• Key concept: “Selective
breeding, cloning, and genetic
engineering are three methods
for developing organisms with
desirable trait.”
• Selective breeding- the process
of breeding organisms with
desired traits
• Inbreeding- crossing two
individuals that have similar
characteristics
• Inbreeding increases the
probability of having genetic
disorders
• Hybridization- breeders cross
two genetically different
individuals trying to get the best
of both organisms
SELECTIVE
BREEDING
CLONING
• Clone- an organism that has
the exact same genes as the
organism from which it was
produced
• You can clone some plants
easily because all you do is
cut a piece off and plant itnew plant is genetically
identical to the original plant
• Animals are more difficult to
clone, they take the nucleus
out of a body cell and use it
to produce a new animal
GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Genetic engineering- genes from
one organism are put into the DNA
of another
• Genetic engineering can produce and
improve medicines and foods.
• Genes have been inserted into animals (example- creating
blood clotting protein to help people with hemophilia
• Genes have been inserted into plants (example- creating
crops that are resistant to pesticides
• Gene therapy- inserting copies of a gene into a human’s cells
• Concerns about the long-term effects of genetic engineering
(crops harm environment or health problems in people )
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Scientists use genetic engineering to create bacterial cells
that produce important human proteins such as insulin.
LEARNING ABOUT HUMAN GENETICS
• Key concept: “Applications of DNA
technology include studying the human
genome in detail and identifying people.”
• Genome- all the DNA in one cell of an
organism
• DNA finger printing is used to show if
people are related using
• Except for identical twins every person
has different DNA fingerprints
• Scientists use mitochondrial DNA,
because it is almost identical to the
mother, to determine the person’s
identity
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Project goals were to…
• identify all the approximately 30,00035,000 genes in human DNA
• determine the sequences of the 3
billion chemical base pairs that make
up human DNA
• store this information in databases
• improve tools for data analysis
Scientists now know the DNA sequence
of almost every human gene
Section 3:
Advances in Genetics
What are three ways of producing
organisms with desired traits?
What are two applications of DNA
technology in human genetics?