GHS Honors Biochemistry 2014-2015
UNIT I: Enhancing and Evolving to “Perfection”?
IN YOUR TEXTBOOK:
Concepts of Evolution
Human Evolution
Molecular Biology of the Gene
Biotechnology
Meiosis and the Sexual Life Cycle
Patterns of Inheritance
Mutations, Radiation, and DNA Repair
SUPPLEMENTAL READING/SOURCES:
Science Magazine Ardipithecus Issue
(Oct. 2, 2009. Vol 326, Issue 5949. p. 1-188)
Science Daily Online (http://www.sciencedaily.com/)
pGLO Bacterial Transformation Kit –
Instruction Booklet
Sordaria Genetics Biokit Manual
UNDERSTANDINGS:
Small changes have big effects as species evolve
We have the ability to manipulate the structures and
functions of living organisms
Manipulation of living organisms may have
unanticipated effects
There are limits to our ability to manipulate the
functions of biological structures
Balance is necessary for the health of living systems
We must make informed decisions despite
ambiguous evidence
Relative risk assessments must be made using the
best available data
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
How does structure determine function?
How are biological structures formed and maintained?
How do biological structures change over time?
What happens when things go wrong?
How are biological structures replicated?
What does it mean to be alive?
Are there limits to our performance?
How are we genetically modifying things?
How are biochemical processes harnessed to meet the
needs of human society?
STUDENTS WILL KNOW:
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
Explain how the processes of genetic mutation and
natural selection are related to the evolution of species.
Describe how structural and behavioral adaptations
increase the chances for organisms to survive in their
environments.
Describe and evaluate heritable structural, biochemical,
and/or behavioral adaptations that distinguish modern
humans from more primitive hominids.
Explain how the current theory of evolution provides a
scientific explanation for fossil records of ancient life
forms.
I. Natural selection and human evolution
a. Variation and natural selection are the driving
forces behind evolution.
b. Biologists use a variety of evidences to
demonstrate evolutionary history and
relationships, including fossil, anatomical and
biochemical evidence.
c. Modern humans have accumulated heritable
structural, biochemical, and behavioral
adaptations that increase the likelihood of
survival.
II. Human impact on evolution: antibiotic
resistance
a. Human activity has unanticipated effects on the
evolution of organisms.
b. Antibiotic resistant bacteria have arisen as a
direct result of human use of antibiotics.
c. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial
infections (but not viral infections) in humans
due to differences and similarities between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (including,
plant, animal, and bacterial cells).
Describe antibiotic resistance as an example of
evolution by natural selection.
Describe human activities that have contributed to the
evolution of antibiotic resistance, evaluate its impact on
society, and develop strategies to prevent the spread of
antibiotic resistance.
Conduct an experiment to evaluate the spread of
antibiotic resistance in cultured bacteria.
Describe similarities and differences between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (including, plant,
animal, and bacterial cells) and relate these differences
to the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases.
III. Human impact on evolution: genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)
a. Humans are intentionally altering genes and
traits in organisms by genetic engineering.
b. Humans genetically engineer organisms using
various techniques and tools.
c. There are benefits and potential risks of genetic
engineering.
IV. DNA structure
a. The type of bonds within DNA and how they
impact the structure and function of DNA.
b. The four different nucleotide monomers can be
assembled into an infinite variety of linear DNA
polymers.
c. How the process of DNA replication provides
both heritability and variation.
V. Protein synthesis
a. Specific proteins perform many functions in
cells.
b. The Central Dogma (DNA to RNA to protein)
represents a major framework for understanding
how genotype determines phenotype.
c. A change in the nucleotide sequence (mutation)
of a gene may cause a change in the function of
a protein, thereby changing the phenotype of an
organism.
VI. Inheritance
a. Variation is generated by meiosis and
fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms.
b. In some instances, we can predict patterns of
inheritance for defined traits using Punnett
Squares and pedigrees.
c. Many factors determine whether a genetic
disorder will persist in the human population.
Describe, in general terms, how the genetic information
of organisms can be altered to make them produce new
materials.
Explain the risks and benefits of altering the genetic
composition and cell products of existing organisms.
Research and defend a position in favor of or opposed
to the use of genetically modified foods (GMFs).
Label and describe a 2D representation of the structure
of DNA, including the component parts and types of
chemical bonds involved.
Explain how nucleotide monomers are assembled into
an infinite variety of linear DNA polymers.
Explain how the chemical structure of the DNA
polymer affects its properties and function.
Describe the general role of DNA and RNA in protein
synthesis.
Compare alleles of a gene and determine if the
nucleotide sequence change will change the amino acid
sequence of the encoded protein.
Explain how meiosis and sexual reproduction
contribute to the genetic variation of organisms.
Use the Punnett Square technique to predict the
distribution of traits in mono- and di-hybrid crosses.
Deduce the probable mode of inheritance of a trait
(dominant or recessive) from pedigree diagrams
showing phenotypes.
Describe the differences between genetic disorders and
infectious diseases.
Unit Vocabulary
Part I: Natural selection and human evolution (USG pp. 1-5)
1. Evolution
6. Natural selection
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Species
Population
Adaptation
Variation
“Fitness”
Fossils / fossil record
Biochemical evidence
Anatomy
11. Homologous structures
12.
13.
14.
15.
Analogous structures
Vestigial structures
Evolutionary tree
Common ancestor
Part II: Human impact on evolution: antibiotic resistance (USG pp. 5-9)
1. Antibiotic
2. Antibiotic resistance
3. Pathogen
4. Bacteria
5. Virus
6. Fungus
7. Prokaryotic cell
8. Eukaryotic cell
9. E. coli
Part III: Human impact on evolution: genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (USG pp. 9-13)
1. E. coli
2. Plasmid
3. Restriction enzyme
4. DNA ligase
5. Recombinant DNA
6. Transformation
7. Genetically modified organism
8. Genetically modified food
Part IV: DNA structure (USG pp. 14-17)
1. DNA
2. Nucleotide
3. The 3 parts of a nucleotide are…
4. The 5 nitrogenous bases are…
5. DNA Replication
6. Helicase
7. DNA polymerase
8. Chromosome
Part V: Protein Synthesis (USG pp. 17-21)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gene
Protein
Polypeptide
Amino acid
Transcription
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Translation
Codon
RNA polymerase
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosome
11.
12.
13.
14.
Mutation
Mutagen
Point mutation
Frameshift mutation
Part VI: Inheritance (USG pp. 21-29)
1. Gene
2. Gametes
12. Meiosis
13. Fertilization
23. Allele
24. Dominant
3.
4.
5.
6.
Somatic cells
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Karyotype
14.
15.
16.
17.
Zygote
Independent orientation
Crossing over
Genetic recombination
25.
26.
27.
28.
Recessive
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Punnett square
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Homologous chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Autosomes
Diploid
Haploid
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Nondisjunction
Down syndrome
Trait
Phenotype
Genotype
29.
30.
31.
32.
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Carrier
Pedigree