cause of bacterial transmission among nonhuman primates, humans, and livestock,
Uganda." Emerg Infect Dis 14(9): 1375-1382.
Gomes, M. N., A. M. Monteiro, N. Lewis, C. A. Goncalves and S. Filho Vde (2010). "Landscape risk
factors for attacks of vampire bats on cattle in Sao Paulo, Brazil." Prev Vet Med 93(2-3): 139-146-.
Gomez, A., A. M. Kilpatrick, L. D. Kramer, A. P. D. Ii, J. G. Maffei, S. J. Goetz, P. P. Marra, P. Daszak
and A. A. Aguirre (2008). "Land use and West Nile Virus seroprevalence in wild mamals." Emerg Infect
Dis 14: 962-965.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Gottdenker, N. L., J. E. Calzada, A. Saldana and C. R. Carroll (2011). "Association of anthropogenic land
use change and increased abundance of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius pallescens in a rural
landscape of Panama." Am J Trop Med Hyg 84(1): 70-77.
Gottdenker, N. L., L. F. Chaves, J. E. Calzada, A. Saldana and C. R. Carroll (2012). "Host life history
strategy, species diversity, and habitat influence Trypanosoma cruzi vector infection in Changing
landscapes." PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(11): e1884.
Gray, B. R., D. Bushek, J. W. Drane and D. Porter (2009). "Associations between land use and Perkinsus
marinus infection of eastern oysters in a high salinity, partially urbanized estuary." Ecotoxicology 18(2):
259-269-.
Grieco, J. P., S. Johnson, N. L. Achee, P. Masuoka, K. Pope, E. Rejmankova, E. Vanzie, R. Andre and D.
Roberts (2006). "Distribution of Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles vestitipennis, and Anopheles crucians
associated with land use in northern Belize." J Med Entomol 43(3): 614-622.
Guerra, J. A., J. A. Ribeiro, L. I. Coelho, M. G. Barbosa and M. G. Paes (2006). "Epidemiology of
tegumentary leishmaniasis in Sao Joao, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil." Cad Saude Publica 22(11): 23192327.
Halos, L., S. Bord, V. Cotte, P. Gasqui, D. Abrial, J. Barnouin, H. J. Boulouis, M. Vayssier-Taussat and
G. Vourc'h (2010). "Ecological Factors Characterizing the Prevalence of Bacterial Tick-Borne Pathogens
in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Pastures and Woodlands." Appl Environ Microbiol 76(13): 4413-4420.
Hamer, S. A., E. Lehrer and S. B. Magle (2012). "Wild Birds as Sentinels for Multiple Zoonotic
Pathogens Along an Urban to Rural Gradient in Greater Chicago, Illinois." {ZOONOSES AND PUBLIC
HEALTH} {59}({5}): {355-364}.
Hartson, R. B., S. A. Orlofske, V. E. Melin, R. T. Dillon and P. T. J. Johnson (2011). "Land Use and
Wetland Spatial Position Jointly Determine Amphibian Parasite Communities." Ecohealth 8(4): 485-500.
Herrera, H. M., V. Rademaker, U. G. P. Abreu, P. S. D'Andrea and A. M. Jansen (2007). "Variables that
modulate the spatial distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi in the Brazilian
Pantanal." Acta Trop 102(1): 55-62.
Hodder, S. A. M. and C. A. Chapman (2012). "Do Nematode Infections of Red Colobus (Procolobus
rufomitratus) and Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus guereza) on Humanized Forest Edges Differ from
Those on Nonhumanized Forest Edges?" Int J Primatol 33(4): 845-859.
Hulbert, I. A. and B. Boag (2001). "The potential role of habitat on intestinal helminths of mountain
hares, Lepus timidus." J Helminthol 75(4): 345-349.
Huspeni, T. C. and K. D. Lafferty (2004). "Using larval trematodes that parasitize snails to evaluate a
saltmarsh restoration project." Ecol Appl 14(3): 795-804.
Jacob, B. G., J. L. Regens, C. M. Mbogo, A. K. Githeko, J. Keating, C. M. Swalm, J. T. Gunter, J. I.
Githure and J. C. Beier (2003). "Occurrence and distribution of Anopheles (Diptera : Culicidae) larval
habitats on land cover change sites in urban Kisumu and urban Malindi, Kenya." J Med Entomol 40(6):
777-784.
Jacups, S., A. Warchot and P. Whelan (2012). "Anthropogenic ecological change and impacts on
mosquito breeding and control strategies in salt-marshes, Northern Territory, Australia." Ecohealth 9(2):
183-194.
Jardine, A., P. Speldewinde, M. D. Lindsay, A. Cook, C. A. Johansen and P. Weinstein (2008). "Is there
an association between dryland salinity and Ross River virus disease in southwestern Australia?"
Ecohealth 5(1): 58-68.
Johnson, B. J., K. Munafo, L. Shappell, N. Tsipoura, M. Robson, J. Ehrenfeld and M. V. K. Sukhdeo
(2012). "The roles of mosquito and bird communities on the prevalence of West Nile virus in urban
wetland and residential habitats." Urban Ecosystems 15(3): 513-531.
Johnson, P. T., J. M. Chase, K. L. Dosch, R. B. Hartson, J. A. Gross, D. J. Larson, D. R. Sutherland and
S. R. Carpenter (2007). "Aquatic eutrophication promotes pathogenic infection in amphibians." Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 104(40): 15781-15786.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Jones, E. O., S. D. Webb, F. J. Ruiz-Fons, S. Albon and L. Gilbert (2011). "The effect of landscape
heterogeneity and host movement on a tick-borne pathogen." Theoretical Ecology 4(4): 435-448.
Jones, M. E., A. T. Curns, J. W. Krebs and J. E. Childs (2003). "Environmental and human demographic
features associated with epizootic raccoon rabies in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia." J Wildl Dis
39(4): 869-874.
Junge, R. E., M. A. Barrett and A. D. Yoder (2011). "Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Indri
(Indri indri) Health in Madagascar." American Journal of Primatology 73(7): 632-642.
Kawa, H. and P. C. Sabroza (2002). "Spatial distribution of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the city of Rio
de Janeiro." Cad Saude Publica 18(3): 853-865.
Kebede, A., J. C. McCann, A. E. Kiszewski and Y. Ye-Ebiyo (2005). "New evidence of the effects of
agro-ecologic change on malaria transmission." Am J Trop Med Hyg 73(4): 676-680.
Keiser, J., J. Utzinger, M. C. De Castro, T. A. Smith, M. Tanner and B. H. Singer (2004). "Urbanization
in sub-Saharan Africa and implication for malaria control." Am J Trop Med Hyg 71(2): 118-127.
Kelen, P. T., J. A. Downs, N. D. Burkett-Cadena, C. L. Ottendorfer, K. Hill, S. Sickerman, J. Hernandez,
J. Jinright, B. Hunt, J. Lusk, V. Hoover, K. Armstrong, R. S. Unnasch, L. M. Stark and T. R. Unnasch
(2012). "Habitat associations of eastern equine encephalitis transmission in Walton County Florida." J
Med Entomol 49(3): 746-756.
Kellner, K. F., L. K. Page, M. Downey and S. E. McCord (2012). "Effects of Urbanization on Prevalence
of Baylisascaris procyonis in Intermediate Host Populations." J Wildl Dis 48(4): 1083-1087.
King, K. C., J. D. McLaughlin, A. D. Gendron, B. D. Pauli, I. Giroux, B. Rondeau, M. Boily, P. Juneau
and D. J. Marcogliese (2007). "Impacts of agriculture on the parasite communities of northern leopard
frogs (Rana pipiens) in southern Quebec, Canada." Parasitology 134(Pt.14): 2063-2080.
Klinkenberg, E., P. McCall, M. D. Wilson, F. P. Amerasinghe and M. J. Donnelly (2008). "Impact of
urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana." Malar J 7: 151.
Klinkenberg, E., W. van der Hoek and F. P. Amerasinghe (2004). "A malaria risk analysis in an irrigated
area in Sri Lanka." Acta Trop 89(2): 215-225.
Koprivnikar, J., R. L. Baker and M. R. Forbes (2006). "Environmental factors influencing trematode
prevalence in grey tree frog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles in southern Ontario." J Parasitol 92(5): 997-1001.
Kowalewski, M. M., J. S. Salzer, J. C. Deutsch, M. Rano, M. S. Kuhlenschmidt and T. R. Gillespie
(2011). "Black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) as sentinels of ecosystem health: patterns of
zoonotic protozoa infection relative to degree of human-primate contact." Am J Primatol 73(1): 75-83.
Krefis, A. C., N. G. Schwarz, B. Nkrumah, S. Acquah, W. Loag, J. Oldeland, N. Sarpong, Y. AduSarkodie, U. Ranft and J. May (2011). "Spatial Analysis of Land Cover Determinants of Malaria
Incidence in the Ashanti Region, Ghana." Plos One 6(3).
Krishnamoorthy, K., P. Jambulingam, R. Natarajan, A. N. Shriram, P. K. Das and S. C. Sehgal (2005).
"Altered environment and risk of malaria outbreak in South Andaman, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
India affected by tsunami disaster." Malar J 4: 32.
LaDeau, S. L., C. A. Calder, P. J. Doran and P. P. Marra (2011). "West Nile virus impacts in American
crow populations are associated with human land use and climate." Ecological Research 26(5): 909-916.
Langlois, J. P., L. Fahrig, G. Merriam and H. Artsob (2001). "Landscape structure influences continental
distribution of hantavirus in deer mice." Landscape Ecology 16(3): 255-266.
Lee, J. S., E. W. Ruell, E. E. Boydston, L. M. Lyren, R. S. Alonso, J. L. Troyer, K. R. Crooks and S.
Vandewoude (2012). "Gene flow and pathogen transmission among bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a fragmented
urban landscape." Mol Ecol 21(7): 1617-1631.
Lee, V. H., S. Atmosoedjono, S. Aep and C. D. Swaine (1980). "Vector studies and epidemiology of
malaria in Irian Jaya, Indonesia." Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 11(3): 341-347.
Lehrer, E. W., S. L. Fredebaugh, R. L. Schooley and N. E. Mateus-Pinilla (2010). "Prevalence of
antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in woodchucks across an urban-rural gradient." J Wildl Dis 46(3): 977980-.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Leisnham, P. T., P. J. Lester, D. P. Slaney and P. Weinstein (2006). "Relationships between mosquito
densities in artificial container habitats, land use and temperature in the Kapiti-Horowhenua region, New
Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 40(2): 285-297.
Leonardo, L. R., P. T. Rivera, B. A. Crisostomo, J. N. Sarol, N. C. Bantayan, W. U. Tiu and N. R.
Bergquist (2005). "A study of the environmental determinants of malaria and schistosomiasis in the
Philippines using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems." Parassitologia 47(1): 105-114.
Li, S., N. Hartemink, N. Speybroeck and S. O. Vanwambeke (2012). "Consequences of landscape
fragmentation on Lyme disease risk: a cellular automata approach." PLoS One 7(6): e39612.
Linard, C., P. Lamarque, P. Heyman, G. Ducoffre, V. Luyasu, K. Tersago, S. O. Vanwambeke and E. F.
Lambin (2007). "Determinants of the geographic distribution of Puumala virus and Lyme borreliosis
infections in Belgium." Int J Health Geogr 6: 15.
Linard, C., K. Tersago, H. Leirs and E. F. Lambin (2007). "Environmental conditions and Puumala virus
transmission in Belgium." Int J Health Geogr 6(1): 55.
Lindblade K.A., Walker E. D., Onapa A. W., Katungu J. and W. M. L. (2000). "Land use change alters
malarial transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda." Trop Med Int
Health 5: 263-274.
Liu, H., Q. Weng and D. Gaines (2011). "Geographic incidence of human West Nile virus in northern
Virginia, USA, in relation to incidence in birds and variations in urban environment." Sci Total Environ
409(20): 4235-4241.
LoGiudice, K., R. S. Ostfeld, K. A. Schmidt and F. Keesing (2003). "The ecology of infectious disease:
effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
100(2): 567-571.
Maloney, J., A. Newsome, J. Huang, J. Kirby, M. Kranz, A. Wateska, B. Dunlap, M. J. Yabsley, J. R.
Dunn, T. F. Jones and A. C. Moncayo (2010). "Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi in raccoons from
Tennessee." J Parasitol 96(2): 353-358.
Matthys, B., A. B. Tschannen, N. T. Tian-Bi, H. Comoe, S. Diabate, M. Traore, P. Vounatsou, G. Raso,
L. Gosoniu, M. Tanner, G. Cisse, E. K. N'Goran and J. Utzinger (2007). "Risk factors for Schistosoma
mansoni and hookworm in urban farming communities in western Cote d'Ivoire." Trop Med Int Health
12(6): 709-723.
Matthys, B., P. Vounatsou, G. Raso, A. B. Tschannen, E. G. Becket, L. Gosoniu, G. Cisse, M. Tanner, K.
N'Goran E and J. Utzinger (2006). "Urban farming and malaria risk factors in a medium-sized town in
Cote d'Ivoire." Am J Trop Med Hyg 75(6): 1223-1231.
Mayo, C. E., I. A. Gardner, B. A. Mullens, C. M. Barker, A. C. Gerry, A. J. Guthrie and N. J.
MacLachlan (2012). "Anthropogenic and meteorological factors influence vector abundance and
prevalence of bluetongue virus infection of dairy cattle in California." Vet Microbiol 155(2-4): 158-164.
Mbora, D. N., J. Wieczkowski and E. Munene (2009). "Links between habitat degradation, and social
group size, ranging, fecundity, and parasite prevalence in the Tana River mangabey (Cercocebus
galeritus)." Am J Phys Anthropol 140(3): 562-571-.
McKenzie, V. J. (2007). "Human land use and patterns of parasitism in tropical amphibian hosts."
Biological Conservation 137(1): 102-116.
Miller, M. A., W. A. Miller, P. A. Conrad, E. R. James, A. C. Melli, C. M. Leutenegger, H. A. Dabritz, A.
E. Packham, D. Paradies, M. Harris, J. Ames, D. A. Jessup, K. Worcester and M. E. Grigg (2008). "Type
X Toxoplasma gondii in a wild mussel and terrestrial carnivores from coastal California: new linkages
between terrestrial mammals, runoff and toxoplasmosis of sea otters." Int J Parasitol 38(11): 1319-1328.
Molesworth, A. M., L. E. Cuevas, S. J. Connor, A. P. Morse and M.C.Thomson (2003). "Environmental
risk and meningitis epidemics in Africa." Emerg Infect Dis 9(10): 1287-1293.
Moreno, M. L., L. Hoyos, M. Cabido, S. S. Catala and D. E. Gorla (2012). "Exploring the association
between Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural communities and environmental changes in the southern
Gran Chaco." {MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ} {107}({2}): {231-237}.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Mouchet, J., F. Le Pont, R. Leon, R. Echeverria and R. H. Guderian (1994). "Leishmaniasis in Ecuador.
5. Leishmaniasis and anthropization on the Pacific coast." Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 74(1): 35-41.
Muigai, R. K., K. Wasunna, G. Gachihi, G. Kirigi, J. Mbugua and J. B. Were (1989). "Schistosomiasis
caused by Schistosoma mansoni in Baringo District, Kenya: case report." East Afr Med J 66(10): 700702.
Mukhtar, M., N. Herrel, F. P. Amerasinghe, J. Ensink, W. van der Hoek and F. Konradsen (2003). "Role
of wastewater irrigation in mosquito breeding in south Punjab, Pakistan." Southeast Asian J Trop Med
Public Health 34(1): 72-80.
Munga, S., N. Minakawa, G. Zhou, E. Mushinzimana, O. O. Barrack, A. K. Githeko and G. Yan (2006).
"Association between land cover and habitat productivity of malaria vectors in western Kenyan
highlands." Am J Trop Med Hyg 74(1): 69-75.
Muro, A. I. and N. R. Mziray (1990). "Decline in onchocerciasis in the eastern Usambara mountains,
north eastern Tanzania, and its possible relationship to deforestation." Acta Leiden 59(1-2): 141-150.
Mutero, C. M., C. Kabutha, V. Kimani, L. Kabuage, G. Gitau, J. Ssennyonga, J. Githure, L. Muthami, A.
Kaida, L. Musyoka, E. Marie and M. Oganda (2004). "A transdisciplinary perspective on the links
between malaria and agroecosystems in Kenya." Acta Trop 89(2): 171-186.
Nanda, N., R. S. Yadav, S. K. Subbarao, H. Joshi and V. P. Sharma (2000). "Studies on Anopheles
fluviatilis and Anopheles culicifacies sibling species in relation to malaria in forested hilly and deforested
riverine ecosystems in northern Orissa, India." J Am Mosq Control Assoc 16(3): 199-205.
Navarro-Gonzalez, N., H. Verheyden, H. Hoste, B. Cargnelutti, B. Lourtet, J. Merlet, T. Daufresne, S.
Lavin, A. J. M. Hewison, S. Morand and E. Serrano (2011). "Diet quality and immunocompetence
influence parasite load of roe deer in a fragmented landscape." European Journal of Wildlife Research
57(3): 639-645.
Njiokou, F., L. C. Yimta Tsemo, T. Kuete and A. Same Ekobo (2004). "Dynamics of intestinal
schistosomiasis in Cameroon: evolution of transmission in the mixed zone of Nkolmebanga, Lekie." Med
Trop (Mars) 64(4): 351-354.
Ogrzewalska, M., A. Uezu, C. N. Jenkins and M. B. Labruna (2011). "Effect of forest fragmentation on
tick infestations of birds and tick infection rates by rickettsia in the Atlantic forest of Brazil." Ecohealth
8(3): 320-331.
Olson, S. H., R. Gangnon, G. A. Silveira and J. A. Patz (2010). "Deforestation and Malaria in Mancio
Lima County, Brazil." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16(7): 1108-1115-.
Ozdenerol, E., E. Bialkowska-Jelinska and G. N. Taff (2008). "Locating suitable habitats for West Nile
Virus-infected mosquitoes through association of environmental characteristics with infected mosquito
locations: a case study in Shelby County, Tennessee." International Journal of Health Geographics 7.
Page, L. K., S. D. Gehrt and N. P. Robinson (2008). "Land-use effects on prevalence of raccoon
roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis)." J Wildl Dis 44(3): 594-599.
Pilosof, S., C. W. Dick, C. Korine, B. D. Patterson and B. R. Krasnov (2012). "Effects of Anthropogenic
Disturbance and Climate on Patterns of Bat Fly Parasitism." PloS One 7}(7).
Plowright, R. K., P. Foley, H. E. Field, A. P. Dobson, J. E. Foley, P. Eby and P. Daszak (2011). "Urban
habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying
foxes (Pteropus spp.)." Proc Biol Sci 278(1725): 3703-3712.
Puttker, T., Y. Meyer-Lucht and S. Sommer (2008). "Effects of fragmentation on parasite burden
(nematodes) of generalist and specialist small mammal species in secondary forest fragments of the
coastal Atlantic Forest, Brazil." Ecological Research 23(1): 207-215.
Quintana, M. G., O. D. Salomon and M. S. L. de Grosso (2010). "Distribution of Phlebotomine Sand Flies
(Diptera: Psychodidae) in a Primary Forest-Crop Interface, Salta, Argentina." Journal of Medical
Entomology 47(6): 1003-1010-.
Ramasamy, R., R. De Alwis, A. Wijesundere and M. S. Ramasamy (1992). "Malaria transmission at a
new irrigation project in Sri Lanka: the emergence of Anopheles annularis as a major vector." Am J Trop
Med Hyg 47(5): 547-553.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Ready, P. D., R. Lainson and J. J. Shaw (1983). "Leishmaniasis in Brazil: Prevalence of "enzootic rodent
leishmaniasis" (Leishmania mexicana amazonensis), and apparent absence of "pian bois" (Le. braziliensis
guyanensis), in plantations of introduced tree species and in other non-climax forests in eastern
Amazonia." Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77(6): 775-785.
Recuenco, S., M. Eidson, B. Cherry, M. Kulldorff and G. Johnson (2008). "Factors associated with
endemic raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies in terrestrial mammals in New York State, USA." Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 86(1-2): 30-42.
Reperant, L. A., D. Hegglin, C. Fischer, L. Kohler, J. M. Weber and P. Deplazes (2007). "Influence of
urbanization on the epidemiology of intestinal helminths of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Geneva,
Switzerland." Parasitol Res 101(3): 605-611.
Ribeiro, M. and C. M. Antunes (2009). "Yellow fever: study of an outbreak." Rev Soc Bras Med Trop
42(5): 523-531.
Robardet, E., P. Giraudoux, C. Caillot, D. Augot, F. Boue and J. Barrat (2011). "Fox defecation behaviour
in relation to spatial distribution of voles in an urbanised area: An increasing risk of transmission of
Echinococcus multilocularis?" International Journal for Parasitology 41(2): 145-154.
Rochlin, I., D. Turbow, F. Gomez, D. V. Ninivaggi and S. R. Campbell (2011). "Predictive Mapping of
Human Risk for West Nile Virus (WNV) Based on Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors." Plos One
6(8).
Rosenberg, R., R. G. Andre and L. Somchit (1990). "Highly efficient dry season transmission of malaria
in Thailand." Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84(1): 22-28.
Rubio, A. V. and J. A. Simonetti (2009). "Ectoparasitism by Eutrombicula alfreddugesi larvae (Acari:
Trombiculidae) on Liolaemus tenuis lizard in a Chilean fragmented temperate forest." J Parasitol 95(1):
244-245-.
Ruedas, L. A., J. Salazar-Bravo, D. S. Tinnin, B. Armien, L. Caceres, A. Garcia, M. A. Diaz, F. Gracia,
G. Suzan, C. J. Peters, T. L. Yates and J. N. Mills (2004). "Community ecology of small mammal
populations in Panama following an outbreak of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome." J Vector Ecol 29(1):
177-191.
Salomon, O. D., S. A. Acardi, D. J. Liotta, M. S. Fernandez, E. Lestani, D. Lopez, A. V. Mastrangelo, M.
Figueroa and G. Fattore (2009). "Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Iguazu falls
area of Argentina." Acta Trop 109(1): 5-11-.
Salomon, O. D., S. Sosa-Estani, K. Ramos, P. W. Orellano, G. Sanguesa, G. Fernandez, A. Sinagra and
G. Rapasciolli (2006). "Tegumentary leishmaniasis outbreak in Bella Vista City, Corrientes, Argentina
during 2003." Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101(7): 767-774.
Salzer, J. S., I. B. Rwego, T. L. Goldberg, M. S. Kuhlenschmidt and T. R. Gillespie (2007). "Giardia sp
and Cryptosporidium sp infections in primates in fragmented and undisturbed forest in western Uganda."
J Parasitol 93(2): 439-440.
Samson, A., S. Dubay, T. C. Huspeni and A. Cyr (2012). "Influence of Environmental Variables on
Baylisascaris procyonis Infection in Raccoons." J Parasitol.
Saraiva, M. D. G., R. D. S. Amorim, M. A. S. Moura, F. E. Martinez-Espinosa and M. D. V. Barbosa
(2009). "Urban expansion and spatial distribution of malaria in the municipality of Manaus, State of
Amazonas." Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical 42(5): 515-522-.
Sarfraz, M. S., N. K. Tripathi, T. Tipdecho, T. Thongbu, P. Kerdthong and M. Souris (2012). "Analyzing
the spatio-temporal relationship between dengue vector larval density and land-use using factor analysis
and spatial ring mapping." BMC Public Health 12(1): 853.
Sattler, M. A., D. Mtasiwa, M. Kiama, Z. Premji, M. Tanner, G. F. Killeen and C. Lengeler (2005).
"Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam
(Tanzania) during an extended dry period." Malaria Journal 4.
Savory, E. C., L. E. Cuevas, M. A. Yassin, C. A. Hart, A. M. Molesworth and M. C. Thomson (2006).
"Evaluation of the meningitis epidemics risk model in Africa." Epidemiol Infect 134(5): 1047-1051.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Schotthoefer, A. M., J. R. Rohr, R. A. Cole, A. V. Koehler, C. M. Johnson, L. B. Johnson and V. R.
Beasley (2011). "Effects of wetland vs. landscape variables on parasite communities of Rana pipiens:
links to anthropogenic factors." Ecological Applications 21(4): 1257-1271.
Singh, N., R. K. Mehra and V. P. Sharma (1999). "Malaria and the Narmada-river development in India: a
case study of the Bargi dam." Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93(5): 477-488.
Singh, N., O. P. Singh and V. P. Sharma (1996). "Dynamics of malaria transmission in forested and
deforested regions of Mandla District, central India (Madhya Pradesh)." J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12(2
Pt 1): 225-234.
Skelly, D. K., S. R. Bolden, L. K. Freidenburg, N. A. Freidenfelds and R. Levey (2007). "Ribeiroia
infection is not responsible for Vermont amphibian deformities." Ecohealth 4(2): 156-163.
Spear, R. C., E. Seto, S. Liang, M. Birkner, A. Hubbard, D. Qiu, C. Yang, B. Zhong, F. Xu, X. Gu and G.
M. Davis (2004). "Factors influencing the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in the mountains of
Sichuan Province of China." Am J Trop Med Hyg 70(1): 48-56.
Steiger, D. M., P. Johnson, D. W. Hilbert, S. Ritchie, D. Jones and S. G. W. Laurance (2012). "Effects of
landscape disturbance on mosquito community composition in tropical Australia." J Vect Ecol 37(1): 6976.
Suzan, G., J. T. Giermakowski, E. Marce, H. Suzan-Azpiri, B. Armien and T. L. Yates (2006). "Modeling
hantavirus reservoir species dominance in high seroprevalence areas on the Azuero Peninsula of
Panama." Am J Trop Med Hyg 74(6): 1103-1110.
Suzan, G., E. Marce, J. T. Giermakowski, B. Armien, J. Pascale, J. Mills, G. Ceballos, A. Gomez, A. A.
Aguirre, J. Salazar-Bravo, A. Armien, R. Parmenter and T. Yates (2008). "The effect of habitat
fragmentation and species diversity loss on hantavirus prevalence in Panama." Ann N Y Acad Sci 1149:
80-83.
Tack, W., M. Madder, L. Baeten, P. De Frenne and K. Verheyen (2012). "The abundance of Ixodes
ricinus ticks depends on tree species composition and shrub cover." Parasitol 139({10}): {1273-1281}.
Teixeira, A. R. L., P. S. Monteiro, J. M. Rebelo, E. R. Arganaraz, D. Vieira, L. Lauria-Pires, R.
Nascimento, C. A. Vexenat, A. R. Silva, S. K. Ault and J. M. Costa (2001). "Emerging Chagas disease:
Trophic network and cycle of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi from palm trees in the Amazon."
Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(1): 100-112.
Tersago, K., A. Schreurs, C. Linard, R. Verhagen, S. Van Dongen and H. Leirs (2008). "Population,
environmental, and community effects on local bank vole (Myodes glareolus) Puumala virus infection in
an area with low human incidence." Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8(2): 235-244.
Thomson, M. C., D. A. Elnaiem, R. W. Ashford and S. J. Connor (1999). "Towards a kala azar risk map
for Sudan: mapping the potential distribution of Phlebotomus orientalis using digital data of
environmental variables." Trop Med Int Health 4(2): 105-113.
Traore, S., S. Diarrassouba, G. Hebrard and F. Riviere (1997). "Natural vector capacity level of Simulium
damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) at the ecology station of Tai (Cote d'Ivoire)." Bull Soc Pathol Exot
90(3): 196-199.
Trawinski, P. R. and D. S. Mackay (2010). "Identification of Environmental Covariates of West Nile
Virus Vector Mosquito Population Abundance." Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10(5): 515-526-.
Trejo-Macias, G. and A. Estrada (2012). "Risk factors connected to gastrointestinal parasites in mantled
Alouatta palliata mexicana and black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra living in continuous and in
fragmented rainforests in Mexico." Curr Zoology 58 (3): 375-383.
Trejo-Macias, G., A. Estrada and M. A. M. Cabrera (2007). "Survey of helminth parasites in populations
of Alouatta palliata mexicana and A-Pigra in continuous and in fragmented habitat in southern Mexico."
International Journal of Primatology 28(4): 931-945.
Turell, M. J., M. R. Sardelis, J. W. Jones, D. M. Watts, R. Fernandez, F. Carbajal, J. E. Pecor and T. A.
Klein (2008). "Seasonal distribution, biology, and human attraction patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera:
Culicidae) in a rural village and adjacent forested site near Iquitos, Peru." J Med Entomol 45(6): 11651172.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Umeh, J. C., O. Amali and E. U. Umeh (2001). "Impact of urinary schistosomiasis on rural land use:
empirical evidence from Nigeria." Soc Sci Med 52(2): 293-303.
Valdespino, C., G. Rico-Hernandez and S. Mandujano (2010). "Gastrointestinal parasites of Howler
monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the fragmented landscape of the Santa Marta mountain range,
Veracruz, Mexico." Am J Primatol 72(6): 539-548-.
Van Houtan, K. S., S. K. Hargrove and G. H. Balazs (2010). "Land use, macroalgae, and a tumor-forming
disease in marine turtles." Plos One 5(9): -.
Vandergast, A. G. and G. K. Roderick (2003). "Mermithid parasitism of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders in
a fragmented landscape." J Invertebr Pathol 84(2): 128-136.
Vanwambeke, S. O., S. N. Bennett and D. D. Kapan (2011). "Spatially disaggregated disease transmission
risk: land cover, land use and risk of dengue transmission on the island of Oahu." Trop Med Int Health.
Vanwambeke, S. O., E. F. Lambin, M. P. Eichhorn, S. P. Flasse, R. E. Harbach, L. Oskam, P. Somboon,
S. van Beers, B. H. B. van Benthem, C. Walton and R. K. Butlin (2007). "Impact of land-use change on
dengue and malaria in northern Thailand." Ecohealth 4(1): 37-51.
Vanwambeke, S. O., D. Sumilo, A. Bormane, E. F. Lambin and S. E. Randolph (2010). "Landscape
Predictors of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Latvia: Land Cover, Land Use, and Land Ownership." VectorBorne and Zoonotic Diseases 10(5): 497-506-.
Vasconcelos, C. H., E. M. Novo and M. R. Donalisio (2006). "Use of remote sensing to study the
influence of environmental changes on malaria distribution in the Brazilian Amazon." Cad Saude Publica
22(3): 517-526.
Vaz, V. C., P. S. D'Andrea and A. M. Jansen (2007). "Effects of habitat fragmentation on wild mammal
infection by Trypanosoma cruzi." Parasitology 134(Part 12): 1785-1793.
Vicente, J., U. Hofle, J. M. Garrido, I. G. Fernandez-de-Mera, P. Acevedo, R. Juste, M. Barral and C.
Gortazar (2007). "Risk factors associated with the prevalence of tuberculosis-like lesions in fenced wild
boar and red deer in south central Spain." Vet Res 38(3): 451-464.
Vitazkova, S. K. and S. E. Wade (2006). "Parasites of free-ranging black howler monkeys (Alouatta
pigra) from Belize and Mexico." Am J Primatol 68(11): 1089-1097.
Vittor, A. Y., R. H. Gilman, J. Tielsch, G. Glass, T. Shields, W. S. Lozano, V. Pinedo-Cancino and J. A.
Patz (2006). "The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary
vector of Falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon." Am J Trop Med Hyg 74(1): 3-11.
Wagner, T., M. E. Benbow, T. O. Brenden, J. Qi and R. C. Johnson (2008). "Buruli ulcer disease
prevalence in Benin, West Africa: associations with land use/cover and the identification of disease
clusters." International Journal of Health Geographics 7.
Wagner, T., M. E. Benbow, M. Burns, R. C. Johnson, R. W. Merritt, J. Qi and P. L. C. Small (2008). "A
landscape-based model for predicting Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer disease) presence
in benin, West Africa." Ecohealth 5(1): 69-79.
Wang, L. D., H. G. Chen, J. G. Guo, X. J. Zeng, X. L. Hong, J. J. Xiong, X. H. Wu, X. H. Wang, L. Y.
Wang, G. Xia, Y. Hao, D. P. Chin and X. N. Zhou (2009). "A strategy to control transmission of
Schistosoma japonicum in China." N Engl J Med 360(2): 121-128.
Wasserberg G, Y. I. W. A. (2003). "Seasonal abundance patterns of the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi in
climatically distinct foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israeli desert." Med Vet Entomol 17(4): 452-456.
Wayant, N. M., D. Maldonado, A. Rojas de Arias, B. Cousino and D. G. Goodin (2010). "Correlation
between normalized difference vegetation index and malaria in a subtropical rain forest undergoing rapid
anthropogenic alteration." Geospat Health 4(2): 179-190-.
Wilberg, M. J., M. E. Livings, J. S. Barkman, B. T. Morris and J. M. Robinson (2011). "Overfishing,
disease, habitat loss, and potential extirpation of oysters in upper Chesapeake Bay." Marine Ecology
Progress Series 436: 131-144.
Wilkes, G., T. A. Edge, V. P. Gannon, C. Jokinen, E. Lyautey, N. F. Neumann, N. Ruecker, A. Scott, M.
Sunohara, E. Topp and D. R. Lapen (2011). "Associations among pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and
environmental and land use factors in multiple mixed-use watersheds." Water Res 45(18): 5807-5825.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use
Change and Infectious Disease
Wilson, M. D., R. A. Cheke, S. P. Flasse, S. Grist, M. Y. Osei-Ateweneboana, A. Tetteh-Kumah, G. K.
Fiasorgbor, F. R. Jolliffe, D. A. Boakye, J. M. Hougard, L. Yameogo and R. J. Post (2002).
"Deforestation and the spatio-temporal distribution of savannah and forest members of the Simulium
damnosum complex in southern Ghana and south-western Togo." Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96(6): 632639.
Wimberly, M. C., M. B. Hildreth, S. P. Boyte, E. Lindquist and L. Kightlinger (2008). "Ecological niche
of the 2003 west nile virus epidemic in the northern great plains of the United States." Plos One 3(12):
e3744.
Wimberly, M. C., M. J. Yabsley, A. D. Baer, V. G. Dugan and W. R. Davidson (2008). "Spatial
heterogeneity of climate and land-cover constraints on distributions of tick-borne pathogens." Global
Ecology and Biogeography 17(2): 189-202.
Yang, G. J., P. Vounatsou, X. N. Zhou, M. Tanner and J. Utzinger (2005). "A Bayesian-based approach
for spatio-temporal modeling of county level prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Jiangsu
province, China." Int J Parasitol 35(2): 155-162.
Yanoviak, S. P., J. E. Paredes, L. P. Lounibos and S. C. Weaver (2006). "Deforestation alters phytotelm
habitat availability and mosquito production in the Peruvian Amazon." Ecol Appl 16(5): 1854-1864.
Yapi, Y. G., O. J. Briet, S. Diabate, P. Vounatsou, E. Akodo, M. Tanner and T. Teuscher (2005). "Rice
irrigation and schistosomiasis in savannah and forest areas of Cote d'Ivoire." Acta Trop 93(2): 201-211.
Yasuoka, J. and R. Levins (2007). "Impact of deforestation and agricultural development on anopheline
ecology and malaria epidemiology." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76(3): 450-460.
Zhou, G., S. Munga, N. Minakawa, A. K. Githeko and G. Yan (2007). "Spatial relationship between adult
malaria vector abundance and environmental factors in western Kenya highlands." Am J Trop Med Hyg
77(1): 29-35.
Ziegler, P. E., S. E. Wade, S. L. Schaaf, D. A. Stern, C. A. Nadareski and H. O. Mohammed (2007).
"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in wildlife populations within a watershed landscape in
southeastern New York State." Vet Parasitol 147(1-2): 176-184.
Zylberberg, M., K. A. Lee, K. C. Klasing and M. Wikelski (2013). "Variation with Land Use of Immune
Function and Prevalence of Avian Pox in Galapagos Finches." Conserv Biol. (1):103-12.
Supplemental Information: Observational and Experimental Studies of Anthropogenic Land Use Change and Infectious Disease