Unit 4 - DNA
Recombinant DNA
Inquiry into Life – pg. 500-507
Today’s Objectives:
 Describe Recombinant DNA, including:
 Define recombinant DNA
 Describe a minimum of 3 uses for recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
 Definition:
 DNA having ______ from 2 different ___________, often produced in the
laboratory by introducing ________ genes into a bacterial ________
 A ________ is used to introduce recombinant DNA into a cell
 A __________ is the most common vector
 They are small ________ of DNA found in _________
 The plasmid has to be removed from the bacteria and has to have a foreign gene
___________ into it
Insertion of Foreign Genes
 An enzyme (_____________ enzyme) breaks the plasmid DNA ring
 The new foreign DNA can now be attached to the __________
 The enzyme ________ acts like glue which sticks the foreign DNA to the plasmid and
recreates the ring
Recombinant DNA
 The plasmid DNA is then put back into the __________
 This bacteria will now ____________ every cell the same as the one just put in
 Eventually there are many _________ of the foreign gene
Applications of Recombinant DNA
 Recombinant human _________
 Human insulin gene inserted into bacteria E. Coli, used to treat diabetes
 Recombinant _________ __________ ____________ (HGH)
 Treats patients with pituitary gland deficiencies to support normal growth and
development
 Inserted into livestock to produce larger specimens
 Recombinant ________ __________ factor VIII
 Blood clotting protein administered to patients with bleeding disorders
 Recombinant _____________ ___ vaccine
 Control of hepatitis B virus
 Diagnosis of ____ infection
 Methods for diagnosing HIV have been developed using recombinant DNA
 __________ and _________ resistant crops
 Used in agriculture to reproduce genes that help crops resist attack by insects
and protect crops from herbicides
 Generate DNA __________ which will
catalogue all the base sequences of known
genes
 ___________ specific genes
 In 1998, the gene that mutates to
cause prostate cancer was identified
 Produce ___________ copies of genes
 Insert genetic material into chromosomes that will help regulate cell function to make
organisms genetically “better”
Viral DNA
 ______ DNA (DNA from a virus) can also be used as a
__________ to carry recombinant DNA into a cell
 When a virus containing recombinant DNA infects a cell,
the viral DNA enters
 Here it can direct the ___________ of many more viruses
 Each virus derived from a viral vector contains a copy of
the foreign gene, therefore viral vectors allow _________
of a particular gene
Viral Vectors
 Viral vectors are also used to create ____________ ___________
 A genomic library, or _______ ________, is a collection of engineered viruses that carry
all the genes of a __________
 Purpose:
 Break up DNA into manageable chunks for ___________
 Can analyze specific strands of DNA/_______ _______ sequences to determine
their ____________, which can then be inserted into other cells
 _________all of the DNA for a species
 It takes about 10 million viruses to carry all the genes of a mouse
Summary
 _____________ of DNA (particular genes) can be inserted into bacteria and the bacteria
will produce these genes
 If desired genes are used – like those that produce certain chemicals (vaccines,
antibodies, etc.) then these proteins become much more ___________
 Protein hormones like __________ (regulates blood-sugar levels) can be made using
yeast cells
 ____________, a protein used in cancer treatments to help the immune system is now
mass-produced in this way
Antibiotic Resistance
 More and more bacteria are becoming ____________ to our common ___________, and
to make matters worse, more and more are becoming resistant to all known antibiotics
 The problem is known as _________________, and is generally described as one of the
most significant future threats to _________ ________
 Antibiotic resistance can arise in bacteria in our environment and in our bodies
 Antibiotic resistance can then be transferred to the bacteria that cause human diseases,
even if the bacteria are not related to each other
 Antibiotic resistance-carrying plasmids from different bacteria can meet and exchange
_________ _______________
 The result is plasmids consisting of genes that have each been ___________ to different
bacterial species
 This facilitates further adaptation and mobility, and consequently the __________ of
antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species
 Widespread abuse of antibiotics, particularly in _______________, is rapidly increasing
the proliferation of multi-resistant bacteria
 Left unchecked, multi-resistant bacteria represent one of the greatest future health
concerns in the world and could see the return of previously controlled diseases that
affected humans in the past……
 WITHOUT THE ABILITY TO ______ THEM
 Currently, bacteria are developing multi-resistance faster than scientists can develop
new antibiotics to control them
 Are you scared yet?!