1ST Quarterly Exam Study Sheet – Ms. Smith:
Amylase – the chemical (called an enzyme) that breaks down starch into simple sugars (like
glucose / c6 h12 o6) When starch is broken down (digested) by amylase enzymes, the products
that result are simple sugars, including glucose.
Amylase + Starch = Simple Sugars
Amylase is important to the digestive system because they break down starch into smaller
simple sugars so they can fit into the cell. Breakdown begins in the mouth and stomach; it is
completed in the small intestine through the catalyzing action of specific pancreatic (and
intestinal) enzymes.
Antibodies – have a special shape that they recognize and link to (as in antigens) Antibodies
have nothing to do with nerve cells.
Antibody molecules and receptor molecules are similar in that they both have a specific shape
related to their specific function.
Blood plasma (the fluid/liquid) - carry glucose to body cells.
Cell membranes - A function of cell membranes in humans is the recognition of
certain chemicals. Cell membrane – responsible for transport of materials into the cell,
recognition of receptors, and cell protection
Circulatory system in humans is most directly involved in the transport of oxygen. Molecular
oxygen is absorbed from the air into the moist lung tissues, where it diffuses through capillary
walls and into red blood cells. Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin that links
chemically with oxygen molecules. The absorbed oxygen is then carried throughout the body
within the circulatory system until it is released to tissues for use in the process of cellular
respiration.
Circulatory—transports material for energy release in body cells is the correct pairing of a body
system with its function. The human circulatory system moves blood fluid through a series of
blood vessels that branch into capillaries within the body's tissues. Materials such as glucose
and oxygen contained in the blood fluid are transported to these tissues, where they are used
in the respiratory process that results in energy release.
Coarse adjustment with the high-power objective in place would likely not improve the
sharpness of the image and could smash the coverslip and slide and potentially damage the
high-power lens. Coarse adjustment to focus the specimen under high power might lead to
damage of a microscope and specimen. It can crush a coverslip and specimen and even break
a slide.
Data - is generated as a result of the experiment. Therefore, a set of data cannot be known
before the experiment is started.
Diaphragm (or iris) - The dark appearance noted is most probably the result of too little light
passing through the specimen from the under-stage light source; adjusting the diaphragm to
allow more light to be directed through the specimen will brighten the field of view.
Differentiation – when cells specialize to carry out specific tasks in the body. Although all the
cells in the body contain an identical DNA, our cells acquire different structures and receive
special functions.
Digestive sequence:
Ingestion
Digestion
Cellular Respiration
Energy in your muscle
Mechanical digestion (A) Chemical digestion (B) is the process by which complex food
molecules (e.g., starch) are broken down into simpler nutrient molecules (e.g., glucose). These
molecules are absorbed and then transported through the cell membrane and into
mitochondria. Here they are used in cellular respiration to release the energy held in their
chemical bonds.
Digestive system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food materials, not for
carrying oxygen. Digestive system metabolically breaks down food materials to simple
nutrients and absorbs them into the body. The endocrine system is responsible for producing
hormones but not for storage and insulation.
Endocrine glands - produce hormones that regulate cell communication.
Excretory (Nitrogenous Wastes), Respiratory (O2 and CO2), and Digestive (Food) systems are
represented by this unicellular AMEBA.
Their organelles perform the same functions as our organs,
and therefore do similar jobs.
1) When a single-celled organism absorbs oxygen (O2)
from the environment and releases carbon dioxide
(CO2) to the environment, it is performing the same
activities as the respiratory system of humans.
2) 2) When a single-celled organism releases nitrogenous
wastes to the environment, it is performing the same
activity as the excretory system of humans.
3) When a single-celled organism absorbs food from the environment, it is performing the
same activity as the digestive system of humans. Note that the arrows also indicate the
process of transport via diffusion, which is an activity carried on by the circulatory system of
humans
Excretory system collects metabolic wastes from tissues and removes them from the body.
The circulatory system is responsible for producing antibodies to fight disease-causing
organisms.
Excretory system is responsible for eliminating waste materials (e.g., carbon dioxide, urea)
from the body, not for carrying oxygen.
excretory system is specialized to remove metabolic wastes from the blood and concentrate
them for removal from the body
Experimental results – come from the results of the experiment. Therefore, an inference based
on results cannot be drawn before the experiment is started.
Fat storage - When the human body ingests fats, bile and enzymes secreted by the digestive
system break down the molecules of fat into small molecular fragments that can be absorbed
by cells of the intestinal villi. Once absorbed by the villi, these molecular by-products of
digestion are absorbed by the circulatory system and moved to body cells that synthesize new
fat molecules needed by these cells. - Digestive and circulatory systems are most directly
involved in providing molecules needed for the synthesis of fats in human cells.
Fine adjustment - The fuzzy appearance of the image most likely indicates that the microscope
is slightly out of focus; using the fine adjustment knob will probably bring the image into
sharper focus. When the high-power objective is in place, only the fine adjustment should be
used because using the coarse adjustment could smash the coverslip and slide and potentially
damage the high-power lens. Fine adjustment knob will likely bring the image into sharper
focus. Fine adjustment should be used when the high-power objective lens is in place.
Graduated cylinder - will be needed to measure any milliliter volume of a solution. graduated
cylinder is a piece of laboratory equipment commonly used to measure the volume of a
Immune system is a cellular and biochemical mechanism that protects the body from foreign
invaders that may cause disease.
Meter stick - used to measure linear dimension, not volume.
Microscope math - 1 mm = 1,000 µm, For example, how wide are those 5 cells? How wide is
one of those 5 cells?
Muscular system is a series of specialized muscles located throughout the body that assist in
bodily locomotion and other processes (e.g., digestion, circulation) in which movement is
required.
Nervous system is responsible for regulating the body's activities by receiving and interpreting
environmental stimuli and by carrying nerve impulses from the central nervous system to
effectors such as muscles and glands.
Nosepiece is a fixed part of the microscope that serves as a swivel mount for the turret holding
the objective lenses.
Objective lens is already closest to the specimen; using only this lens will not improve either
brightness or focus.
Ocular lens is the lens closest to the observer's eye; using only this lens will not improve the
focus.
Pancreas - an organ connected to the digestive system of humans by a small tube where
pancreatic amylase flows.
Protective eyewear - should always be worn in a laboratory, especially when chemicals or
burners are being used.
Receptors are structures that enable most cells to communicate with each other.
Receptors – can control the transport (moving) of large molecules through the cell membrane.
They’re important in cell-to-cell communication. Can recognize and link to chemicals in the
nervous system and bring them through the cell membrane and into the cell interior.
We call this the "lock-and-key" model
This is a receptor and a matching chemical (such as a hormone)
The receptor molecule (molecule A) on the cell membrane and it can react to the matching
chemical (such as a hormone) (molecule B).
These cells have specific types of receptors on their membranes is
Some cells only respond to certain chemicals, for example: Some cells the reproductive
system only respond to special chemicals called hormones.
Structure X most likely represents a receptor molecule they are embedded in the cell
membranes
For example, Nerve cell Y contains receptor for chemical A:
Receptor molecules in the cell membrane allow chemicals, such as hormones, to attach to your
cells. These receptors have a "lock" shape that can recognize and attach to a "key"
Receptor molecules - link with and move a chemical to the inside of their target cell.
For example:
Receptors are the attachment sites on the surface of cells. For example, the human cell has a
receptor site, and the HIV virus links to the receptor because of its matching shape. Therefore
they are compatible
red blood cells - transport oxygen to body cells
Reproductive system - made up of organs that are specialized to produce offspring and
provide an environment in which their development can occur safely and effectively.
Respiratory system absorbs atmospheric oxygen and transfers it to capillaries for transport to
the body's tissues. The excretory system collects wastes, but not for digestion.
Ruler - designed to provide data on linear measure (e.g., inches, centimeters). The experiment
as described requires no linear measurement data.
Safety precautions - should be included before an experiment can be started.
Salivary amylase – amylase that is in your saliva
Starch must be digested to form simple sugars before starch can enter a cell. Starch is very
large Because they are so large, they can’t be transported into a cell until they it has been
broken down into simple sugars through the process of chemical digestion.
FOR EXAMPLE:
The large chemicals get broken down (digested) into the small parts
The small parts are the end products after digestion (like glucose)
The larger parts are big molecules (like starch)
Starch must be digested into simple sugars. Starch is too large to enter the cell through the
membrane. Starch must first be broken down into glucose, which is so small it can be
absorbed right into the cell.
The ability of A CHEMICAL estrogen to affect A SPECIFIC CELL depends directly on the receptor
molecules in their cell membranes (such as the chemical estrogen). It looks for a matching
shape and “clicks in”
Thermometer - will be needed to ensure that the solution is heated to 60oC.
triple-beam balance is a piece of equipment used to measure mass
Waste removal does not involve receptors.
Water is the substance that can enter a cell by diffusion without having to be digested. Water
is a simple compound whose molecules display a shape and size that allow them to pass
readily through the cell membrane from the environment to the cell interior by simple
diffusion.
White blood cells - protect the body against pathogens. White blood cells are specialized to
identify pathogens that enter the body according to the chemical markers (antigens) that are
present in their cell membranes. Once identified, the white blood cells produce antibodies to
link to and destroy the pathogens carrying that specific antigen.