Zeller et al. Supplementary Material
Synthesis of under-reported small-scale fisheries catches in Pacific island
waters
Zeller D., Harper S., Zylich K. and Pauly D.
Supplementary material
The detailed and extensive technical reports for each of the 25 country’s catch data
reconstruction as listed in Appendix Table A1 can be accessed through the individual citations
and are all freely available under ‘publications’ at http://www.seaaroundus.org/about/. For case
studies that ended before 2010, the documents and data have been updated to 2010 by the Sea
Around Us, as described below. In a few instances, catch values have changed slightly from
those presented in the original reconstruction reports. This is largely due to changes in the
underlying reported landings data as presented by FAO on behalf of each country. FAO FishStat
data version 2011 (i.e., covering 1950-2010) was used as the reported data foundation in the
present study, but earlier versions would have been used by the earlier technical reports. FAO
data are known to include occasional changes to past data with each annual FAO data update.
Appendix Table A1: References of the detailed technical catch reconstruction reports and associated publications for
each country or island-entity covered here. Each technical report can be freely accessed via ‘publications’ at
www.seaaroundus.org/about, and individual links are provided in the reference list. Note that all reconstructions start
in 1950.
End year of original
Country/island entity
References
reconstruction
American Samoa
2002
Zeller et al. (2005); Zeller et al. (2006; 2007)
Cook Islands
2010
Haas et al. (2012)
Easter Island
2010
Zylich et al. (2014c);
Federated States of Micronesia
2010
Vali et al. (2014)
Fiji
2009
Zylich et al. (2012b)
French Polynesia
2007
Bale et al. (2009)
Guam
2002
Zeller et al. (2005); Zeller et al. (2007)
Hawaii
2002
Zeller et al. (2005); Zeller et al. (2008)
Kiribati
2010
Zylich et al. (2014a)
Marshall Islands
2010
Haas et al. (2014)
Nauru
2008
Trujillo et al. (2011)
New Caledonia
2007
Harper et al. (2009b)
Niue
2010
Zylich et al. (2012a)
Northern Mariana Islands
2002
Zeller et al. (2005); Zeller et al. (2007)
Palau
2008
Lingard et al. (2011)
Papua New Guinea
2010
Teh et al. (2014)
Pitcairn Island
2009
Chaitanya et al. (2012)
Samoa
2010
Lingard et al. (2012)
Solomon Islands
2010
Doyle et al. (2012)
Tokelau
2009
Zylich et al. (2011)
Tonga
2007
Sun et al. (2011)
Tuvalu
2009
Crawford et al. (2011)
US Pacific small island territories1
2002
Zeller et al. (2005)
Vanuatu
2010
Zylich et al. (2014b)
Wallis & Futuna
2007
Harper et al. (2009a)
1
The US Pacific small island territories as considered here consist of Howland & Baker Islands, Jarvis Island,
Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island.
1
Zeller et al. Supplementary Material
Update of original reconstructions to 2010:
American Samoa
The catch reconstruction for American Samoa was undertaken for 1950-2002 on the request of
and reviewed by the US Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (Zeller et al.
2005) and further documented in Zeller et al. (2006; 2007). Since completing the initial
reconstruction, FAO data became available to 2010. To update this reconstruction, the 2010 FAO
dataset was used as the reported catch for 2003-2010, whereas WPacFIN national data
(http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/wpacfin/) had been used for the previous years. The 2002 unreported
per capita catch rate (based on total unreported catch / population for 2002) was calculated and
applied to population data (from the World Bank) for 2003-2010 to estimate the total unreported
catch amounts for those years. In the original reconstruction, all small-scale non-commercial
catches were assigned to the subsistence sector, so we split the subsistence catches to account for
the recreational sector. We assumed 80% of the catch was subsistence in 1950 and 20% of the
catch was recreational, while in 2002 80% of the catch was recreational and 20% of the catch was
subsistence. We then performed a linear interpolation between 1950 and 2002 based on these
proportions. For the sector breakdown for 2003-2010, all the reported catch was assigned as
artisanal and the unreported catch was assigned as subsistence and recreational based on the
proportions in 2002. Pelagic species were not included in American Samoa’s catch reconstruction
(i.e., albacore, bigeye tuna, blue marlin, common dolphinfish, Indo-Pacific sailfish, skipjack tuna,
striped marlin, swordfish, wahoo, yellowfin tuna). Also note that the values and comparisons for
the years 1950-2002 were based on the national WPacFIN data, and changes were not made to
account for small differences within the 2010 FAO dataset regarding previous years.
Fiji
Since completing the initial reconstruction by (Zylich et al. 2012b) for 1950-2009, FAO data
became available to 2010. To update the above reconstruction, the 2010 FAO data were accepted
as the reported component. In the recent time period, it was determined that almost all catches
were reported, thus leaving large-scale commercial by-catch (landings and discards) as the only
unreported component for 2010. Landed by-catch and discards for 2010 were calculated based
on the proportion of 2009 landed by-catch and discards to the FAO total of 2009, respectively.
The sectoral breakdown (artisanal, subsistence, large-scale etc.) for 2010 for the reported
component was based on taxa for the large-scale commercial component, whereas for the
artisanal and subsistence sectors, the 2009 proportions were used. Spatial allocation (Fiji EEZ
versus elsewhere) for the large-scale catches of 2010 was completed using the proportions
present in the FFA data, as was also done for 2009. Also note that the values and comparisons
for the years 1950-2009 were based on the 2009 FAO dataset, and changes were not made to
account for small differences within the 2010 dataset regarding previous years.
French Polynesia
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Zeller et al. Supplementary Material
The total marine fisheries catches for French Polynesia were reconstructed from 1950-2007 by
Bale et al. (2009). To update this reconstruction, the 2007 total reconstructed catch was carried
forward, unaltered, to 2010. The FAO data were used for the reported component. The ratio
between the FAO reported component and total reconstructed component for 2007 was
calculated and applied to the FAO data for 2008-2010 to estimate the total catch volumes for
those years. The unreported component for 2008-2010 was then taken to be the difference
between these two numbers. The sectoral breakdown (artisanal, subsistence, large-scale etc.) for
the reported component of the 2008-2010 estimated catch was based on the same percentage
breakdown (of the reported component) used in 2007. The sectoral breakdown of the unreported
component was also based on the percentage breakdown in 2007. Also note that the initial
reconstruction for the years 1950-2007 was based on the 2007 FAO FishStat data release, and
small differences in reported data may exist between the 2007 and 2010 FAO data releases
(Garibaldi 2012).
Guam
The catch reconstruction for Guam from 1950-2002 was conducted on the request of and reviewed
by the US Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (Zeller et al. 2005) and further
documented in Zeller et al. (2007). Since completing the initial reconstruction (Zeller et al. 2005),
FAO data became available to 2010. To update this reconstruction, the national data that was used
as the reported component (WPacFIN) was replaced by the 2010 FAO dataset for 2000-2002, and
the FAO data was also used as the reported component for 2003-2010. The 2010 FAO data closely
matched the national data from WPacFIN. Given the local survey structure, there were no
unreported catches for 1985-2010. Guam’s reconstructed catches were not assigned to specific
fisheries sectors, with catches only defined as “offshore”, “inshore”, or “inshore+offshore”. To
assign the catch to fisheries sectors as defined here (i.e., industrial, artisanal, subsistence, and
recreational), we followed the fisheries statistics published for Guam by Gillett (2009), and
assigned 36% of the catch to the artisanal sector and 64% of the catch to the subsistence sector.
We further split the catch assigned to the subsistence sector to account for the recreational sector.
We assumed that 80% of this catch was truly subsistence and 20% of the catch was recreational in
1950, and that 80% of the catch was recreational and 20% of the catch was truly subsistence in
2000 (the 2000 percentages were carried to 2010 unaltered). We then performed a linear
interpolation between 1950 and 2000 based on these proportions. Pelagic species were not
included in Guam’s catch reconstruction (i.e., blue marlin, common dolphinfish, Indo-Pacific
sailfish, skipjack tuna, tuna-like fishes nei, wahoo, yellowfin tuna). Also note that the values and
comparisons for the years 1950-1999 were based on the national WPacFIN data, and changes were
not made to account for small differences within the 2010 FAO dataset regarding previous years.
Hawaii
The catch reconstruction for Hawaii from 1950-2002 was conducted on the request of and
reviewed by the US Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (Zeller et al. 2005)
and further documented in Zeller et al. (2008). Since completing the original reconstruction to
2002, Western Pacific Fisheries Information Network (WPacFIN) reported landings data have
become available to 2010. The original reconstruction used reported landings by the Hawaii
Division of Aquatic Resources (HDAR) from 1950-2002, however, we consider WPacFIN data
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Zeller et al. Supplementary Material
to be the most reliable from 1950-2010. HDAR data used in the original reconstruction from
1950-2002 excluded algae, freshwater fishes, coral and most importantly, large pelagic species
(which have a federal management mandate). Large pelagic species represent approximately
88% of the total reported catch for Hawaii from 1950-2010. Therefore, we included all large
pelagic species from WPacFIN data but excluded algae, freshwater fishes, sea turtles, freshwater
shrimps and tilapia. All large pelagic species are designated as industrial large-scale commercial
catch. All other taxa are associated with small-scale commercial catch and are designated as
artisanal catch. Total annual reconstructed catch of non-commercial recreational fisheries were
used from the original reconstruction from 1950-2002. Data from the Marine Recreational
Information Program (MRIP) were used for recreational catch from 2003-2010. Commercial
discards were calculated for the full time series using Harrington et al. (2005). A bottomfish
discard rate of 19% was applied to annual reported landings of the artisanal bottomfish fishery
(26 taxa). Discards for pelagic fisheries were estimated using discard to landing ratios from
Harrington et al. (2005). These discard estimates cover the more important Hawaiian fisheries,
but need to be considered conservative estimates as they do not include all Hawaiian fisheries.
Nauru
The reconstruction of Nauru’s fisheries catches for 1950-2008 is detailed in Trujillo et al. (2011),
and was updated to 2010 by the Sea Around Us project. To update this reconstruction, the 2008
total reconstructed catch was carried forward, unaltered to 2010. The FAO data were used for the
reported component. However, there were large increases in the 2010 FAO dataset for more
recent years, compared to the FAO dataset used for the original reconstruction by Trujillo et al.
(2011). Thus, the original reported totals in Trujillo et al. (2011) were replaced with the new
2010 FAO totals for the years 1995-2008. As part of this correction, catches that were originally
labelled as ‘unreported’ in 1995-2008 in Trujillo et al. (2011) were reassigned as ‘reported’ to
match the new FAO totals. The new ‘unreported’ component for 2009-2010 was then taken to be
the difference between the FAO and total reconstructed amounts in the newly corrected 2008
data. The sectoral breakdown (artisanal, subsistence etc.) for 2008-2010 for the reported
component was based on the 2008 proportions, and all unreported catches were assigned as
subsistence. Also note that values for the years 1950-2008 in Trujillo et al. (2011) were based on
the 2009 FAO dataset, and changes were not made to account for small differences between the
2009 and the 2010 FAO dataset for years prior to 1995.
New Caledonia
Since completing the initial reconstruction by Harper et al. (2009b) for 1950-2007, FAO data
became available to 2010. To update the reconstruction, the ratio between the 2007 FAO
reported component (from the new FAO 2010 dataset) and the 2007 total reconstructed
component in Harper et al. (2009b) was calculated and applied to the FAO data for 2008-2010
which estimated the total reconstructed catches for those years. The FAO data were used for the
reported component. The unreported component for 2008-2010 was then taken to be the
difference between these two values. The sectoral breakdown (artisanal, subsistence etc.) for
2008-2010 for the reported component was based on the same taxa as in Harper et al. (2009b).
The sectoral breakdown for the unreported component was based on the 2007 proportions in
Harper et al. (2009b). Also note that values for the years 1950-2007 in Harper et al. (2009b) were
4
Zeller et al. Supplementary Material
based on the 2007 FAO dataset and national sources, and changes were not made to account for
small differences between the 2007 and the 2010 FAO dataset regarding previous years.
Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI)
The catch reconstruction for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) for
1950-2002 was undertaken on the request of and reviewed by the US Western Pacific Regional
Fishery Management Council (Zeller et al. 2005) and further documented in Zeller et al. (2007).
Since completing the initial reconstruction, FAO data became available to 2010. To update this
reconstruction, the 2010 FAO dataset was used as the reported catch for 2003-2010, whereas
WPacFIN national data were used for the previous years. The 2010 FAO data closely matched the
national data from WPacFIN. To estimate the total reconstructed catch for 2003-2010, the ratio
between the 2002 FAO total (from the 2010 FAO dataset) and the total reconstructed catch in 2002
was calculated and applied to the FAO totals for 2003-2010. The unreported component for 20032010 was then taken to be the difference between the total reconstructed catch and the FAO values
for each year. In the original reconstruction, all small-scale non-commercial catches were assigned
to the subsistence sector, so we split the subsistence catches to account for the recreational sector.
We assumed that, in 1950, 80% of the catch was subsistence and 20% of the catch was recreational,
and in 2002 80% of the catch was recreational and 20% of the catch was subsistence. We then
performed a linear interpolation between 1950 and 2002 based on these proportions. For the sector
breakdown for 2003-2010, all the reported catch was assigned as artisanal and the unreported catch
was assigned as subsistence and recreational based on the proportions in 2002. Pelagic species
were not included in CNMI’s catch reconstruction (i.e., blue marlin, common dolphinfish, skipjack
tuna, tuna-like fishes nei, wahoo, yellowfin tuna). Also note that the values and comparisons for
the years 1950-2002 were based on the national WPacFIN data, and changes were not made to
account for small differences within the 2010 FAO dataset regarding previous years.
Palau
The catch reconstruction for Palau by Lingard et al. (2011) initially covered the 1950-2008 time
period, and was updated to 2010 by the Sea Around Us project. Since completing the initial
reconstruction, FAO data became available to 2010. To update this reconstruction, the 2008 total
reconstructed catch was carried forward, unaltered, to 2010. The FAO data were used for the
reported component. The ratio between the FAO reported component and total reconstructed
component for 2008 was calculated and applied to the FAO data for 2009-2010 to estimate the
total reconstructed catch volumes for those years. The unreported component for 2009-2010 was
then taken to be the difference between these two numbers. The sectoral breakdown (artisanal,
subsistence, large-scale etc.) for the reported component of the 2009-2010 estimated catch was
based on the same percentage breakdown (of the reported component) used in 2008. The sectoral
breakdown of the unreported component was also based on the percentage breakdown in 2008.
Also note that the values and comparisons for the years 1950-2008 were based on the 2008 FAO
dataset, and changes were not made to account for small differences within the 2010 FAO
dataset regarding previous years.
Pitcairn Island
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Zeller et al. Supplementary Material
The reconstruction of Pitcairn’s fisheries catches for 1950-2009 is detailed in Chaitanya et al.
(2012), and was updated to 2010 by the Sea Around Us project. We assumed the same total catch
in 2010 as in 2009, and that the sectoral breakdown was the same.
Tokelau
The reconstruction of Tokelau’s fisheries catches for 1950-2009 is detailed in Zylich et al.
(2011), and was updated to 2010 by the Sea Around Us project. To update this reconstruction,
the 2009 reconstructed total catch from Zylich et al. (2011) was carried forward, unaltered, to
2010. The FAO data were used for the reported component. The unreported component for 2010
was taken to be the difference between the FAO data and the total reconstructed catch from
2009. All Tokelau fisheries are classified as subsistence and thus all catches from 2010 are also
classified as such. Also note that the values for the years 1950-2009 were based on the 2009
FAO dataset, and changes were not made to account for small differences within the 2010
dataset regarding previous years.
Tonga
Since completing the initial reconstruction by Sun et al. (2011) for 1950-2007, FAO data became
available to 2010. To update this reconstruction, the 2007 total reconstructed catch was carried
forward to 2010 by using the FAO data for the reported component. The ratio between the FAO
reported component (from the new 2010 FAO dataset) and total reconstructed component for 2007
was calculated and applied to the FAO data for 2008-2010 to estimate the total reconstructed
amounts for those years, i.e., proportionality was assumed. The unreported component for 20082010 was then taken to be the difference between the two numbers. The sectoral breakdown
(artisanal, subsistence, large-scale etc.) for 2008-2010 for the reported component was based on
taxa for the large-scale commercial component, and the remainder was assigned as artisanal. All
of the unreported component was assigned as subsistence. Note that the initial reconstruction for
the years 1950-2007 (Sun et al. 2011) was based on the 2007 FAO FishStat data release, and small
differences in reported data may exist between the 2007 and 2010 FAO data releases (Garibaldi
2012).
Tuvalu
The reconstruction of Tuvalu’s fisheries catches for 1950-2000 is detailed in Crawford et al.
(2011), and was updated to 2010 by the Sea Around Us project. To update this reconstruction,
the 2009 reconstructed total catch from Crawford et al. (2011) was carried forward, unaltered, to
2010. The FAO data were used for the reported component. Following the assumptions outlined
in Crawford et al. (2011), 90% of the reported tuna catch (skipjack tuna, ‘tuna-like fishes nei’,
yellowfin tuna) was allocated to areas outside the domestic EEZ (i.e., assumed to be taken by reflagged foreign vessels) and 10% was allocated as domestic catch within the Tuvalu EEZ.
However, the catches reported for these three taxa groups (i.e., skipjack tuna, tuna-like fishes nei,
yellowfin tuna) in 2010 were significantly higher than in previous years. Therefore, we took the
average of the reported catches for 2007-2009 and used those values instead of the 2010 reported
values. The unreported component for 2010 was taken to be the difference between the unaltered
reconstructed total catch and the reported catch allocated inside the EEZ. The sectoral
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Zeller et al. Supplementary Material
breakdown (artisanal, subsistence etc.) for both the reported and unreported components of the
2010 estimated catch was based on the same percentage breakdown used in Crawford et al.
(2011) for 2009. Also note that values for the years 1950-2009 in Crawford et al. (2011) were
based on the 2009 FAO dataset, and changes were not made to account for small differences
within the 2010 FAO dataset regarding previous years. However, also note that the FAO reported
catch for ‘tuna-like fishes nei’ in 2009 was not included in the original reconstruction, which was
likely due to a retroactive change in the FAO dataset. Therefore, the FAO reported value used in
2010 for ‘tuna-like fishes nei’ was carried back to 2009.
US Pacific small island territories
The catch reconstruction for the US Pacific small island territories for 1950-2002 was
undertaken on the request of and reviewed by the US Western Pacific Regional Fishery
Management Council (Zeller et al. 2005). While this group consists of 5 island entities or groups
(Howland & Baker Islands, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island), only
two had substantial and permanent resident populations (Johnston Atoll and Wake Island; Zeller
et al. 2005), mainly consisting of US military personnel or civilian contractors, which engaged in
limited recreational fishing. No coastal commercial or subsistence fishing occurred in any of
these islands. To update reconstructed recreational catches from 2002 to 2010, data for human
population was sourced for both islands, and the 2002 per capita recreational catch rates
(assumed constant to 2010) was applied to interpolated human population numbers. While Wake
Island continues to be occupied by around 160 military personnel and civilian contractors,
Johnston Atoll’s military base and US government facilities were closed in 2004, resulting in the
previous population levels of around 300 residents declining to zero by 2007 and thereafter.
Wallis & Futuna
The reconstruction of Wallis & Futuna’s fisheries catches for 1950-2007 is detailed in Harper et
al. (2009a), and was updated to 2010 by the Sea Around Us project. To update this
reconstruction, the 2007 reconstructed total catch in Harper et al. (2009a) was carried forward to
2010. There were some changes (i.e., increases) in the new 2010 FAO dataset which were
probably due to improvements in reporting. Therefore, the new 2010 FAO data replaced the
FAO totals in the initial reconstruction for 1998-2007, and were also used as the reported
component for 2008-2010. To reassign the catch to sectors, a per capita catch rate for the
artisanal sector was calculated in 1998 based on the reported catch (FAO) and population in that
year. That same per capita catch rate was flat lined to 2010 and used to calculate the amount of
artisanal reported catches in each year. The remaining reported catch was assigned as
subsistence. All of the unreported catch was considered subsistence. To calculate unreported
components, per capita catch rates were calculated for the reported subsistence amounts for
1998-2010, and then subtracted from the per capita catch rates that were used to calculate the
total subsistence amounts in the reconstruction by Harper et al. (2009a). These ‘left over’ per
capita catch rates were used to calculate the amount of unreported subsistence catch for 19982010. Also note that values for the years 1950-2007 were based on the 2007 FAO dataset, and
changes were not made to account for small differences within the 2010 FAO dataset regarding
previous years.
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