Kuwait University
College of Engineering & Petroleum
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Literature survey
Production of Aniline
[by vapor phase catalytic reduction of
nitrobenzene]
Abdulaziz Alshomer
YousifAlmuneefi
AbdulhameedAlawadhi
Hasanbu-Taleb
Hussainbu-Taleb
Instructed by:
Dr.Faheem
9/23/2012
208113942
208112671
208115609
207216952
207217011
Table of Content:
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Topic
List of Tables
List of Figures
Introduction
History
World Production and
Consumption
Uses
Feedstock and product Description
Process Flow Sheet
Comparison flow sheets
Basic economic analysis
Conclusion
Recommended flow sheet
References
2
Pages
3
5
5
6
7-9
9
10-20
21-29
30
31
32
32
33
List of Tables:
Table (1-1)Aniline Global supply and demand……………7
Table 1-2 Aniline supply and demand in U.S………………. 7
Table (1-3)Aniline supply and demand in china…………….8
Table (1-4)Aniline’s china consumption capacity…………. 9
Table (1-5)Aniline Uses…………………………………………9
Table (1-6)Physical and chemical properties of Benzen…..10
Table (1-7)Physical and chemical properties of Nitrobenze 11
Table (1-8)Physical and chemical properties of ammonia... 12
Table (1-9)Physical and chemical properties of phenol….... 12
Table (1-10)Physical and chemical properties of Hydrogen. 13
Table (1-11)Physical and chemical properties of water……. 14
Table (1-12)Physical and chemical properties of Nitric Acid. 15
Table (1-13)Physical and chemical properties of sulfuric acid…… 16
Table (1-14)Physical and chemical properties of iron………………. 17
Table (1-15)Physical and chemical properties of Hydrochloric Acid. 18
Table (1-16)Physical and chemical properties of ferric chloride........ 19
Table (1-17)Physical properties of aniline…………………………...... 20
Table (1-18)Name and description unit………………………….......... 26
Table (1-19)Feedstock condition …………………………………….... 26
Table (1-20)Product condition……………………….……………..….. 26
Table (1-21)Name of stream……………………………………...27
3
Table (1-22)Alternative #1……….……………………………………..30
Table (1-23)Alternative #3………………………….…………………..30
Table (1-24) Comparison between the alternatives ……………………..30
Table (1-25)Cost of materials…………………………………………. 31
List of Figures:
Figure (1-1)Structure of Aniline…………………………………………….5
Figure (1-2)World consumption of Aniline-2010……...…………8
Figure (1-3)Process flow sheet of the production of aniline by Ammonolysis
of Phenol…………………………………………21
Figure (1-4)Process flow sheet of the production of aniline by liquid phase
reduction of nitrobenzene……………………………..………...23
Figure (1-5)Process flow sheet of the production of aniline by vapor phase
reduction of nitro benzene……………………………………….25
4
Introduction:
Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is a colorless organic compound
(aromatic amine) which has the formula C6H5NH2. It contains two groups
(phenyl group and amino group) linked together.
Aniline is toxic by inhalation of the vapor and by skin absorption.It is
flammable liquid that is slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and
ether.
Aniline is a primary amine in which one of hydrogen atoms in the ammonia
molecule is exchanged by the phenyl group. The simplest way to write the
structure of aniline is:
Figure(1-1) Structure of Aniline
It is a main material that is used in chemical industries; also it has a fish
rotten like smell.
5
History:
Aniline was first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo in 1826
by crystalline. In 1834, Friedrich Rungeisolated a substance from coal tar
which produced a beautiful blue color on treatment with chloride of lime,
which he named kyanol or cyanol.
In 1841, C. J. Fritzsche showed that by treating indigo with caustic potash it
producesoil, which he named aniline.
About the same time N. N. Zinin found that on reducing nitrobenzene, a
base was formed which he named benzidam.
August Wilhelm von Hofmann investigated these variously prepared
substances, and proved them to be identical (1855), and since then they took
their place as one body, under the name aniline or phenylamine.
The first industrial-scale use was in the manufacture of mauveine, a purple
dye discovered in 1856 by William Henry Perkin.
One of aniline derivatives called (p-Toluidine), can be used in qualitative
analysis to prepare carboxylic acid derivatives.
Developments in medicine
In the late 19th century, aniline emerged as an analgesic drug, its cardiacsuppressive side effects countered with caffeine.
6
World production& Consumption of Aniline:
* World production:
MDI [methylene diphenyldisocyanate] has been the driving force behind the
recovery of the aniline business since 1982 when the industry had acapacity
utilization rate of less than 50%. By 1996‚ capacity utilization
hadapproached 95% in some regions.
Thecapacity ofworld production ofanilinein 1999 was found in these
regions: Western Europe - 47%‚ North America -30% and Asia / Pacific 19%.
million
ton/year
1.5
2.2
2.9
2.97
4
Year
1988
1996
1996
2000
2010
Table (1-1) Aniline Global supply and demand1
Historicalproduction in the United States is summarized in Table 1-1.
Millions of Pounds
Type
Capacity
Total
prod.
Imports
Exports
Demand
1995
1380
1996
1420
1997
1535
1998
1745
1999
1745
2000
2310
2001
2310
1388
67
1321
1395
24
41
1378
1339
60
19
1380
1545
42
43
1544
1588
26
38
1574
1866
11
58
1819
1975
12
65
1922
Table (1-2) Aniline supply and demand in U.S2
7
Year
1996
2000
2004
2005
ton/year
142,700
200,000
435,000
620,000
Table (1-3) Aniline supply and demand in china3
World consumption of Aniline:
western europe
china
united states
japan
Rep.of korea
Central/Eastern Europe
India
Central/South africa
other
Figure (1-2) World consumption of Aniline-2010
World consumption of aniline grew at an average annual rate of 3% during
2006–2010, the result of a growing global economy during 2001–2008,
declines during the economic recession in 2009 and the recovery in 2010,
and growth due to increased MDI capacity.
Strong Asian demand for all applications of MDI boosted world demand
during 2006–2010. World consumption of aniline is forecast to grow at an
average annual rate of 3.8% during 2010–2015.
Continuing rapid demand growth in some regions, particularly in China,
Other Asia and Europe, mainly the result of continued expansion of
8
nitrobenzene/aniline/MDI units, will balance out moderate growth in
markets such as the Americas.
Chinas consumption structure of aniline is different from developed
countries, primarily used in rubber processing additives, dyes and organic
pigments, pharmaceuticals and organic intermediates production.
Year
1993
1999
2000
2004
2010
consumption(kt)
100
148.4
177.9
387
1100
Table (1-4)Aniline’s china consumption capacity4
Uses
Aniline is mainly used as feed stock for the polyurethane industry. The
largest application of aniline is for the preparation of methylene
diphenyldisocyanate(MDI).Other uses include rubber processing chemicals
(9%), herbicides (2%), and dyes and pigments (2%).Many drugs can be
prepared from aniline such as paracetamol(acetaminophen)and used in the
dye industry as a precursor to indigo.
Application
Isocyanate
Rubber Chemicals
Agricultural Chemicals – Pesticides
Dyes & Pigments
Specialty Fibers
Miscellaneous
Table (1-5)Aniline Uses5
9
%
85%
9%
3%
2%
1%
1%
Feed stock & product description:
Benzene:
Molecular formula
C6H6
Molar mass
78.11 g mol−1
Appearance
Colorless liquid
Density
0.8765(20) g/cm3
Melting point
5.5 °C, 278.7 K
Boiling point
80.1 °C, 353.3 K
Solubility in water
1.8 g/L (15 °C)
Lambda(λ)max
255 nm
Viscosity
0.652 cP at 20 °C
Dipole moment
0D
Table (1-6)Physical and chemical properties of Benzene6
Nitrobenzene:
Molecular formula
Molar mass
C6H5NO2
123.06 g/mol
Appearance
Density
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility in water
yellowish liquid
1.199 g/cm3
5.7 °C
210.9 °C
0.19 g/100 ml at 20 °C
Table(1-7) Physical and chemical properties of Nitrobenzen7
10
Ammonia:
Molecular
formula
NH3
Molar mass
17.031 g/mol
Appearance
Colourless gas with strong pungent
odour
Density
0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point)
0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C)
681.9 kg/m3 at −33.3 °C (liquid)
817 kg/m3 at −80 °C (transparent
solid)
Melting point
−77.73 °C, 195 K, -108 °F
Boiling point
−33.34 °C, 240 K, -28 °F
Solubility in
water
47% (0 °C)
31% (25 °C)
28% (50 °C)
Acidity (pKa)
32.5 (−33 °C), 10.5 (DMSO)
Basicity (pKb)
4.75
Structure
Molecular shape Trigonal pyramid
Dipole moment
1.42 D
Thermochemistry
11
Std enthalpy of
formation
ΔfHo298
−46 kJ·mol−1
Standard molar
entropySo298
193 J·mol−1·K−1
Table(1-8) Physical and chemical properties of ammonia8
Phenol:
Molecular formula
C6H6O
Molar mass
94.11 g mol−1
Appearance
transparent crystalline solid
Density
1.07 g/cm3
Melting point
40.5 °C, 314 K, 105 °F
Boiling point
181.7 °C, 455 K, 359 °F
Solubility in water
8.3 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa)
9.95 (in water)
29.1 (in acetonitrile)
Dipole moment
1.7 D
Table (1-9)Physical and chemical properties of phenol9
12
Hydrogen:
Molecular
H2
Phase
gas
Density
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
0.08988 g/L
Liquid density
at (m.p)
0.07 (0.0763 solid) g·cm−3
Liquid density
at (b.p)
0.07099 g·cm−3
Melting point
14.01 K, -259.14 °C, -434.45 °F
Boiling point
20.28 K, -252.87 °C, -423.17 °F
Triple point
13.8033 K (-259°C), 7.042 kPa
Critical point
32.97 K, 1.293 MPa
Heat of fusion
(H2) 0.117 kJ·mol−1
Heat of
vaporization
(H2) 0.904 kJ·mol−1
Table (1-10) Physical and chemical properties of Hydrogen10
13
Water:
Molecular
formula
H2O
Molar mass
18.01528(33) g/mol
Appearance
white solid or almost colorless,
transparent, with a slight hint of blue,
crystalline solid or liquid
Density
1000 kg/m3, liquid (4 °C) (62.4 lb/cu. ft)
917 kg/m3, solid
Melting point 0 °C, 32 °F, (273.15 K)
Boiling point 99.98 °C, 211.97 °F (373.13 K)
Acidity (pKa) 15.74
~35–36
Basicity (pKb) 15.74
Refractive
index (nD)
1.3330
Viscosity
0.001 Pa s at 20 °C
Table (1-11) Physical and chemical properties of water11
14
Nitric Acid:
Molecular
formula
HNO3
Molar mass
63.01 g mol−1
Appearance
Colorless liquid
Density
1.5129 g cm−3
Melting point
-42 °C, 231 K, -44 °F
Boiling point
83 °C, 356 K, 181 °F (68% solution
boils at 121 °C)
Solubility in
water
Completely miscible
Acidity (pKa)
-1.4
Refractive index
1.397 (16.5 °C)
(nD)
Dipole moment
2.17 ± 0.02 D
Thermo chemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation
ΔfHo298
−207 kJ·mol−1
Standard molar
entropySo298
146 J·mol−1·K−1
Table(1-12) Physical and chemical properties of Nitric Acid12
15
Sulfuric Acid:
Molecular
formula
H2SO4
Molar mass
98.079 g/mol
Appearance
Clear, colorless, odorless liquid
Density
1.84 g/cm3, liquid
Melting point
10 °C, 283 K, 50 °F
Boiling point
337 °C, 610 K, 639 °F
Solubility in
water
Miscible
Acidity (pKa)
−3, 1.99
Viscosity
26.7 cP (20 °C)
Thermo chemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation
ΔfHo298
−814 kJ·mol−1
Standard molar
entropySo298
157 J·mol−1·K−1
Table (1-13) Physical and chemical properties of sulfuric acid13
16
Iron:
Molecular formula Fe
Density
7.874 g·cm−3
Liquid density at
m.p.
6.98 g·cm−3
Melting point
1811 K, 1538 °C, 2800 °F
Boiling point
3134 K, 2862 °C, 5182 °F
Heat of fusion
13.81 kJ·mol−1
Heat of
vaporization
340 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat
capacity
25.10 J·mol−1·K−1
Table (1-14) Physical and chemical properties of iron14
17
Hydrochloric acid:
Molecular formula HCl
Molar mass
36.46 g mol−1
Appearance
Colorless gas
Odor
Pungent
Density
1.490 g L−1
Melting point
-114.22 °C, 159 K, -174 °F
Boiling point
-85.05 °C, 188 K, -121 °F
Vapor pressure
4352 kPa (at 21.1 °C)
Acidity (pKa)
-7.0
Basicity (pKb)
21.0
Refractive
index (nD)
1.0004456 (gas)
Table (1-15) Physical and chemical properties of Hydrochloric Acid15
18
Ferric chloride:
Molecular formula
Molar mass
FeCl3
162.2 g/mol (anhydrous)
Appearance
270.3 g/mol (hexahydrate)
green-black by reflected light;
purple-red by transmitted light
hexahydrate: yellow solid
aq. solutions: brown
Odor
Density
slight HCl
2.898 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
Melting point
1.82 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
306 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point
37 °C (hexahydrate)
315 °C (anhydrous, decomp)
Solubility in water
280 °C (hexahydrate, decomp)
(partial decomposition to FeCl2+
Cl2)
74.4 g/100 mL (0 °C)
92 g/100 mL (hexahydrate, 20 °C)
Solubility in acetone 63 g/100 ml (18 °C)
Methanol
highly soluble
Ethanol
Diethyl ether
83 g/100 ml
highly soluble
Viscosity
40% solution: 12 cP
Table (1-16) Physical and chemical properties of ferric chloride16
19
Aniline:
Molecular
formula
C6H5NH2
Molar mass
93.13 g/mol
Appearance
colorless to yellow liquid
Density
1.0217 g/mL, liquid
-6.3 °C, 267 K, 21 °F
Melting point
184.13 °C, 457 K, 363 °F
Boiling point
Solubility in
water
3.6 g/100 mL at 20°C
Acidity (pKa)
4.7
Basicity (pKb)
9.3
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation
ΔfHo298
-3394 kJ/mol
DMSO:dimethylsulfoxide
Table (1-17) Physical properties of aniline17
20
Process Flow Sheets:
Process 1;Ammonolysis of Phenol
24
14
17
V-100
P-102
21
10
K-100
13
16
CRV-100
9
Amonia
1
MIX-100
phenol
20
19
8
7
2
29
E-100
E-101
27
12
T-100
18
30
E-103
V-101
34
Aniline
27
28
26
11
P-104
T-101 25
31
24
E-104
35
E-102
28
T-102
32
29
P-103
36
33
E-105
37
Figure (1-3) Process flow sheet of the production of aniline by Ammonolysis of Phenol.
Process description:The process is divided into three sections: the feed preparation section, the
reactor section, and the purification section. In the feed preparation section,
The ammonia feed (stream 1) consists of 203 lb-mol/hr liquid ammonia at
90F. The phenol feed (stream 2) supplies 165.8 lb-mol/hr liquid phenol at
110F and atmospheric pressure. The two feed streams are pumped to
increase the pressure before they are mixed with their respective recycle
streams (stream 16 for ammonia and stream 31 for phenol) by using mixer
21
(MIX-102).(Stream 7) is heated in a heat exchanger (E-100) with the reactor
effluent (stream 10). The heat exchanger effluent (Stream 8) is heated to the
required reactor temperature for the reactor inlet (stream 9). The reactor
section includes the adiabatic reactor (CRV-100) that includes a bed Packed
with a silica-alumina catalyst. In the reactor, three reactions occur:
Phenol + NH3 ==> Aniline + H2O
2 Phenol + NH3 ==> Diphenylamine + 2 H2O
2 NH3<==> 3 H2 + N2
The conversion of phenol in the reactor is 95% with a 99% selectivity to
aniline as shown in the First reaction. The second reaction forms a byproduct
(diphenylamine), while the third reaction is the decomposition of ammonia.
The reaction set is exothermic, so the stream leaving the reactor (stream 10)
is hotter than stream 9. The cooling of the reactor effluent begins with the
heat exchanger (E-100) which will be cooled from (stream 10) to (stream
11). After that (stream 11) is sent through a cooler (E-102).
The purification section consists of the distillation columns to separate the
chemicals into Products and non-products. The absorption column (T-100)
separates the gases and the liquids. As a result, all of the hydrogen and
nitrogen go to stream13. Moreover, all of the phenol, aniline and
diphenylamine go to stream 18. From the absorption column, stream 13 goes
to a splitter to split it into stream 14, which is the ammonia recycle stream
that will pass through a compressor (K-100) to increase the pressure. On the
other hand, the splitter also sends small amount of stream 13 to the gaseous
purge (stream 24). The bottoms stream (stream 18) is one of the feeds to the
next column (T-101). The distillate (stream19) is cooled by the unit (E-103).
Stream 20 is then sent to a separator (V-100) to separate the water and the
phenol product. Then, the phenol (stream 21) is recycled to the column (T-
22
101) after pressurize it by using (P-102). The aqueous product (stream 24)
from V-100 will be treated. The bottoms stream (stream 25) is the feed to
the next column (T-102). The main component in the distillate (stream 26)
is aniline which should be pumped by (P-104). The resulting stream (stream
27) is cooled by (E-104) to produce aniline (Stream 28). Then, (stream 29)
should be pumped by (P-103) to get the suitable condition (stream31) for
mixing by (MIX-102). The bottoms product (stream 32) is cooled b (E-105)
to purchase diphenylamine in (stream 33).
Process 2;Liquidphase reduction of nitrobenzene with metal in mineral
acids.
Sulfuric
acid
13
3
Nitric
acid
2
9
MIX-100
8
Aniline
12
Benzene
1
14
CRV-101
5
4
15
T-101
V-100
6
CRV-100
nitrobenzene
10
11
V-101
7
T-100
RCY-100
Figure (1-4) Process flow sheet of the production of aniline by liquid phase reduction of nitrobenzene.
23
Process description :
First of all, nitric acid and sulfuric acid is mixed together by using an acid
mixer(mix-100). the mixed acid and benzene are fed in a nitrate
reactor(CRV-100) and the reaction will occur as the following chemical
equation :C6H6 +HNO3(H2SO4)  C6H5NO2 + H2O(H2SO4)
ΔH=-113KJ
Then the reactor effluent will enter the separator (V-100) which will separate
it into two streams which are crude nitrobenzene and the reactor effluent
acid that will be recovered to the reactor feed. The crude nitrobenzene could
be washed by using a dilute alkali (V-101) such as water and sodium
carbonate and distillated by still distillation column (T-100) to produce a
pure nitrobenzene. The crude nitrobenzene will enter a reducer [H2] reactor
(CRV-101) with an iron boring catalyst and hydrochloric acid to produce
aniline and water which will occur as the following chemical equation:4C6H5NO2 + 9Fe + 4H2O  4C6H5NH2 + 3FeO4
And the effluent nitrobenzene will be recovered to the reducer reactor. The
aqueous aniline could be heated by steam to get crude aniline which can be
distilled by using still distillation column (T-101) to produce pure aniline.
Catalyst Reaction : HCl
Yeild : 98%
24
Process 3;Process catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene in a fluidized bed
reactor.
8
5
E-102
3
E-101
Water
10
Hydrogen
4
6
V-100
Nitrobenzene
9
7
T-100
4
2CRV-100
1
12
P
T-101
11
Aniline
K-100
E-100
Figure (1-5) Process flow sheet of the production of aniline by vapor phase reduction of nitro
benzene.
25
Name of Unit
Description
E-100
CRV-100
E-101
K-100
V-100
T-100
E-102
T-101
Nitrobenzene vaporizer
Reactor
Product Condenser
Hydrogen Recycle Compressor
Aniline water decanter
Crude aniline distillation
Condenser
Aniline product distillation
Table (1-18) Name and description unit
Species
Flowrate (
million lb/yr)
Nitrobenzene -
Compostion Temperature Pressure
(C°)
(atm)
0.1
25
1
Hydrogen
0.9
-
25
1
Table (1-19) Feedstock condition
Species
Aniline
Water
Flowrate
(million
lb/yr)
200
-
Compostion Temperature Pressure
(C°)
(bar)
0.995
-
-
Table(1-20) Product condition
26
1
1
Name of stream
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
S11
S12
Description
Nitrobenzene
Hydrogen Feed
Reactor Product Gases
Condensed Materials
Non-Condensable gas
Crude Aniline
Aqueous Phase
Overheads
Bottom Streams
Water
Aniline product
Recycled bottom
Table (1-21) Name of stream
Process description:
The main process for aniline production is the nitrobenzene hydrogenation
reactions. Feed preparation section:
The liquid nitrobenzene feed (contains less than 10ppm – thiophene) (S1) is
vaporized up by going into vaporizer (E-100) to reach the required
temperature for the fluidized bed reactor after the mixing point between the
nitrobenzene feed (S1) and the hydrogen feed (S2) (which has been
compressed by Recycle Compressor) (K-100).Hydrogen to nitrobenzene
ratio is 9:1.
27
Reaction section:
It includes the fluidized bed reactor (CRV-100) with 10-20% copper by
weight on silica catalyst [which is made by spray-drying a silicic acid matrix
(20 to 150 micrometer) with a cuprammonium compound and activated in
position with hydrogen at 250 C] at 270 C and 1.5 atm, the equation for this
process is shown below:
C6H5NO2 + 3H2 --------> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O
The reaction is highly exothermic with enthalpy (-443 KJ/mol) and
approximately 65% of the heat of reaction is removed by circulating a cool
fluid (generally water or low pressure steam) through tubes suspended in the
fluidized bed. The nitrobenzene vapor-hydrogen mixture (300 percent excess
hydrogen) reaction takes place on the surface porous at the bottom of the
fluidized bed reactor. The upper part of the reactor is large enough to allow
the most of the catalyst to fall back into the main catalyst bed. any catalyst
which escapes from the reactor is removed from the product by stainless
steel filters.The conversion of the nitrobenzene in the reactor is 99.7% and
the selectivity to aniline is 99%.
28
Purification section:
The reactor (RCV-100) product gas mixture (aniline , hydrogen and water)
(S3) will enter the condenser (E-101)and the leaving gas stream (3.5%
water, 0.5% aniline and the balance hydrogen) (S5) which has been recycled
to the compressor (K-100), but a small part is vented to avoid the buildup of
gaseous impurities which exist in hydrogen feed. Moreover the aqueous and
organic phases stream (S4) is separated in a decanter (V-100) which
separates the crude aniline (S6) from the aqueous phase solution (S7). The
organic phase (crude aniline) is consist of aniline up to 0.5% nitrobenzene,
and 5% water is purified by two stage distillation column. After that in the
crude still column (T-100) (stripping) ,aniline and water are removed
overhead while higher boiling organic impurities, such as nitro-benzene
remain in the still bottoms. The overhead product (S9) from the first column
is purified in a finishing still (T-101), Water (S10) is withdrawn from the top
of the column while aniline (S11) is withdrawn in a side stream near the
bottom of the column. The bottom (S12) is recycled to the crude still (T100).
Waste treatment:
The best method of treating the aqueous waste resulting from the following
units (nitrobenzene distillation column overhead(stream8), nitrobenzene
wash water(stream7) and the aniline recovery column purge(stream12)), is
the biological treatment due to its inexpensive cost and it's high efficiency
indicator which could of the toxic nature of the waste which may affect the
environment , moreover the physical method that used as stream stripping
and liquid-liquid extraction.
Catalyst Regeneration.
the catalyst can be regenerated with air periodically.At 250-350°C and
subsequent H2 treatment.
29
Comparison flow sheets:
Alternative 1
Mole
M.wt
Ib
ton
Ib/Ib of aniline
$/Ib
Gross Profit =
phenol
1
94
94
0.047
1.01
0.745
-0.428
ammonia
1
17
17
0.0085
0.182
0.289
aniline
1
93
93
0.0465
1
0.38
Water
1
18
18
0.009
0.193
-
Table(1-22) Alternative #1
Alternative 2:
-There is no enough information to calculate the gross profit for the process.
Alternative 3
Mole
M.wt
Ib
Ib/Ib of aniline
$/Ib
Gross Profit =
nitrobenzene
1
123
123
1.322
0.33
0.076
hydrogen
3
2
6
0.064
0..32
aniline
1
93
93
1
0.38
Water
2
18
36
0.387
-
Table (1-23) Alternative #3
Alternative
1
No.of
equipment
17
2
3
9
8
Catalyst
Raw Material
Silicaalumina
Iron borings
Copper on
silica
Phenol + Ammonia
Benzene + Nitric acid
Nitrobenzene + Hydrogen
Table(1-24) Comparison between the alternatives
30
Basic economic analysis:
Ammonia
Description
Weight
US Gulf, spot c.f.r. Tampa
tonne
Ammonia
Aniline
US Gulf, spot f.o.b New Orleans
tanks, f.o.b
technical grade, 100% basis, tanks,
Ferric chloride f.o.b. works
Hydrochloric 22 deg. Be, US Gulf dom. ex-works
acid
US NE
Hydrochloric 22 deg. Be, US Gulf dom. ex-works
acid
USG
Nitrobenzene tanks, f.o.b.
Sulphuric acid virgin 100%, tanks, works, East Coast
ton
lb
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
ton
ton
ton
ton
ton
virgin 100%, tanks, works, Southwest
virgin 100%, tanks, works, Midwest
virgin 100%, tanks, works, Southeast
virgin 100%, tanks, works, West Coast
smelter 100% tanks, works, Gulf Coast
lb
tonne
85.43
tonne
lb
ton
93.7
0.33-0.34
1450
57.0085.00
87
94
73.1
94
50.0062.00
25.0030.00
67
215.00225.00
1472.311507.69
1015.381192.31
0.32
Sulphuric acid smelter 100%, tanks, works
ton
Sulphuric acid smelter, tanks, intro. Southeast
Sulphuric acid smelter, 93% tanks, dlvd., Northwest
40 deg. Be, 42 deg. Be. tanks, c.l.,
Nitric acid
works, 100% basis
ton
ton
Phenol
-
ton
Benzene
Hydrogen gas
-
ton
Ib
Table (1-25) Cost of materials
31
Prices,
US$
460.00745.00
385.81771.62
0.37-0.39
300.00351.00
ton
Conclusion:




We figure out that there are lots of processes to produce aniline.
The production of aniline is takes an active part in America and china.
Locally aniline production is not exist.
At the beginning, aniline was an intermediate substance for (MDS)
production, according to this reason it was produced.
Recommendation:
The process 3 (vapor phase catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene ) is the best
alternative for the production of Aniline due to its inexpensive raw materials
and its highly profit comparing it to the other two alternatives.NitroBenzene
is the classical feedstock for Aniline manufacture. Recently less
chlorobenzene and Phenol are being used in aniline manufacturing processes
in several countries.
32
References:
Web sites;
http://www.springerlink.com
http://www.mpri.lsu.edu
http://www.xakaili.com
http://www.thefreedictionary.com
http://www.chemicalbook.com
http://price.alibaba.com
http://www.icis.com
http://en.wikipedia.org
Books;
McGraw-Hill, Shreve’s Chemical Industries, George T.Austin,1984
33