ASSIGNMENT
GRAMMAR 3
Lecturer: Ahmad Madzkur, S.Pd
Guided By:
Hesthy Indah Pertiwi (1292087)
English Department
Class: Cambridge
STATE ISLAMIC OF COLLEGE
JURAI SIWO METRO
PERIOD 2013-2014
1|Page
Preface
To start with, the writer believes that there is nothing new under the sun, let alone in the
discussion of Adjective Clause. Presumably, the only new thing is the way it is presented. The
Adjective Clause points discussed in this concise course material may be easily found in various
grammatical books or other related sources. Nevertheless, the writer decides to accomplish a
summary to make it suitable with this context. Hopefully, it will be a source of good for others.
In the second place, the writer thanks everyone that she should not mention one by one
but involved in the making of this course material, directly or indirectly. May Allah the
Almighty soon reward their spirit of not hoping something in return?
Above all, the writer realize that this course material in inadequate in that she really
needs your valuable comment, criticism, and suggestion.
Metro, December 2013
Hesthy Indah Pertiwi
2|Page
List of Content
Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Content ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Adjective Clauses.......................................................................................................................................... 4
I.Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 4
A.Clause ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
B.The Nature of Adjective ............................................................................................................................ 4
1. Adjective ................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Noun Adjectives ........................................................................................................................................ 4
C.OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN ........................................................................................ 5
D. PREPOSITIONS THAT COME BEFORE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES .................................................. 5
E. There are two main kinds of adjective clause:.......................................................................................... 5
1. Non-defining clauses ................................................................................................................................ 5
2. Defining clauses ........................................................................................................................................ 6
F. SINGULAR AND PLURALVERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................ 7
G. REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ................................................................................................................. 7
H. The Position and The Structure of The Adjective Clause Below............................................................... 9
II. Question ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Task 1. ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Task 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Task 3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
III. Answering .............................................................................................................................................. 11
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 13
3|Page
Adjective Clauses
I.
Introduction
A. Clause
Clause is a sentence structure that has a Subject and Predicate. There are two kinds of Clauses, that is:
1. Independent Clause is a sentence structure that can stand alone.
Example. I meet a man who is very kind to everybody.
2. Dependent Clause is part of sentence. Because it is only part of the sentence, so it cannot stand alone.
Example. The girl who lives next to me comes from Jakarta.
Adjective Clause is dependent clause that functions as and describes or gives about a noun or
pronoun. An adjective clause uses pronoun to connect dependent clause to the independent clause. The
adjective clause pronoun is who, whom, whose, which, and that. An adjective clause follows a noun.
B. The Nature of Adjective
1. Adjective
An adjective modifies a noun. "Modify" means to change a little. An adjective describes
or gives information about the noun.
Example: I met a famous man
2. Noun Adjectives
When noun are used as adjectives, they don’t have plural or possessive form. The noun that
function as adjective. This phenomenon is called Noun Adjective.
Example: My brother uses bilingual language students.
4|Page
C. OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
When the relative pronoun is the subject of the adjective clause, it cannot be omitted.
The man who played the drum was from West Africa, (subject)
If the relative pronoun is the object of the adjective clause, it can be omitted.
The man whom I saw was a Native American, (object)
The man I saw was a Native American.
The drumbeat that I heard was a signal, (object)
The drumbeat I heard was a signal.
The relative pronouns whose, where, and whereby cannot be omitted.
Sequoyah, whose alphabet for the Indian people consisted of 85 characters, was
acclaimed a genius by his people. (Whose cannot be omitted?)
That was the area where the tribe lived. (Where cannot be omitted.)
Sequoyah devised an alphabet whereby all the different tribes could read a common
language. (Whereby cannot be omitted.)
D. PREPOSITIONS THAT COME BEFORE ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
Adjective Clause sometimes uses ‘preposition’. There are a number of ways by which a
message can be sent. In spoken English the preposition usually goes at the end of the clause, but
in formal written. English it goes at the beginning of the clause. Formal that was the man to
whom I was referring. Informal that was the man whom I was referring to.
E. There are two main kinds of adjective clause:
1. Non-defining clauses
Non-defining clauses give extra information about the noun, but they are not essential:
The desk in the corner, which is covered in books, is mine.
5|Page
Explanation: We don't need this information in order to understand the sentence. “The desk in
the corner is mine” is a good sentence on its own — we still know which desk is referred to.
Note that non-defining clauses are usually separated by commas, and “that” is not usually used
in this kind of context.
2. Defining clauses
Defining clauses give essential information about the noun:
The package that arrived this morning is on the desk.
Explanation: We need this information in order to understand the sentence. Without the relative
clause, we don't know which package is being referred to. Note that “that” is often used in
defining relative clauses, and they are not separated by commas.
When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises:
1. The man was sick. He looked very pale.
The m an, who l ooke d ver y pal e, was si c k.
2. He was sitting in the emergency room. It was very crowded.
He was si t t i ng i n t h e em er genc y room , whi ch was ve r y cro wded.
3. A nurse was nearby. He called to her.
He cal l ed t o a nurse , who was ne arb y.
4. The nurse called a doctor. He came quickly.
The nurse c al l ed a d oct or, who c am e qui ckl y.
6|Page
5. The doctor asked him to lie down. She looked very worried.
The doct or, who l oo ked ver y wo rri ed, asked hi m t o l i e down.
6. She gave the man an injection. It made him go to sleep.
S he gav e t he m an an i nj ect i on, whi ch m a de hi m go t o sl eep.
F. SINGULAR AND PLURALVERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) I know the man who is sitting user there.
(b) I know the people who are sinning over there.
In (a): The verb in the adjective clause (IS) is singular because who refers to a singular
noun, man. In (b): The verb in the adjective clause (are) is plural because who refers to a plural
noun, people.
G. REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases. An adjective phrase modifies a noun. An
Adjective phrase does not contain a subject and a verb. Adjective Clause The man who is
drumming is African. Adjective Phrase: The man drumming is African.
Only adjectives that have a subject pronoun, which, which, or that, can be reduced.
Clause: The man who is playing the drums is well-known.
Phrase: The man playing the drums is well-known.
Clause: The man (whom) I met was well-known.
Phrase: not possible.
There are two ways to reduce an adjective phrase.
7|Page
1. The subject pronoun and the ‘be’ form of the verb are omitted.
Clause: The man who is playing is my friend.
Phrase: The man playing is my friend.
Clause: The signals which are given are simple.
Phrase: The signals given are simple.
Clause: The tones that are in the language are important.
Phrase: The tones in the language are important.
2. When there is no form of be in the adjective clause, you can omit the subject pronoun and
Change the verb to the –ing form.
Clause: The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet that consists of eighty-five characters.
Phrase The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet consisting of Eighty-five characters.
Clause: Anyone who wants to get the news can listen to the message.
Phrase: Anyone wanting to get the news can listen to the message.
3. Adjective phrases are usually separated by commas, as in adjective clauses.
Clause: Sequoyah, who was the inventor of an Indian alphabet, was a Cherokee Indian.
Phrase: Sequoyah, the inventor of an Indian alphabet, was a Cherokee Indian.
8|Page
H. The Position and The Structure of The Adjective Clause Below
Clause
Marker
Use for
Example
Who
People
(subject)
The tribes who lived in the Great Plains used smoke
signals.
Whom
People
(object)
The woman whom we met was called Lightning
Cloud.
Whose
People/Things
(possessive)
He sent a message whose meaning we had agreed upon in
advance.
Things
(Subject/Object)
That is a tribe which interests me. (subject)
The drumbeats which we heard sent a message,
(object)
People/Things
The Apache is a tribe that I will research, (object)
(Subject/Object)
The smoke that you see is from the hills, (subject)
Place (Adverb)
That is the valley where the tribe lived.
Time (Adverb)
That is the day when we get the signal.
Which
That
Where
when
9|Page
II. Question
Task 1.
Complete the sentences with the relative pronouns: which, who, whose.
1. The smoke signals ______________ the American Indians used did not convey complex
messages.
2. The signals contained simple messages ______________ meaning had been agreed upon in.
3. A warrior______________ had finished a successful raid might send a simple column of
smoke to his village.
4. They made fires ___________ were fed with damp grass.
5. It was the place the signal come from ___________ conveyed most message.
6. When one group spotted another group of Indians, they lit a fire to their right
___________ meant ‘who are you?
Broukal, 1997:76-77
Task 2
Choose the correct relative pronoun in parentheses to complete the sentence.
1. The semi nomadic tribes of the Great Plains used smoke signals (which/ who) were simple.
2. A signal (whose/which) conveyed victory in battle was agreed upon in advance.
3. The Hollywood movies (which/whom) we watch do not give a true picture of the Indians.
4. A party would send a column of smoke (which/whom) the other understood.
5. Drumbeats (whose/which) are used by tribes in Africa can give more complex signals.
Broukal, 1997:77
10 | P a g e
Task 3
Underline the adjective clause in the following sentences!
1. Sacagawea, who was a Shoshoni Indian, guided Lewis and Clark to the Columbia River.
2. The giant redwood trees that grow in California are named after Sequoyah, who created an
alphabet for the Indian people.
3. Sequoyah became a teacher and moved to Oklahoma where he continued to teach the alphabet.
4. The Shoshoni were a group of Indians who lived in the western plains of Wyoming, Utah,
Nevada, and Idaho.
5. Each group of Shoshoni was known to the others by the type of food that was plentiful in its
particular region.
Broukal, 1997:78-79
III. Answering
Task 1
1. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
2. Whose
Because the people as possessive.
3. Who
Because the people as subject
4. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
5. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
11 | P a g e
Task 2
1. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
2. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
3. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
4. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
5. Which
Because the things as Subject/Object.
Task 3
Underline the adjective clause in the following sentences
1. Sacagawea, who was a Shoshoni Indian, guided Lewis and Clark to the Columbia River.
Because the relative pronoun use who the function as the people as subject.
2. The giant redwood trees that grow in California are named after Sequoyah,
who created an alphabet for the Indian people.
Because the relative pronoun use that for the statement and who the function as the people as
subject.
3. Sequoyah became a teacher and moved to Oklahoma where he continued to
teach the alphabet.
Because the relative pronoun use where for the place
4. The Shoshoni were a group of Indians who lived in the western plains of
Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho.
Because the relative pronoun use who the function as the people as subject.
5. Each group of Shoshoni was known to the others by the type of food that was plentiful in its
particular region.
Because the relative pronoun use that for the statement.
12 | P a g e
REFERENCES

Behrens, Susan J. et.al. (1996). Peterson’s 2000 GMAT Success: Boots your Test
Scores. New

Jersey: Peterson’s.

Broukal, Milada. (1997). Peterson’s TOEFL Grammar Flash. New Jersey: Peterson’s.

Burtness, Paul S. Effective English for Colleges 6th Ed. South Western

Frank, Marcella. (1993). Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey:
Regents/Prentice Hall.

Gear, Jolene (1993). Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

Azar, Betty. Fundamental English Grammar Book. Longman.

Riyanto, Slamet. TOEFL Preparation. Pustaka Pelajar.

Irwansyah, Dedy. Structure and Grammar 3. Metro
13 | P a g e