Biological Macromolecules Study Guide Will Hodge What are the six fundamental elements for life? _________________________________________________________________ State what each of the following biological molecules function is: Carbohydrate_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Lipids_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Proteins_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Nucleic Acids_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Define dehydration reaction. What comes in/out of the process? Draw it below. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is hydrolysis? What comes in/out of hydrolysis? Draw the process below. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Carbohydrates: What is the carbohydrate monomer? _________________________________________________________________ What elements make up the monomer? _________________________________________________________________ What two groups are in a carbohydrate? What does each group do? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Glucose and fructose are isomers. What is an isomer? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What defining property does a carbohydrate have that shows it’s a sugar? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Draw the carbohydrate monomer and how it bonds with another monomer. What are polysaccharides and what do they do? (Example: Starch) _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Carbohydrates are mostly: (Circle) Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Lipids: What is a fat made up of? _________________ and fatty acids. What elements are they made up of? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What does a fatty acid consist of? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Why are saturated solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats aren’t? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What are phospholipids? What makes them different than fats? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Proteins: What is the protein monomer? _________________________________________________________________ What elements are in the protein monomer? _________________________________________________________________ What are the three groups of the protein monomer? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Draw the protein monomer below. Also draw how it connects with other monomers. How many different amino acids are there? _________________________________________________________________ What is the significance of the R group? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Is the protein monomer: (Circle) Hydrophobic Hydrophilic What determines if the protein monomer is hydrophobic or hydrophilic? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ How does dehydration work with protein monomers? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Define peptide bond. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What determines the function of the protein? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is denaturation? When would it occur? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ *What are the 4 levels of protein structure? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What do enzymes do? (Use energy barrier in answer) _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is a substrate? _________________________________________________________________ What’s a substrate’s active site? What is its purpose? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Does an enzyme change after regulating a reaction? _________________________________________________________________ Which of the following environments make a typical enzyme work best? (Circle) Temperature (C) 0 37 100 pH level 2 7 10 Nucleic Acids: What is a gene? _________________________________________________________________ What is the nucleic acid monomer? What elements make up these monomers? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ State what the 3 parts of that monomer are. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is the difference between DNA and RNA? (Bonus points for knowing what they stand for) _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA? How do they pair up? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA? How do they pair up? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Structures: State what macromolecules each of the following structures are. What is this? _________________________________________________________________ What is this? _________________________________________________________________ What is this? _________________________________________________________________ What is this? _________________________________________________________________ Food Activity: You are testing Solution A for starches, sugars, and proteins. Qwerty shows starches, Asdf shows sugars, and Zxcv shows proteins. After testing, you gathered the following results. Solution A Positive Control Negative Control Qwerty Pink Brown Pink Asdf Blue Blue Green Zxcv Orange Orange Black What macromolecules are in Solution A? _________________________________________________________________ What’s the purpose of positive and negative controls? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Bonus Question: Draw the double helix of DNA (accurately)