United Nations Development Programme
Country: Sudan
PROJECT DOCUMENT*
Project Title: Promoting Utility Scale Power Generation from Wind Energy
UNDP Strategic Plan Primary Outcome (3.1): Countries have strengthened institutions to
progressively deliver universal access to basic services. Align with latest UNDP Strategic Plan
UNDP Strategic Plan Secondary Outcome (1): Growth and development are inclusive and
sustainable,
incorporating productive capacities that create employment and livelihoods for the poor and excluded
UNDAF/CPAP Outcome:
Outcome 2.2: Government and stakeholders have evidence-based policies, strategic plans and mechanisms to
ensure an enabling environment for improved basic services; and people in Sudan, with special emphasis on
populations in need, have access to equitable and sustainable quality basic services.
UNDAF/CPAP Outcome:
Outcome 2: Population vulnerable to environmental risks and climate change become more
resilient and relevant institutions are more effective in the management of natural resources
CPAP Output:
Output 2.2: Investment in green energy and access by needy communities to sustainable
energy improved
Executing Entity/Implementing Partner: Ministry of Water Resources & Electricity
Implementing Entity/Responsible Partners:
Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Natural Resources
General Directorate of Energy Affairs - Ministry of Petroleum
Higher Council for Environment & Natural Resources
National Energy Research Centre – Ministry of Sciences and Communications
* For UNDP-supported, GEF-financed projects as this includes GEF-specific requirements
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 1
Brief Description
The project aims to support removal of barriers to the adoption of utility-scale wind energy tied to the national
grid in Sudan. Wind energy has been identified as a priority mitigation technology by the Government of Sudan,
and, although it is a mature technology globally, it has not yet been adopted in Sudan. A systems approach is
proposed to integrate energy policy analysis within the broader developmental objectives of Sudan. The project
will also establish regulatory frameworks for encouraging private investments in grid-connected wind energy.
Sudan currently has plans to develop utility-scale wind farms in four regions: Dongola in the North, Nyala in the
South, the Red Sea coastal region and Khartoum.
The project includes four components: the implementation of an initial wind farm; support to policy and regulatory
development, particularly to encourage private sector participation; strengthening the support for wind
technology in the country; and support an adaptive learning and replication plan. Support to the implementation
of the first wind farm in Sudan, Dongola, will align the wind farm with international best practices. It will also
create a case study for replication in later wind farms. The Dongola wind farm will be implemented in five phases
over the lifetime of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project. This phasing will allow lessons-learned in it to
be applied in the later phases and, perhaps more importantly, will provide five years of continuous wind farm
construction-commissioning-operation that will serve as a laboratory for training personnel and developing
associated tools and guidelines. The opportunity to have such continuous exposure is very rare and will assist in
transferring knowledge and experience to neighbouring countries.
The project aims to help diversify Sudan's power sources and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, particularly for
future expansion and to reduce greenhouse gas (G H G). The project will therefore help increase Sudan's energy
security and support its development. The project has been designed to play a catalytic role in this
transformational scaling-up of wind energy, and renewable energies more broadly.
The project implementing partner is the Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity. The project is expected to
last 60 months.
Programme Period:
2014-2019__
Atlas Award ID:
Project ID:
PIMS #
Start date:
End Date
Management Arrangements
PAC Meeting Date
00080570______
00090222_
4726__________
Nov. 1, 2014__
Nove. 1, 2019_
NIM
Sept. 2, 2014
Total resources required

Total allocated resources:
o GEF
o Government (cash)
o Government (in-kind)
o UNDP
US$ 217,486,364
US$ 3,536,364
US$ 213,250,000
US$ 450,000
US$ 250,000
Agreed by (Government):
Date/Month/Year
Agreed by (Executing Entity/Implementing Partner):
Date/Month/Year
Agreed by (UNDP):
Date/Month/Year
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 2
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviation & Acronyms ......................................................................................................... 4
List of Annexes .................................................................................................................................... 5
1.
Situation analysis ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.1. Context and Global Significance .................................................................................................. 6
1.2. Baseline, barriers and current government policy to address the root causes and threats ....... 11
1.3. Institutional framework and stakeholder analysis ...................................................................... 15
2.
Strategy ...................................................................................................................................... 21
2.1. Project Objectives, Outcomes, and Outputs .............................................................................. 21
2.2. Key indicators, risks and assumptions ....................................................................................... 34
2.3. Expected benefits, design principles and strategic considerations ........................................... 37
2.4. Project rationale and policy conformity ...................................................................................... 37
2.5. Country ownership: country eligibility and country drivenness ................................................. 38
2.6. Cost-effectiveness ...................................................................................................................... 39
2.7. Sustainability .............................................................................................................................. 40
2.8. Replicability ................................................................................................................................ 40
3. Project Results Framework ........................................................................................................... 42
4. Total budget and workplan ............................................................................................................ 45
5. Management Arrangements ......................................................................................................... 51
6. Monitoring Framework and Evaluation ........................................................................................ 53
7. Legal Context .............................................................................................................................. 59
8.
Annexes ..................................................................................................................................... 60
8.1 Risk Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 60
8.2 Stakeholder involvement plan ..................................................................................................... 64
8.3 Terms of Reference for Project Personnel.................................................................................. 65
8.4 GHG Reduction Calculations ...................................................................................................... 69
8.5 Consideration of Bird Migration and Ecological Impacts ............................................................ 70
8.6 Environmental and Social Safeguards ........................................................................................ 73
8.7 Letters of Co-financing ................................................................................................................ 77
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 3
List of Abbreviations & Acronyms
CO
CO2
CSP
EE
EENS
GDP
GEF
GHG
GT
HCENR
IEA
IPP
M&E
MEM
MEFPD
MoM
MoP
MoSC
MWRE
MRV
MW
NAMA
NEC
NERC
NGO
O&M
PIR
PMU
PPG
PPP
PB
PV
QPR
RCU
RE
RTA
SWH
TPR
TTR
TWh
WB
UNDAF
UNDP
UNEP
UNFCCC
UNDP Country Office
Carbon dioxide
Concentrating Solar Power
Energy Efficiency
Expected Energy Not Supplied
Gross Domestic Product
Global Environment Facility
Greenhouse Gas
Gas Turbine
Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources
International Energy Agency
Independent Power Producer
Monitoring and Evaluation
Ministry of Energy and Mining
Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development
Ministry of Mining
Ministry of Petroleum
Ministry of Science and Communications
Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification
Megawatt
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action
National Electricity Corporation
National Energy Research Centre
Non-Governmental Organisation
Operations & Maintenance
Project Implementation Review
Project Management Unit
Project Preparation Grant
Public Private Partnership
Project Board
Photovoltaic
Quarterly Progress Report
UNDP Regional Coordination Unit
Renewable Energy
UNDP Region-Based Technical Advisor
Solar water heater
Tripartite Review
Terminal Tripartite Review
Terawatt-hour
World Bank
United Nations Development Assistance Framework
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 4
List of Annexes
8.1 Off-line Risk Log
8.2 GHG Calculations
8.3 Terms of Reference for Project Personnel
8.4 GHG Reductions Calculation
8.5 Consideration of Bird Migration and Ecological Impacts
8.6 Environmental and Social Safeguards
8.7 Letters of Co-financing
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 5
1. Situation analysis
1.1. Context and Global Significance
1.
Like many developing countries, Sudan has a shortage of electricity. Approximately 35%
of the population has access to electricity (MWRE-Renewable Energy Master Plan 2013).
Even then, it is not reliable and experiences regular power outages. Hydro-power has the
largest share of energy generation. The potential to expand hydro-power to meet future
needs is limited. Sudan does not have significant oil or gas production and as a result will
have to turn to importation of fossil fuels to meet future energy needs. Climate change
threatens to affect rainfall patterns on which Sudan relies for the water that generates
its hydro-power. This further emphasises the need for Sudan to diversify its energy
sources. The project seeks to address these problems by promoting the use of wind
energy in Sudan.
2.
Sudan currently has a generation capacity of 2,723 MW of power (ibid), has no wind
generation capacity and no grid-connected solar capacity. Publicly-owned utilities own
all of the power generation facilities, transmission and distribution lines in Sudan. The
Government owns 5,984 km of 220 kV transmission lines and 965 km of 500 kV
transmission lines. Approximately 35% of Sudan's population has access to electricity1. In
2012, the power consumption per capita was 233 kWh/ year.2 There are no independent
power producers (IPPs) in the country, though initiatives are underway to promote
private investment in power generation. This project seeks to support those initiatives
where they relate to wind power.3
3.
Electricity generation, consumption and losses for the period between 2000 and 2010
are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Electricity generated, consumed and distribution losses 2000-20104, Sudan
1
UNESCO (2009), Electricity Access Rates.
Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin.
3 RCREEE (2013), Arab Future Energy Index.
4 US EIA (2013), Sudan and South Sudan Country Profile.
2
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 6
4.
In 2012, the power transmission losses were approximately 4%, and distribution losses
were approximately 18%, such that, in total, roughly one-fifth to one-quarter of the
electricity generated is lost in transmission and distribution.5 As a result, Sudan must
generate 25% to 33% (MWRE 2013 – Long Term Power System Plan) more power than is
consumed to overcome the transmission and distribution losses, and, in the process,
emit associated greenhouse gases.
5.
Forty-four percent of Sudan's electricity is generated from fossil fuels. The principal fossil
fuels currently used for Sudan’s power generation are heavy and light fuel oils, with
shares of 61% and 39% respectively of the fossil fuel used for power generation in Sudan.6
Hydro-power plants represent 56% of Sudan's installed power generation capacity, more
than any other technology.7 Figure 2 shows the installed generation capacity in Sudan by
technology. To meet the Government's target of 75-80% electrification by 2031, the
Government plans to install 12,000 MW of additional generation capacity by 2031. This
is to include 1,582 MW of renewable energy (other than large-scale hydro-power), with
approximately 650 MW of wind energy. 8
21%
Hydro-power
Diesel generators
2%
Combined cycle
56%
16%
Gas turbines
Steam turbines
5%
Figure 2: Installed power capacity in Sudan9
6.
The major hydro-power installations in Sudan are: Roseires, Sinnar, Jebel Aulia, Khashm
el-Girba and Merowe. The most recent, Merowe, commissioned in 2009, has a capacity
of 1,250 MW and represents 82% of the total hydropower capacity and 46% of the
country's overall generation capacity.10 The total amount of hydro-power generated in
2012 was 5,365 GWh11.
7.
The total technically feasible potential for hydro-electric power generation is 4,920 MW
(or 24,132 GWh/year)12, implying that, in the long-term, the bulk of expansion in
generation capacity will come from sources other than hydro. Sudan's long-term
development plan observes that 8,675 MW of additional thermal power plants will be
5
Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin.
Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin.
7 Government of Sudan (2013), Second National Communication to the UNFCCC.
8 Lahmeyer International (2013), Long and Medium Term Power System Plans of Sudan.
9 Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin.
10 US EIA (2013), Sudan and South Sudan Country Profile.
11 Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin.
12 National Electricity Corporation (2004), NEC Medium-Term Development Plan: 2005-2010.
6
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 7
needed by 2030.13 The technologies for thermal electricity generation have been
identified as combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs), low-sulphur diesel (LSD) generators,
and coal-fired power plants. While these plants will provide much-needed electricity,
they will only exacerbate the country’s energy security problems and lead to rising
energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.
Figure 3: Cumulative installed renewable energy capacity by type, 2014 - 203114
8.
Sudan’s medium-term development plan echoes the trend towards thermal power
generation. In June 2011, MWRE released its Medium Term (2012-2016) Power System
Development Plan. It emphasizes least-cost energy solutions towards achieving the
Government of Sudan's electricity access targets. These targets and objectives include,
among others: (i) an increase in the available generation capacity from 2,232 MW in 2011
(with 2,532 MW installed capacity) to 4,161 MW (with 5,180 MW installed capacity), (ii)
increasing the electrification rate from 27% to 45% by 2016 (rising to 75-80% by 2031),
(iii) raising per capita consumption from 233 kWh to 572 kWh, and (iv) extension of the
national grid from 6,246 km to 9,100 km. The Medium Term Power System Development
Plan also targets the addition of 551 MW of renewable electricity to the national mix
over the medium-to-long term.
9.
The Government of Sudan has made considerable steps towards opening up major public
service sectors to private investment, including the power sector, to help serve its
population of 37 million.15 It has already put in place incentives to encourage the
participation of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the power sector. Sudan's
Investment Encouragement Act, first passed in 1999 and later updated in 2003, 2007 and
2013 identifies the power sector as a major target for investment. It specifies power
projects, and especially renewable energy power projects, as having strategic
importance. As such, they are eligible for incentives such as exemption from import
duties and customs. Their profits are also exempt from corporate income taxes for a
decade.16 Sudan's power sector remains Government-owned but has been restructured
to reflect a private-sector structure. Independent companies have been established with
13
National Electricity Corporation (2006), NEC Long-term Power System Planning Study.
Lahmeyer International (2013), Long and Medium Term Power System Plans of Sudan.
15 Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan (2014)
16 RCREEE (2013), Arab Future Energy Index.
14
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 8
responsibilities for power generation, transmission and distribution, including a single
company that owns and operates the Merowe Dam. This structure serves to further
establish the framework for private sector participation.
10. The electricity tariffs to consumers in Sudan, residential and industrial, are approximately
8.2-8.3 US cents/kWh17, whereas the cost of generation from wind is expected to be in
the range of 9.5-13 US cents/kWh, based on a discount rate of 10%.18 Sudan's weighted
average fuel cost for thermal power is approximately 11 US cents/kWh19. At a discount
rate of 10%, the cost of generation from fossil fuels in Sudan is 11-14 US cents/kWh,
depending on the source of fuel (LNG, NG).20 Thus, the generation cost of wind energy
from the best locations in Sudan is competitive with the fuel saving cost from fossil fuel,
meaning that the Government realizes savings by operating a wind power plant
compared with the average fossil fuel plant (other than coal). Wind energy presents
other advantages, such as diversifying Sudan's energy sources and reducing the country’s
reliance on imported fossil fuels. Wind also offers the advantage of not being subject to
fluctuations in the global price of gas and oil.
11. The following figure shows power consumption in residential, commercial and industrial
sectors. The residential sector is the largest consumer, responsible for 52% of
consumption, with commercial, industrial and others splitting the remaining 48% roughly
equally.
Figure 4: Power consumption in Sudan21
12. With the secession of South Sudan in July 2011, Sudan lost 75% of its oil resources. This
has further increased the urgency of the implementation of Sudan’s Renewable Energy
Master Plan (REMP), to reduce Sudan’s dependence on fossil fuel. Sudan has abundant
wind and solar resources, as shown in the resource maps below, but currently lacks the
capacity to utilise these resources for power generation.
17
RCREEE (2013), Arab Future Energy Index.
Lahmayer International (2011), Feasibility Study for 100 MW Dongola Wind Farm.
19 Lahmayer International (2011), Feasibility Study for 100 MW Dongola Wind Farm, p.141.
20 Lahmeyer International (2013), Long and Medium Term Power System Plans of Sudan, pp 17.
21 Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin.
18
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 9
13. A wind measurement campaign was started in Northern Sudan in 2002 in order to
identify areas of high wind energy potential and investigate the feasibility of electrical
power generation by wind energy. Subsequent wind measurements have focused on
other areas of high potential. A number of studies confirm that Sudan has considerable
wind energy resources, with annual average wind speeds in selected locations in the
range of 7-8 m/s, particularly in North State, north of latitude 12˚ N and along the Nile
valley.22 In total, there is a potential of 5,000 MW of utility-scale wind energy generation
in Sudan.23 The principal sites for wind energy have been identified as: (1) the central
northern part of Sudan with Dongola at its centre; and (2) the Red Sea region, with Port
Sudan as its major city.
Figure 5 Calculated annual average wind speed at 50 m height in Sudan (Red ovals show areas with
the highest potential.24 At 60 m height, the winds speeds in Dongola, Nyala and the Red Sea region
are 7.2, 7.9, and 7.0 m/s, respectively.25 )
14. Based on the wind speeds in Dongola, Nyala, and the Red Sea region of 7-8 m/s, and the
expected capital costs of wind power, electricity generation from wind is economic in
these areas. As part of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project, a more accurate
wind map will be developed to help identify areas of high wind potential. 26
22
Government of Sudan (2011) Renewable Energy Sector Related Policies, in Draft Second National
Communication to the UNFCCC. (courtesy of Secretary General, Higher Council for Environment and Natural
Resources). Please revisit the location of this text
23 KEMA (2009), Strategic Options for Renewable Energy in North and South Sudan.
24 Lahmeyer International (2013), Long and Medium Term Power System Plans of Sudan.
25 Altaif, Ahmed, Renewable Energy Director, Ministry of Water Resources & Electricity (2013), Renewable Energy
Projects in Sudan presentation:
http://www.slideshare.net/rcreee/rcreee-ener-menasudan-renewable-energy-projects21082013.
26 The present resource map is generated based on extrapolation of satellite data and limited ground data. As part
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 10
Figure 6 Annual available global horizontal irradiation in Sudan.27
15. The majority of Sudan receives solar insolation greater than 2,300 kWh/m 2/year, which
is considered excellent for isolated and grid connected power generation systems. To
take advantage of Sudan’s plentiful solar resources, the Government is planning to
develop four solar projects with a total capacity of 20 MW: Khartoum PV plant (10 MW),
Nyala PV plant (5 MW), Al Fashir PV plant (3 MW) and Al Geneina (2 MW).28 Thus far,
these projects have not been initiated.
1.2. Baseline, barriers and current government policy to
address the root causes and threats
16. The Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity (MWRE) has succeeded the Ministry of
Electricity and Dams (MED) as the body responsible for the electricity sector in Sudan.
MWRE is planning the installation and commissioning of four utility-scale wind farms by
2020: Dongola (100 MW), two Red Sea wind farms (Tokar and Port Sudan, 180 MW),
Nyala (20 MW) and Khartoum (20 MW).29 This time-frame coincides with the
of the project, a wind map with measurements at wind turbine hub-heights, currently about 80 metres, will be
developed. The result will be a map better able to predict the usable wind resource.
27 Lahmeyer International (2013), Long and Medium Term Power System Plans.
28 RCREEE (2012), Sudan Renewable Energy Country Profile.
29 Following the guidance of the GEF Secretariat during PIF review, the Dongola and Red Sea wind farms form the
baseline project for the purposes of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project. The Nyala wind farm is
excluded: it is relatively small, is due to commence after Dongola (and hence lacks Dongola’s symbolic importance
as Sudan’s first utility-scale wind farm), and has few additional learning or replication benefits beyond those
provided by the Dongola wind farm. Moreover, the Nyala wind farm is connected to a local grid but not the national
grid and hence lacks national impact and does not offer potential lessons-learned from integrating wind energy into
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 11
implementation of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project. Table 1 summarises
the details of the wind farms and their status.
17. For the purposes of the Global Environment Facility, the baseline project consists of the
Dongola and Red Sea sites. Hence, the baseline project has a total installed capacity of
280 MW that is expected to produce 849,695 MWh of renewable electricity annually
when all the sites are operational. The cost of these wind farms is approximately US$523
million.
18. To enumerate the added value (incremental reasoning) of the UNDP-implemented, GEFfinanced project, it is necessary to establish the rationale and orientation of the project
for the market development of wind energy in Sudan. As will be discussed below, the
market development for wind energy faces significant barriers in Sudan. The baseline
project provides a unique opportunity to start addressing these barriers with a view to
favouring private-sector investment in the market development of wind energy in the
medium-to-long term. Some of these barriers, namely those related to the transfer of
nationally-appropriate wind energy technologies, will be addressed directly in
conjunction with the baseline project. In order to generate market acceptance at a time
when wind technology does not exist in Sudan, it is crucial to first demonstrate the
technological viability of wind energy in the local context. Any technological failure at the
early stages in wind energy development will only undermine the acceptance of the
technology in Sudan, resulting in an unwanted increase in yet more market barriers.
Using the favourable conditions generated by the imminent Dongola wind farm to
promote wind energy, other – broader – barriers will be addressed by the UNDPimplemented, GEF-financed project in order to pave the way for the market
development of the Red Sea wind farm and beyond.
Figure 7 Location of the Dongola wind farm indicated by the green arrow
the national grid.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 12
Figure 8: View to the west across the Dongola wind farm site
Figure 9: Wind speed distribution at 30 m for the Dongola site. Average wind speed at 60 m
above ground level is 7.2 m/s and higher for 80 m.
19. Although wind energy is mature and technologically viable, there are currently no
applications of wind turbines at any scale for the generation of electricity in Sudan. The
experience of Sudan with wind turbine technology has thus far been limited to smallscale mechanical water pumping.
20. The key focus of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project is to help Sudan
understand the planning and operational requirements of wind power, to gain
experience with installation and grid integration issues, and to employ policy options that
promote wind energy development within the broader context of low-carbon, climateresilient development. GEF funding will thereby create the appropriate technological,
institutional, policy and capacity environment that will enhance the probability of
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 13
success of the baseline wind farms and establish the pre-conditions for replication
elsewhere in Sudan.
21. The baseline wind farms currently face technological barriers, which have not been taken
into consideration in their design. If not addressed decisively, these technological
barriers will enhance the risk of failure of these demonstration wind farms, thereby
reducing future acceptance of the technology. In particular, the national grid of Sudan is
relatively unstable, with variations in both frequency and voltage (during visits to Sudan,
power outages were observed as well as dimming of the grid voltage levels)30. The
Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity (MWRE) has experience in synchronising
power generated from different conventional sources that provide base load. However,
MWRE does not have experience in synchronising the grid with power generated from a
variable source such as wind. Although the power system has improved in recent years,
grid stability to accommodate power generated from a variable source such as wind is
still inadequate.
22. Extensive consultations have been held in Sudan with MWRE and the North State
Government where the planned Dongola farm is located, through two missions to Sudan
as part of the project preparation phase. MWRE confirms that the issue of the interface
electronics has not been considered (or budgeted for) for any of the baseline wind farms,
and that the now-completed tender process for the Dongola wind farm reflects this
omission. Further, MWRE specifically emphasises the need for GEF assistance in this area.
In the absence of such interface electronics, it is highly probable that the grid will face
islanding problems that will lead to load management problems and further grid
instabilities.
Table 1: Baseline wind farms in Sudan
Wind farm
project
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Electricity
generated
(MWh/yr)
Expected
commissioning
date
Dongola
100
300,917
In phases
2014: 5 MW
2015: 20 MW
2016: 25 MW
2017: 25 MW
2018: 25 MW
Nyala
(not part of
the baseline
project)
Red Sea
(Tokar, Port
Sudan)
20
64,006
(total 100 MW)
2018
180
576,054
2018 – 2020
Pre-feasibility
study has been
completed
Khartoum
20
47,000
2016 – 2019
Land leasing
process
Total
320
960,701
Status of
feasibility study
Status of
financing
Completed, will
be updated as
part of the
UNDPimplemented,
GEF-financed
project
MWRE will
finance in
stages
Completed
In the process
of seeking
funding
Not yet
secured
(US$310
million capital
cost
anticipated)
Not yet
Included as
co-financing
for the
purposes of
the UNDPimplemented,
GEF-financed
project?
Yes
No
No
No
30
Al Jazeera, 11 March 2014, Sudan's bid to combat power outages,
http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/03/sudan-bid-combat-power-outages-2014311193932109307.html
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 14
1.3. Institutional framework and stakeholder analysis
23. There are four key stakeholders involved in the development and deployment of power
projects in Sudan. These are the Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity (MWRE); the
Ministry of Petroleum (MoP); the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources
(HCENR), under the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development
(MEFPD), which is responsible for assessing the environmental impacts of projects and
issuing the appropriate permits; and the National Energy Research Centre (NERC), which
has responsibility for the development of novel energy resources and has a division
dedicated to wind energy. Each key stakeholder is discussed further below.
24. The Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity (MWRE) is the Government body
responsible for electric power in Sudan, and the National Implementing Partner of this
project. MWRE is responsible for implementing the wind farms described in the project,
as well as being the main counterpart for the policy and regulatory reforms described.
MWRE will also be the host to the central unit (“one stop shop”) supporting privatesector investors in wind power in Sudan. MWRE will carry out the following in the
context of the UNDP-GEF project:









Implementation of wind farms
Support to the policy and regulatory reforms
Use of Dongola implementation as a training facility to support national
capacity building
Hosting a central point to support investors in private wind power (a “one-stop
shop”)
Installation and monitoring of wind measuring equipment
Data analysis and reporting
Site selection and preparation
Technical economic and environmental studies
Building the local capacity for wind installation operation and maintenance
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 15
The
Minister
Electricity
Regulatory
Authority
Under-Secretary
Sudanese
Electricity
Transmission
Company
General
Directorate
of Financial
and Human
Resources
Sudanese
Electricity
Distribution
Company
General Directorate
of Electricity
Generation Using
Atomic Energy and
Renewable Energy
Sources
Sudanese
Thermal
Power
Generating
Company
General
Directorate
of
International
Cooperation
Sudanese
Hydro
Power
Generation
Company
General
Directorate of
Investment,
Finance and
Contracts
Merowe
Dam
Electricity
Company
General
Directorate
of Policies,
Planning
and Projects
Figure 10: Organisational chart of Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity, 2014, Sudan. . The unit concerned
with the present project is highlighted.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 16
25. The Ministry of Petroleum (MoP) was created in 2010 through the split of the Ministry
of Energy and Mining into three separate ministries: the Ministry of Water Resources and
Electricity, the Ministry of Petroleum, and the Ministry of Mining. Under the MoP's
General Directorate of Energy Affairs is the Renewable Energy Directorate. The latter has
been active in promoting and developing a wind energy atlas since 2003. Ongoing and
planned MoP activities in this regard include:



Installing wind energy masts in the various parts of Sudan (in Toker in Red Sea
State, Nyala in Western Darfur State and Dongola in Northern State).
Collecting and analysing wind energy data.
Developing the wind atlas
Figure 11: Organisational chart of Ministry of Petroleum, 2014, Sudan. The unit concerned with the present
project is highlighted.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 17
26. Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) - The Higher Council for
Environment and Natural Resources oversees the application of environmental laws and
regulations to all development projects in Sudan, and has particular responsibilities in
the climate change area. HCENR serves as the Designated National Authority (DNA) for
the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It is also the focal point for the National
Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA31) Focal Point and UNFCCC Focal Point for Sudan.
With UNDP support, HCENR has been developing standardised baselines for Sudan.
HCENR has also developed a Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) for Climate Change
Adaption and Mitigation, funded by the GEF. In the context of the UNDP-implemented,
GEF-financed project, HCENR will participate in implementation through provision of the
following services:
o
o
o
o
Training and participation in conducting EIAs for wind projects,
specifically items of special concern to wind farms such as bird and bat
studies.
Awareness-raising and mobilisation to promote wind applications for
power generation.
Advocacy for wind energy application as a clean source of energy.
Assistance to the design and implementation of the Nationally
Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) elements of the UNDPimplemented, GEF-financed project.
Figure 12: Organisational chart of the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development, 2014, Sudan.
31
The National Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) is an online platform operated by the UNFCCC
Secretariat. Its purpose is to increase opportunities for implementation of and recognition for carbon mitigation
actions in developing countries.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 18
27. The National Energy Research Centre (NERC) has been active in promoting and
developing wind energy technologies for small-scale applications such as water pumping
since its establishment in 1972. NERC has a special department for wind and mini-hydro
equipped with instruments and a mechanical workshop. The activities of the Wind
Department include:



Research in applications of wind technologies
Resources inventory, assessment and evaluation
Supervising the manufacturing of wind models for research purposes in
universities
Training of students and the private sector in wind energy technologies and
applications
Teaching wind energy courses to undergraduate and postgraduate students in a
number of Sudanese universities


The Minister
General Directorate
for Renewable
Energy
Undersecretary
Africa City of
Technology
Atomic Energy
Commission
Solar Energy
Department
Wind and
Mini-hydro
Department
National Energy
Research Centre
Biomass
Department
National Centre
for Research
Technology Development
and Dissemination
Department
Figure 13: Organisational chart of the Ministry of Science and Communications, 2014, Sudan. . The unit concerned with the
present project is highlighted.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 19
Table 2: Stakeholder roles and co-finance amounts for wind project 2014 Sudan
Co-financing
Amount ($)
213,000,000
Stakeholder
Role
MWRE
o Implementation of wind farms
o Support to the policy and regulatory reforms
o Use of Dongola implementation as a training facility to
support national capacity building
o Hosting a central point to support investors in private
wind power (a “one-stop shop”)
o Installation and monitoring of wind measuring
equipment
o Data analysis and reporting
o Site selection and preparation
o Technical economic and environmental studies
o Building the local capacity for wind installation operation
and maintenance
MoP
o Installing wind energy masts in the various parts of Sudan
(in Toker in Red Sea State, Nyala in Western Darfur State
and Dongola in Northern State).
o Collecting and analysing wind energy data.
o Developing the wind atlas
250,000
HCENR
o Training and participation in conducting EIAs for wind
projects, specifically items of special concern to wind
farms such as bird and bat studies.
o Awareness-raising and mobilisation to promote wind
applications for power generation.
o Advocacy for wind energy application as a clean source of
energy.
o Assistance to the design and implementation of the
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)
elements of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed
project.
200,000
NERC
o Research in applications of wind technologies
o Resources inventory, assessment and evaluation
o Supervising the manufacturing of wind models for
research purposes in universities
o Training of students and the private sector in wind energy
technologies and applications
o Teaching wind energy courses to undergraduate and
postgraduate students in a number of Sudanese
universities
250,000
UNDP
Project implementing agency
250,000
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 20
2. Strategy
2.1. Project Objectives, Outcomes, and Outputs
28. The objective of the project is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by promoting
the use of wind energy in Sudan. The project will provide direct technical assistance to
the Dongola wind farm and will aid in the replication of experiences from the Dongola
wind farm to be applied to the Red Sea wind farms and subsequent wind farms. The
project also aims to put in place legislation and a framework to promote private sector
involvement in renewable energy in Sudan.
29. The Dongola wind farm will be owned and operated by MWRE. Future wind farms, in
particular the planned wind farms on the Red Sea, are intended to be privately owned
and operated as IPP projects, provided the appropriate legislation, guidelines,
regulations and experience are in place to support their development as such. An
outcome of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project is to enable the Government
of Sudan to tender future wind farms as IPP projects.
30. The project preparation process involved extensive stakeholder consultation through
two missions (five-days each) to Sudan, including consultations in the capital, Khartoum,
and in North State capital, Dongola . The consultations included an inclusive workshop
held at MWRE with relevant stakeholders as well as consultation with the North State
Government and visits to the Dongola site. A site inspection was undertaken by an
international ornithological and ecological expert to address items not included in the
present Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the Dongola project, notably the
issue of the wind farm’s potential impact on resident and migrating birds. Initial
indications are that the site does not pose an ecological threat; nonetheless, appropriate
ecological surveying will take place as part of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed
project, both for the benefit of the Dongola wind farm and also so as to establish
protocols and capacities to implement similar surveys at future wind farm sites. As a
result of the extensive stakeholder consultations and comments received, which are
reflected in the project design, the project has considerable ownership by the relevant
entities and stakeholders in Sudan.
31. The UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project will advance the baseline scenario in
Sudan by creating a technical and regulatory basis for the development of wind power
specifically and renewable energy in general, as many of the underlying regulations are
similar. The project will support existing initiatives, such as the draft Electricity Law, the
Investment Law, and the application of lessons-learned in Dongola in the construction of
the Nyala and Red Sea wind farms. The experiences gained in Dongola should serve to
reduce the risk of investing in wind farms in Sudan and help encourage private-sector
investors to participate.
32. The project provides a series of distinct and coordinated initiatives to achieve:


Support for the construction of the Dongola wind farm in a manner that follows
international norms and best practices with respect to the wind farm and the
electricity grid;
Support for a regulatory framework that paves the way for the implementation
of wind farms throughout Sudan to help meet the country’s energy needs for
sustainable development through Government and private-sector participation;
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 21


Capacity building to establish the technical and regulatory capacities within
Sudan to promote the development of wind farms;
A replication plan to both promote the replication of wind farms throughout
Sudan and support their replication by providing distilled lessons and tools from
the implementation of Dongola.
Outcome 1: Grid-connected power generation from wind farm introduced.
33. This outcome will provide assistance to the development of the Dongola wind farm,
specifically in supporting the construction of the wind farm in phases, the grid
interconnection aspects of the wind farm, and the development of a set of guidelines for
replication of wind farms throughout Sudan. The Government is implementing the wind
farm in phases, with 5 MW to be built in 2014, 20 MW in 2015, and 25 MW to be built in
each year between 2016-2018, to reach the 100 MW total. The phasing of the Dongola
wind farm implementation introduces challenges and opportunities. The UNDPimplemented, GEF-financed project will help to address some of the challenges and take
advantage of the opportunities that arise.
34. The principal challenge lies in planning and procurements for a project that will be
implemented in stages over five years rather than in a single stage. Wind farms are often
designed in conjunction with the selected turbines and laid out in a configuration so as
to produce the optimum amount of power for a given site. Considerations will have to
be made to design a wind farm that will be implemented in phases, and for which the
turbines to be purchased in later phases may not be known in advance as the tendering
will not have occurred. A strong design team and project management will be needed to
ensure the smooth development of the project. Aside from the technical challenges,
there are also procurement challenges with respect to modifying a contract that was
initially intended to be 100 MW in a single phase to now be phased over five years, and
ensuring that pricing remains competitive.
35. The opportunities arise in learning throughout the implementation process. Whereas
typically lessons are learned from one project to be utilised in a future project, in this
case lessons learned in the first phase can be immediately applied in subsequent phases.
It also allows implementation to begin immediately, with minimal additional studies
since the issues associated with the first-phase 5 MW wind farm are quite different from
those for a 100 MW wind farm. Some of the studies performed earlier for the Dongola
wind farm have overlooked significant aspects, such as evaluation of the effects on bird
life in the EIA or grid integration aspects in the feasibility study. The UNDP-implemented,
GEF-financed project will support these studies and therefore enhance the operational
and environmental robustness of the wind farm.
36. With Sudan’s relatively small grid capacity, upon completion of the Dongola wind farm
the installed wind capacity will be approximately 3% of the total installed capacity. At
times of high wind energy output and low overall loads, wind penetration on the grid
may reach 10%. On the other hand, Sudan has excellent hydro-power penetration, with
approximately 58% of installed capacity and 79% of generated energy coming from
hydro-power (MWRE 2013 – Long Term Power System Plan). There is thus excellent
potential to use the hydro-power to stabilise a grid with a large percentage of variable
renewables, whether wind or solar. This will allow Sudan to surpass one of the obstacles
to development of significant renewable energy capacity in countries with relatively
small grid capacities. This stabilising and facilitating role of hydro-power has hitherto not
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 22
attracted any attention, but it will be addressed as part of the UNDP-implemented, GEFfinanced project.
37. A grid study will be carried out for the Dongola wind farm, with particular attention given
to the interconnection equipment and grid interface electronics. Support will also be
provided to ensure that the wind farm data is made available to the national load
dispatch centre, which manages power plant dispatch throughout Sudan. The load
dispatch centre relies on short, medium and long-term forecasts of the load to balance
supply and demand on the network. The role of the load dispatch centre, and its reliance
on information and the availability of proper equipment at the wind farms, will increase
as the amount of wind energy connected to the grid increases. The load dispatch centre
will also have a need for forecasting wind generation in the way it does loads, and the
ability to maintain spinning reserves (or hydro-power reserves) to compensate for
fluctuations. Grid considerations have not been taken into account for the Dongola wind
farm and a grid interconnection study has not been undertaken. The work done as part
of this output will play a critical role not only in maximising the benefits from the Dongola
wind farm, but in laying the groundwork to allow Sudan to connect increasing amounts
of wind energy while managing a smoothly operating grid.
38. As part of this outcome, the wind farm implementation specifications will be reviewed
in light of the project phasing and grid connection requirements. The specifications will
be amended to include equipment and procedures for grid connection and monitoring
and evaluation requirements. Appropriate supervision of construction will also be
included to ensure that the outcomes are as intended in the specifications.
39. Unlike conventional power plants, where the cost of energy produced is directly related
to the fuel burned, renewable energy power plants (including hydropower) are capitalintensive and thereafter fuel is free. It is therefore in the interest of the electricity system
to maximise the operation of renewable energy plants. The operation, maintenance and
management of renewable energy plants to maximise their outputs therefore plays a
significant role in making the electricity they generate cost-effective. To help achieve
optimal operation, Outcome 1 includes training for MWRE staff and project staff on
project implementation and management, and operational best practices and
monitoring, including such local specific items as grid interaction32 to maximise the wind
energy generated, and maintaining turbine blade efficiency in a dusty climate which can
erode efficiency.
40. To streamline future wind farms, this project outcome will focus on the development of
standardised guidelines and procedures for future wind farms. These guidelines will be
developed during the implementation of the Dongola wind farm to make sure that the
experiences gained from Dongola are well encapsulated for future wind farms.
Guidelines will be divided into technical and financial. Technical guidelines will include
EIA guidelines, tools for the assessment of identified Red Sea wind farms, and template
tender documents and proposal materials for investors. The financial guidelines for
renewable energy will include banking proposal preparation; training to support
negotiations with investors; and regional development and bottle-neck issues (e.g.
logistical/accessibility constraints). In effect, the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed
32
Wind power plants, like all plants on a network, affect the operation of the network. Because wind power plants
depend on the wind rather than operator input they must be regulated to control, for example, power outputs, ramp
rates, frequency control and voltage control so as not to inject undesirable dynamics onto the power grid.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 23
project will lay the groundwork for a healthy private-sector IPP wind energy market to
develop in Sudan.
41. In cooperation with MWRE, a framework policy for a feed-in tariff will be developed; and
in conjunction with HCENR, a NAMA will be developed around the feed-in tariff. HCENR
has officially notified the UNFCCC that the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project will
be developing a Feed-in-Tarrif (FiT) as a NAMA, and this information has already been
submitted to the NAMA Registry. A set of guidelines will be established for NAMA
eligibility and design criteria. HCENR will act as the national coordinating institution and
quality assurer for the NAMA. For the purpose of calculating emission reductions in the
context of the NAMA, a tool for annually updating the emission factor of the national
electricity system, based on the established CDM tool for this purpose, will be developed.
42. The UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project will significantly advance the state of
environmental impact assessment needed for wind farms in Sudan. A significant part of
that advancement is with respect to evaluation of the ecological impact of wind farms,
particularly on avian species. The UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed Migratory Soaring
Birds project33 has produced a significant body of work which, prior to this project
preparation, had not been utilised in the context of GEF-financed climate change
mitigation projects. As part of the project preparation, an international expert from the
Migratory Soaring Birds project visited the Dongola wind farm site and utilised tools from
the Migratory Soaring Birds project to help evaluate the potential impact on the site.
Some of the outputs are shown below. As part of the current project, the EIA already in
place will be updated and improved to bring it in line with international best practice and
best guidance. Protocols and tools developed by the project in conjunction with the
Dongola wind farm will be made available to all future wind farms, most imminently the
Red Sea wind farms.
Outcome 1
1. Power
generation
from wind
energy
resources
increased.
Outputs
1.1 Wind farm design, installation
and operation of interface
electronics in Dongola wind farm
was completed such that islanding
problems are avoided and grid
stability is ensured.
Activities
1.1.1 Conduct a detailed grid study for Dongola
wind farm in conjunction with the Ministry of
Water Resources & Electricity and the
Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC)
contractor,
including
a
review
of
interconnection equipment and interface
electronics, and monitoring of the grid. Sudan's
large hydro-electricity capacity provides a good
opportunity for stabilising the grid with
fluctuating renewables.
1.1.2 Review of contract technical specifications,
supervision of construction, testing and
commissioning of Dongola wind farm.
1.1.3. Training for a) project implementation
and project management, and b) operational
best practices and monitoring, including such
local specific items as grid interaction to
maximise the wind energy generated, and
33
PMIS 1028.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 24
maintaining turbine blade efficiency in a dusty
climate which can erode efficiency. Training will
include the National Control Centre, responsible
for dispatching power plants.
1.2 Completed and approved
replication and investment plan for
the construction of additional wind
farms in the Red Sea region
prepared with the objective of
catalysing new investment:
 Technical component for the
Red Sea wind farms to
address interface electronics
and grid stability,
minimisation of
environmental impacts (e.g.
soaring birds) and
development of a prioritised
list of practicable wind farm
sites.
 Finance component for the
Red Sea wind farms to
support implementation as
private-sector IPP projects:
address business planning;
banking proposal preparation;
negotiation with investors;
regional development and
bottle-neck issues (e.g.
logistical/accessibility
constraints); NAMA
development for the Red Sea
wind farms to catalyse climate
finance.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
1.2.1 Assessment of the potential ecological
impacts of the development process and postconstruction assessment of Dongola wind farm
and development of tools, templates and
protocols for future projects.
1.2.2 Development of guidelines for wind farmspecific EIA considerations (e.g. migrating birds,
noise) and other hazards (e.g. civil and military
aviation). These will make use of materials from
the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed Soaring
Birds project.
1.2.3 Detailed assessment of identified Red Sea
and future wind farms sites using the tools,
templates and protocols developed.
1.2.4 Development of the Red Sea wind farm
tender and investor proposal documents in
conjunction with the Ministry of Water
Resources & Electricity.
1.2.5 Development of a feed-in tariff policy
NAMA for wind power in Sudan, including:
development of a set of guidelines to establish
national NAMA eligibility and design criteria;
strengthening HCENR as the national
coordinating institution and quality assurer for
NAMAs; establishment of a baseline for
calculating emission reductions from gridconnected
renewable
energy
through
development of a tool for annually updating the
emission factor of the national electricity
system; and development and implementation
of an MRV framework for the NAMA.
Page 25
Figure 14: Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) map for Sudan
Figure 15: Soaring bird sensitivity map for Dongola generated as part of the project preparation process
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 26
Outcome 2: Policy and institutional regulatory framework adopted
43. Outcome 2 focuses on mobilising increased wind power investment in Sudan through
enabling policy and regulatory frameworks. The outcome strengthens the renewable
energy component of Sudan's long-term energy plan, explores the costs and benefits of
a range of financial incentives, and integrates policies and codes, in particular, to comply
with the East African Power Pool members, which are envisaged to trade power with
Sudan through a common grid in the future.34
44. To help encourage private investments in wind energy, the activities of this outcome are
structured around creating a coherent system of policies and standardised tools to
streamline the investment process. These include an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of
various financial policy instruments (portfolio standards, feed-in-tariffs, carbon finance,
carbon taxation, removal of fossil fuel subsidies, reforms of existing tariffs, accelerated
depreciation of turbines, tax credits, capital subsidies, time-of-use tariffs, etc.) for
reducing GHG emissions and increasing the energy independence of Sudan.
45. Based on certain selected cost-effective policies, standardised agreements will be
formulated for power purchase, metering and accounting guidelines. These will allow
investors to clearly determine prior to their initial steps the format of the agreements
they would enter into, therefore considerably reducing initial risk and encouraging
private-sector participation. It will also contribute greatly to the transparency of the
sector. The goal of these agreements and guidelines is to provide a single standardised
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) template which can streamline the process of
contracting with developers.
46. To help achieve maximum cost-effectiveness, activities under this outcome will make use
of wind resource, grid accessibility, ecological impact and terrain data to estimate wind
energy costs throughout Sudan. These cost estimates, together with information from
the Government of Sudan’s development plans and strategies, will help support the
process of identifying areas to for wind development, and establishing a feed-in tariff
that is sensitive to the variations between locations. Such a spatially-differentiated FiT
would be strategically planned to account for variations in the wind resource, grid
availability/stability and economic development to achieve the greatest overall
developmental impact for Sudan. The tariffs will be periodically revised and updated
based on changes in market conditions and on the amount of power that has been
installed relative to Sudan’s targets and needs.
47. Outcome 2 also includes the adoption of secondary legislation to promote private-sector
investment in wind energy projects, including a Public-Private Partnership Act and an
Independent Power Producers Act. This output puts in place general legislation to
provide an overall framework for the adoption of renewable energy technologies and
their connection to the grid, including a grid code specifying the technical requirements
for the interconnection of renewable energy sources; an inter-ministerial National High
Committee for Renewable Energy (NHCRE) for providing cross-sectoral perspectives and
high-level political support for renewable energy; and a single point of interaction (a socalled “one stop shop”), housed within MWRE, where wind energy developers can access
all required information and obtain necessary permits.
34
http://www.eappool.org/about-eapp/eapp-governance.html
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 27
48. A grid code is a central component of allowing power producers to connect to the grid
while ensuring that a stable and functional grid is maintained. The grid code specifies the
technical aspects of the grid connection to ensure that the power plant can adequately
react to fluctuations in the grid and to ensure that the power plant output does not
fluctuate in a way that disturbs the grid. A typical grid code specifies parameters such as
the voltage-time response required, such that the voltage from the plant ramps up
gradually instead of suddenly. Other parameters often specified include frequency
fluctuations and requirements that the plant disconnect upon instruction from the grid
control centre (dispatch centre). The existence of a grid code standardises these aspects
by fixing voltage regulation ranges, response times and other variables. In the presence
of a good grid code, taking into account the characteristics of the Sudanese grid, users
will be allowed to connect to the grid in a way that maximises their power generation
while allowing the grid controller to maintain a well regulated, stable grid. By contrast,
without a grid code, the connection of each individual plant becomes a difficult process
and maintaining a well regulated grid becomes a matter of ad hoc adaptation. A robust
grid code will take advantage of Sudan’s large hydro-power resources to stabilise the
overall grid and allow maximum penetration of variable renewable resources.
49. To help support Sudan’s development of wind resources, the project will promote the
centralisation of several planning and execution facilities. With respect to Government
entities and the political process, an inter-ministerial committee, the National High
Committee for Renewable Energy (NHCRE), will be established with a mandate and
operational guidelines to strengthen and harmonise renewable energy policies and
streamline the decision-making process. The Committee will rely on appropriate support
from other stakeholders, providing it with the technical resources to efficiently issue
sound judgments that will support and enable the development of renewable energies.
50. From the perspective of investors and project developers, a “one-stop-shop” will be
established to consolidate all requirements for permits and permissions within a clear
set of documentation that will allow for smooth and transparent interaction with the
regulatory process. An office will be established in MWRE to provide a single point of
contact for investors with the Government and permitting process. To support this ‘onestop-shop’, a training programme will be enacted to put in place procedures and support
for the staff.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 28
Outcome 2
2.
Policy,
Institutional,
and regulatory
framework
adopted.
Outputs
2.1
Formulated
long-term
energy policy and regulations for
Sudan, including analysis of the
cost-effectiveness of financial
policy instruments (portfolio
standards,
feed-in-tariffs,
carbon finance, carbon taxation,
removal of fossil fuel subsidies,
reforms of existing tariffs,
accelerated depreciation of
turbines, tax credits, capital
subsidies, time-of-use tariffs,
etc.) for reducing GHG emissions
and increasing the energy
independence of Sudan.
2.2 Developed and endorsed
standardised Power Purchase
Agreement (PPA) for gridconnected renewable energy
projects.
2.3 Established and approved
dynamic, geographically-zoned
feed-in tariff for wind energy in
Sudan.
2.4 Adopted and approved
secondary legislation relevant to
wind energy developed for
catalysing
private
sector
investment in wind energy
projects, including a PublicPrivate Partnership Act and an
Independent Power Producers
Act.
Activities
2.1.1 Strengthening of the RE component of
Sudan's Long-Term Energy Plan.
2.1.2 Development of a structured analytical
process – using Systems Dynamic Modelling –
and a stakeholder consultation process to
explore cost-benefit profiles of a range of
financial policy instruments.
2.1.3 Integration of policies and codes,
maintaining compatibility with East African
Power Pool members.
2.2.1 Established regulatory framework for
renewable energy purchases, including
standardised Power Purchase Agreements.
2.2.2 Established guidelines for IPP energy
metering and accounting.
2.3.1 Estimation of wind energy production
costs in selected regions of Sudan based on
geographical conditions and wind speeds, and
grid availability/stability.
2.3.2 Design and establishment of a feed-in
tariff mechanism for wind energy IPPs based on
geographical zones.
2.4.1 Evaluation and development of legislation
and regulations for private-sector gridconnected power generation, including a
Public-Private Partnership Act, an Independent
Power Producer Act and pro-wind energy
revisions to the Investment Act.
2.4.2 Establishment of guidelines for the use of
the FiT, PPP rules and other mechanisms to
support independent power producers,
including an arbitration mechanism for IPPs.
2.4.3 Design of a PPP programme for wind
farms with the Government.
2.5 Formulated and adopted grid
code for the interconnection of
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
2.5.1 Bounds and guidelines established for
frequency and voltage stability of the national
grid to allow the reliable inter-connection of
renewable energy sources of variable nature.
Page 29
variable
sources.
renewable
energy
2.5.2 Established and approved guidelines for
new sub-stations and transmission lines for the
interconnection of additional wind farms to the
national grid.
2.6.1 Mandate, membership and operational
guidelines defined for the Committee.
2.6 Established and operational
inter-ministerial
High
Committee for Renewable
Energy
for
providing
cross-sectoral perspectives and
high-level political support for
clean energy.
2.7 Established an operational
“one-stop shop” (OSS) for wind
energy investors and developers
housed jointly between the
Investment and Regulatory
Departments of the Ministry of
Water Resources and Electricity.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
2.6.2
Institutional
strengthening
and
harmonisation of policy agendas of participant
institutions for streamlined Committee
decision-making.
2.7.1 Consolidation of requirements for permits
and legislation for wind energy projects in a
single location with a single set of
documentation explaining the process and
requirements for investors.
2.7.2 Interface with required institutions to
provide representation within MWRE capable
of providing the OSS service.
2.7.3 Establishing procedures and training
personnel to support integration of the
permitting process, site-specific surveying,
technical assistance for feasibility studies, and
ecological
and
environmental
impact
assessments to help support the requirements
of financiers and donors.
Page 30
Outcome 3: The wind technology support and delivery system Strengthened
51. This outcome aims to enhance stakeholders’ technical and planning know-how and
technological capacities for wind power initiatives. To achieve this, a wind atlas for the
Republic of Sudan will be developed in a GIS system, with additional layers for geology,
geomorphology, land ownership and type (e.g. protected areas / forests), settlements
and routes of migratory birds. By overlaying geographical data such as wind speeds,
elevations, general soil conditions, distance from the grid, cost of land and other
variables, it will be possible to produce an atlas of estimated wind energy production
costs at locations throughout Sudan. This atlas will be the basis for establishing spatiallydifferentiated feed-in tariffs and will provide a valuable tool in evaluating areas in which
to invest.
52. A training programme will be implemented such that during the phased construction of
the Dongola wind farm local experts, technicians and practitioners will be trained to
prepare and conduct site study visits during construction, interconnection, operation and
maintenance of the pilot wind farms. This will build a cadre of locally-available skilled
knowledge that can contribute to the development and operation of wind farms.
53. One of the impediments to the development of wind energy at present is a lack of local
knowledge of wind farms and their implementation, making each step in the process
more difficult and slower. The phasing of the Dongola wind farm will in essence support
a five-year construction programme that will serve as an extended five-year training site
for local personnel. Although the phasing delays somewhat the onset of wind capacity
on the grid, it provides a much greater opportunity for learning, training, development
of guidelines and immediate implementation of lessons-learned.
54. To further spread local capability for wind technology, renewable energy-related
curricula for national universities and the National Energy Research Centre (NERC) will
be supported. This activity will help create a generation of young graduates who have a
strong theoretical background in wind technology and experience with local conditions.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 31
Outcome 3
3. Strengthed
the
wind
technology
support
and
delivery system.
Outputs
3.1 Developed and approved wind
atlas for Sudan in a GIS system,
with additional layers for geology,
geomorphology, land ownership
and type (e.g. protected areas /
forests), settlements and routes of
migratory birds.
Activities
3.1.1 Compilation and reconciliation of
existing wind data and establishment of wind
measurement masts where needed.
3.1.2 Compilation of sources of data for
geology, geomorphology, land ownership,
settlements, electric grid connections, bird
migration, cultural heritage, etc.
3.1.3 Integration of wind and other datasets,
including the wind cost estimates developed
under 2.3.1, into a GIS system capable of
Web-based (off-site) interrogation and
analysis.
3.1.4 Development of a national map to
highlight
priority
areas
for
wind
development.
3.2 Local experts, technicians and
practitioners
capacitated
to
prepare and conduct site study
visits
during
construction,
interconnection, operation and
maintenance of the initial wind
farm.
3.2.1 Establishment of a structured training
programme for national experts, technicians,
academics and students throughout the
construction of the Dongola wind farm to
help build capacity and establish strong
linkages with educational and vocational
courses.
3.2.2 Establishment of an ongoing O&M
training centre at the Dongola wind farm.
3.3 Approved RE-related curricula
of specialised universities and the
National Energy Research Centre
(NERC).
3.3.1
Development
of
training,
demonstration and study materials for
participating
universities
and
NERC;
development or adoption of technical
standards.
3.3.2 Establishing collaboration with
established RE-related curricula and activities
at international universities and institutions.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 32
Outcome 4: Adaptive learning and replication plan supported
55. To help enable conditions for leveraging significant additional investment and knowledge
nationally and regionally, this outcome will provide documented lessons-learned,
experiences and best practices related to the development of the Dongola wind farm. It
will also arrange regional workshops for transferring knowledge and capacity to Sudan
from relevant regional countries with established wind energy sectors (e.g. Egypt,
Morocco, and Kenya).
56. The outcome will help ensure the continued successful operation of the Dongola wind
farm by putting in place a quality assurance process, for example ISO 9001.The
documentation of such a process will help codify the operational practices used and
serve as a basis for dissemination of lessons-learned and practices from Dongola.
57. To take advantage of regional experience in wind energy, the project will establish study
tours to support the networking of Sudanese wind professionals with counterparts in the
region. Such tours will form a basis for cooperation with the East African Power Pool, of
which Sudan is already a part, to strengthen regional ties and further the exchange of
renewable power across the East African grid.
Outcome 4
4. Adaptive learning
and replication plan
supported.
Outputs
4.1
Documented
lessons-learned,
experiences and best
practices related to the
development of the
Dongola wind farm
compiled
and
disseminated for other
wind farm projects in
Sudan.
Activities
4.1.1 Development of a set of documents, lessonslearned and practices as a case study of the
implementation of Dongola wind farm.
4.1.2 Establishment of a quality management
certification process (e.g. ISO 9001) at Dongola wind
farm to serve as an example to other wind farms in
Sudan.
4.1.3 Establishment of methods for ongoing
dissemination of lessons-learned and best-practices
through online media and other means, such as training
sessions, universities, etc.
4.1.4. Specialised local engineering universities,
research institutions, professional syndicates, NGOs
and consulting companies with enhanced technical
capacity to site, design, install, operate and maintain
wind turbines at selected project sites.
4.2 Completed regional
workshops
for
transferring knowledge
and capacity to Sudan
from relevant regional
countries (e.g. Egypt,
Morocco, Kenya).
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
4.2.1 Establishment of study tours, networking
connections and assuring interaction at regional
forums on a regular basis.
4.2.2 Establishment of regional cooperation among
East African Power Pool countries on the development
and integration of renewable energy into the East
African grid.
Page 33
2.2. Key indicators, risks and assumptions
58. In accordance with the GEF-5 Climate Change Focal Area Objective #3, to “Promote
Investment in Renewable Energy Technologies”, the key success indicators of the project
are:
 The extent to which policies and regulations for RE are adopted and enforced;
 The volume of investment mobilised; and
 The number of tonnes of CO2-equivalent avoided.
59. The project specifically aims to achieve the following:








Installation of the 100 MW Dongola wind farm, while ensuring a stable grid
connection.
Replication of lessons from Dongola for the Nyala, Khartoum and Red Sea wind
farms.
Development of a comprehensive set of policies and regulations to encourage
investment in wind power in Sudan.
Completion of technical and regulatory standards needed for connection of
private-sector power generators to the grid.
Development of a wind resource map for Sudan, coupled with other geographical
information, such as bird flights, to determine optimal areas for development.
Development of a NAMA around a spatially-differentiated feed-in tariff.
Development of a “one stop shop” within the Government to streamline the
project development process.
Development of human capacity, through training, workshops and advanced
study curricula, to support wind farm projects.
60. For further details about the related targets, see the project’s results framework in
Section 3.
61. The main identified risks to the successful implementation of the project include:



Finance – Obtaining finance for the wind farms continues to be a challenging. The
Government has committed to developing the Dongola wind farm in phases to
overcome this obstacle. The private-sector financial system is not currently well
equipped to make major investments in wind energy, largely because domestic
financiers lack examples of functioning wind farms against which to appraise new
project proposals. Successful implementation of Dongola wind farm will provide
just such an example.
Political – The Government may fail to marshal the necessary resources or
coordination amongst its entities to bring about the desired legislative and
regulatory reform. MWRE already faces a significant burden in meeting rising
demand for electricity. Implementation of policy reforms requires the
involvement of MWRE, MoP, the Cabinet of Ministers and other Government
bodies. The necessity to coordinate between these entities represents one of the
risks to successful implementation of the project.
Novelty and adoption risk – Private-sector entities in Sudan are slow to adopt
new technology and take up unfamiliar businesses in part because the overall
system does not encourage such behaviour. To date, there has not been any
private-sector investment in utility-scale power generation. The capital
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 34





investment required is large and may not be easily raised locally while foreign
investors are wary of perceived investment risks in Sudan.
Technology – Technical risk is minimal, especially as wind turbines have been
installed in conditions similar to those in Sudan for many years. Early installations
in neighbouring Egypt had failures due to the heat and dust. Manufacturers
currently offer turbine packages for high-temperature and high-dust locations to
allow turbines to function in these environments.
Performance risk – The operation of wind farms in Sudan's climate is different
from operation in European climates. Performance is sometimes degraded,
because of heat, because of maintenance downtime, or because of the
accumulation of dust on the turbine blades. These issues can be mitigated with
appropriate operations and maintenance, but must be well planned for.
Implementation capacity – Inadequate and/or non-capacitated human resources
to successfully implement the project and support the mainstreaming of its
results. The current capacity to implement and operate wind farms in Sudan is
almost non-existent. The proposed project includes elements to develop human
capacity. Should these not succeed, they represent a risk to the sustainable
development and operation of wind farms in Sudan.
Climate change – The climate risk faced by the project is minimal. The greatest
climate change risk would be a shift in wind patterns but a shift large enough to
have material impact on the baseline wind farms is not expected within their 20
year lifetimes and even thereafter. The National Adaptation Programme of Action
(NAPA, 2007) observes that the occurrence of extreme weather events in the
form of wind storms is rare. The impact of higher air temperature on changes in
air density (leading to power loss) is insignificant. However, climate change will
adversely affect hydro-power because of reduced rainfall. Hydro-power is
Sudan's main power source. A change in river flows would cause Government and
private sector attention to be drawn away from hydro-power and to the potential
of other sources, such as wind power.
Ecological risks – As part of the project preparation, the Dongola wind farm site
was visited by an international ornithologist and ecology expert, who determined
that the site posed minimal risks to wildlife and birds. As part of the UNDPimplemented, GEF-financed project, a more detailed site survey will be
undertaken to assess bird risks and impacts, and the means of mitigating them,
including options such as avian deflectors for transmission lines (see Figure 16
below). Migratory bird routes are likely to be a more significant issue for the Red
Sea wind farm; the project will ensure that the appropriate protocols and systems
are in place to minimise avian impacts.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 35
Figure 16 Example of a bird risk mitigation measure - avian deflectors for power lines.
62. Further details on these risks, with their probability and impact analysis and related
mitigation measures, are presented in the “Offline Risk Log” in Annex 7-1.
63. For addressing the project management risks, a committed, full-time project manager
with adequate outreach and networking skills is absolutely essential for the success of
the activities. The project manager should have an ability: i) to engage the key
stakeholders in constructive discussion about future renewable energy development
needs; ii) to guide and supervise the studies undertaken and effectively co-operate with
the international experts who are engaged to support this work; iii) to present their
findings and recommendations in a convincing manner to key policy-makers and opinion
leaders by taking into account the main macroeconomic and policy drivers for domestic
energy sector development; and iv) to identify areas of future work. During project
implementation, the project manager also needs to be supported by qualified technical
and legal experts.
64. A typical risk for the training and capacity building activities is that, after the completion
of training, there will be no real demand for the services of the trained experts. The
integrated approach adopted by the project is expected to mitigate this risk by providing
opportunities for those trained on the Dongola wind farm to participate in the Nyala,
Khartoum and Red Sea wind farms, therefore considerably increasing the local human
contribution to these wind farms and encouraging further replication.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 36
2.3. Expected benefits, design principles and strategic considerations
65. The calculated global GHGs reduction benefits of the project will consist of a combination
of:
 Direct GHG emission reduction benefits from the Dongola wind farm.
 Indirect GHG reduction benefits resulting from broader market transformation arising
from project activities.
66. No post-project GHG emission reduction benefits arising from ongoing operation of
financing mechanisms established or supported by the project have been accounted for
in this project, as the GEF cash contribution to capital investments represents a one-time
capital grant without expected pay-back.
67. Over the lifetime of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project, the direct CO2
emission reductions attributed to the Dongola wind farm are calculated to be 91,780
tCO2/year, or 1,835,600 tCO2 over the 20 year life of the wind farm.35 With a GEF financial
contribution of $3,536,634, this translates as a cost of $GEF 1.93/tCO2 abated directly.
This does not include any wind farms installed as an indirect result of the project –
through the project’s market-opening, awareness-raising and supply chain assistance
activities, for example. For further details about the assumptions and results of the
project’s GHG reduction analysis, see Annex 8-4.
68. The associated national and local benefits include reduced local pollution from the
burning of fossil fuels and strengthened national energy security through reduced
dependency on imported fuels.
69. These developments will catalyse the adoption of wind technology and provide a
foundation that allows the widespread use of wind energy either in response to
regulatory stimulus or simply to help realise systems where wind energy may already be
advantageous but is not utilised due to a lack of capacity or awareness.
2.4. Project rationale and policy conformity
70. The project contributes to GEF Climate Change Focal Area Objective #3, to “Promote
Investment in Renewable Energy Technologies”, recognising that renewable energy plays
an indispensable role not only in combating global climate change but also in addressing
energy access, energy security, environmental pollution and sustainable development.
In accordance with the adopted strategy, the GEF support under expands beyond the
creation of an enabling policy and regulatory environment and also encompasses wind
energy investment projects that will lead to a step-change in the deployment of wind
energy.
71. The specific outcomes of the GEF-5 climate change strategy that the project will address
are the following:
 Favourable policy and regulatory environment created for renewable energy
investments.
 Investment in renewable energy technologies increased.
 GHG emissions avoided.
35
Lahmeyer International (2013), 100 MW Wind Power Project in Dongola.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 37
72. The project is consistent with Sudan's national strategies, as evidenced by the alreadyexisting incentives for renewable power in Sudan's Investment Act. The project will help
further the goals Sudan's national strategies by putting in place the overall framework
that will make them effective. The Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) carried out by
HCENR with GEF support points to renewable energy as one of Sudan's key priorities in
climate change mitigation. Similarly, Sudan's Second National Communication to the
UNFCCC includes renewable energy as “a key potential mitigation option”. The objective
of the project is also consistent with the views and objectives espoused by several
stakeholders, especially from MWRE, during the extensive consultation process carried
out as part of the project preparation.
73. The project aims to develop and accelerate the adoption of grid-integrated wind power
generation by providing a structure around the Dongola wind farm to translate the
experience from that project onto a national basis to be replicated by other wind farms,
most notably the planned Red Sea wind farms at Toker, Port Sudan, Nyala and Khartoum.
Sudan’s development depends critically on the availability of reliable electric power and
independence from fossil fuels as Sudan is currently a fossil fuel-poor nation. The present
lack of availability of options, the lack of a framework to allow the sale of power to the
grid, the lack of technical know-how in the market, the lack of user experience with the
technology, and the lack of hands-on experience amongst Government officials means
that adoption of fossil fuel alternatives is slow and limited.
74. The UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project will achieve its objective by addressing
impediments to the development of private-sector wind power projects. Specifically, the
project intends to achieve the project objective through the following:



Supporting the establishment of a regulatory framework;
Creating financial incentives – in the form a feed-in tariff to complement alreadyexisting incentives under the Investment Act. The project will analyse existing and
possible incentives and propose to the Government appropriate incentives for
implementation;
Establishing a technical knowledge base and cadre of experienced professionals to
support the development of wind power projects.
75. The project will play a critical role in creating a market that does not presently exist and
supporting it through a nascent stage to the point where it is self-sustaining and able to
respond to the needs of the Government, financiers and IPPs.
2.5. Country ownership: country eligibility and country drivenness
76. According to the Instrument for the Establishment of the Restructured Global
Environment Facility, Sudan qualifies for GEF financing on the following grounds:

It has ratified the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; and

It receives development assistance from UNDP’s core resources.
77. The objective of the project is consistent with the strategies of the Sudanese
Government, particularly as outlined in the Renewable Energy Master Plan (2005). The
project will provide the basis for Sudan to initiate the development of a NAMA to support
renewable energy. It will thus provide Sudan with the opportunity to reinforce its
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 38
engagement with the international climate change architecture and demonstrate its
commitment to international efforts to reduce GHG emissions.
78. UNDP has considerable experience in deploying policy instruments to de-risk renewable
energy investments in developing countries.36 The project will be a direct application of
UNDP’s work in this area.
79. Sudan has already demonstrated strong country drivenness in implementation of its
power projects as recognition of the critical role they play in the development of the
country. This has been true in particular of its hydro-power projects. The same can be
expected for wind power projects as today they represent not only a renewable source
of power but also a source of national security by diversifying energy supply and reducing
the reliance on fossil fuels.
80. The GEF Operational Focal Point for Sudan endorsed the project with a letter signed on
February 14, 2011.
2.6. Cost-effectiveness
81. The GEF financing for Outcome 1 (US$2,391,864), represents the bulk of the GEF
financing for the project and has been allocated to support the development of the
Dongola wind farm as Sudan’s first wind project. The development of Dongola is seen as
the most critical step in launching wind energy in Sudan. Success at Dongola will translate
to future projects, while a failure at Dongola will setback wind power in Sudan by several
years. The current lack of experience and resulting shortcomings in some of the
preparatory studies for Dongola indicate that UNDP-GEF support will be critical in
bringing the implementation of Dongola up to international best practice.
82. The GEF financing for Outcome 2 (US$377,410), will consist of grants for technical
assistance, which will support the further development of regulations, technical
requirements for grid connection, a feed-in tariff, and a centralised “one-stop-shop” to
support the development of wind energy in Sudan. Together, these initiatives are
expected to foster a regulatory environment for attracting investments for privatelyowned, grid-connected renewable energy power generation and for facilitating effective
monitoring, quality control and dissemination of the results of the investments made.
83. The GEF financing for Outcome 3 (US$420,000), consists of technical assistance to
strengthen the support for wind technology and the delivery of such support. This
includes the creation of a wind atlas, overlaid with other geographical information, as
well as the development of a well-trained cadre of competent wind professionals in
Sudan who are expected to serve as the core of future wind projects.
84. The GEF financing for Outcome 4 (US$180,000), consists of technical assistance to ensure
the documentation and dissemination of experience from Dongola, as well as the
interaction of professionals from Sudan with others in the region, to further the
experience gained and support the integration of wind power in the East African Power
Pool, of which Sudan is a member.
36
UNDP (2013), Derisking Renewable Energy Investment.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 39
85. The proposed project is extremely cost-effective as it will utilise relatively limited GEF
funds to leverage almost $214 million of co-financing (a co-financing ratio of over 60). In
the absence of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project, the wind farm would be
built but not according to best practices and with greatly reduced potential for
replicability and efficient performance. If the project were to focus solely on policy issues
it would risk being irrelevant without a concrete demonstration and opportunity to use
this demonstration as a learning vehicle for future projects. The cost-effectiveness of the
project is reflected in its very low GHG abatement cost - less than $2/tCO2.
2.7. Sustainability
86. The savings in fuel from grid-connected thermal electricity plants are comparable to the
levelised cost of generation from wind power. Wind power is therefore competitive with
Sudan’s current marginal cost of thermal generation and can be expected to relieve some
of the need for fossil fuels. Sudan can, therefore, realise a cost saving by operating a wind
power plant in place of a current, average, grid-connected fossil fuel plant.
87. Once the implementation of the initial phases of the Dongola wind farm has been
successfully completed and demonstrates outputs as anticipated, it can expected that
other planned wind projects (e.g. the Red Sea sites, Khartoum and Nyala) as well as more
long-term projects will be mobilised.
88. Although wind energy may be competitive with fossil fuel generation on the basis of
levelised cost, it remains capital-intensive. MWRE has experience with such high-CAPEX
projects, having implemented a number of hydro-power projects to date. Unlike hydropower projects, which tend to be very large in scale, wind power can scale from a few
megawatts to hundreds of megawatts depending on the available land and the wind
resource. With appropriate policies and a regulatory framework in place, the wind
initiative can be expected to be self-sustaining while making a significant contribution to
the overall sustainable development of Sudan. When Sudan is buying fuel on in the
international market, each megawatt-hour of electricity produced from renewables has
the potential to save some $100-$130 in fuel costs. A farm such as Dongola will save the
Government some $35 million/year in avoided fuel costs.
2.8. Replicability
89. The project has strong potential for replicability as the Government of Sudan already has
intentions to build 220 MW of wind farms after the initial 100 MW installed with the
assistance of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project. As a result, the project has
immediate replicability of an additional 220 MW. Sudan’s long-term plans call for the
construction of 600 MW of wind power, providing further opportunity for replicability.
90. The proposed phasing approach to be used at Dongola provides excellent opportunities
for the lessons-learned from initial phases to be tested and codified in later phases,
producing by the end of a project a comprehensive and tested field guide for wind farm
implementation. This guide will be the reference used in subsequent replicated wind
farms.
91. Whereas the Dongola wind farm will be owned by MWRE, the direction taken by MWRE,
and supported by the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project, is to establish the
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 40
framework that will allow the private sector to replicate the wind farm built in Dongola.
The feed-in tariff and its associated NAMA that will be developed by the project will apply
to all future wind farm projects, thereby promoting replication.
92. A number of countries in the region are at various stages of developing renewable energy
capacity. Given the interest of several GEF programme countries in developing and
implementing similar projects, the materials developed and the results and lessonslearned from this project are expected to be of direct interest to other countries. An
activity of Outcome 4 is specifically dedicated to condensing the lessons-learned in other
countries in the region to help Sudan, and similarly to document the lessons from the
UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project to help wind energy development throughout
Sudan and in other countries.
93. The project includes funds for the general sharing of knowledge, including study-tours to
various locations in the region that will help spread experiences and develop a network
for cooperation between the various stakeholder groups at the national and
international levels.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 41
3. Project Results Framework
Project Outputs and Related Target(s)/Sub-target(s), as applicable
This project will contribute to achieving the following Country Programme Outcome as defined
in CPAP or CPD: The Government of Sudan has the institutional framework to develop and implement
MDG-based, pro-poor, equitable and inclusive socio-economic and environmental policies and
strategies.
Country Programme Outcome Indicators: Capacities of national and sub-national authorities and
communities for effective environmental governance, natural and renewable resources management
and climate change strengthened.
Primary applicable Key Environment and Sustainable Development Key Result Area:
1. Mainstreaming environment and energy OR
2. Catalysing environmental finance OR
3. Promote climate change adaptation OR
4. Expanding access to environmental and energy services for the poor.
Applicable GEF Focal Area Objective: GEF-5 FA Objective # 3 (CCM-3): “Promote Investment in
Renewable Energy Technologies”.
Project Outputs and Related Target(s)/Sub-target(s), as applicable
Project
Objective37
To overcome
barriers to the
market
development of
utility-scale
wind farms in
Sudan.
Outcome 138
Grid-connected
power
generation
from wind farm
introduced.
37
38
Indicator
Baseline
Targets
End of Project
Source of
verification
Risks and
Assumptions
Introduction of
renewable
energy policies
and regulations.
Current
Renewable
energy
master plan
put in place Sudan
renewable energy
policy, law and
regulation
Project
monitoring
reports and
final
evaluation.
Delay in the
approval and
ratification of the
renewable energy
laws and
regulations
Capacity of
wind power
installed
0 MW
Installing 100 MW
capacity in Dongla
Electrical
power
sector
reports
The volatile
economic
situation in Sudan
may delay
implementation.
MWh of power
generated by
grid-connected
wind energy.
0 MWH
Generating of
300,917 MWh/year
from wind energy.
Electricity
generation
reports
Shortages of
funds, labour and
skills which strain
its human and
material
resources.
1.1 Megawatts
of installed
grid-connected
wind power.
1.1 - No MW
produced
from WP.
1.1 - 100 MW of gridconnected wind
power installed at
Dongola wind farm.
1.1 - Project
monitoring
reports and
final
evaluation.
1.1 - As above.
1.2 - Number of
wind farms
operating in
Sudan.
1.2 – 0 wind
farms
1.2 – Installing 4
wind farms (The
Ministry of Water
Resources and
1.2 Progress
reports on
power
1.2 - Lack of
finance.
Objective (Atlas output) monitored quarterly ERBM and annually in APR/PIR
All outcomes monitored annually in the APR/PIR. It is highly recommended not to have more than 4 outcomes.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 42
Indicator
Outcome 2
Policy,
institutional
and regulatory
framework
adopted.
Outcome 3
The wind
technology
support and
delivery system
Strengthened.
Baseline
Targets
End of Project
Source of
verification
Electricity (MWRE)
has a plan to build
four wind farms).
plants
installation
2.1 - Number of
environmental
and social
guidelines
developed for
implementing
wind farms.
2.1 - No,
guideline
existed
2.1 – Two guidelines
for wind farmspecific EIA
considerations (e.g.
migrating birds,
noise) and other
hazards (e.g. civil and
military aviation)
developed.
2.1 - EIA
studies and
reports
2.2 Development of
Standards
Operating
Procedures
(SOPs) and
technical
specifications
for
establishment
of wind farms.
2.3 Development of
a feed-in tariff
(FiT) policy
NAMA for wind
power in Sudan
2.2 - No SOPs
2.2 – SOPs for wind
power plant is
developed
2.2 Documents
of SOPs and
specification
s
2.3 No feedin tariff policy
existed
2.3 - feed-in tariff
policy NAMA for
wind power in Sudan
developed
2.4 - Extent to
which RE
policies and
regulations are
adopted and
enforced.
2.4 - A bill has
been drafted
for RE
policies.
2.4 - policies and
legislation for
renewable energy
are effectively
adopted and
enforced
2.3 - FiT
policy
document
and NAMA
project
document
and reports.
2.4 - Project
monitoring
reports and
final
evaluation.
3.1 - Number of
individuals and
organisations
trained and
capable of
supporting
activity in the
Sudanese wind
market.
3.1 Preliminary
wind
measurement
s have been
carried out as
well as some
feasibility
assessments
based on
those
3.1.A - 100
engineers trained in
wind technology (50
males & 50 females).
3.1.B - 5 institutions
supported in wind
technology.
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
3.1 - Project
reports.
Risks and
Assumptions
2.1 - The
assumption that
the project will
support
conducting
environmental
studies including
soaring bird’s
risks and
mitigation
measures.
2.2 - Since the
Dongla wind
farms contract
was already
agreed upon, the
developed SOPs
and specifications
can only be
applied for the
other 3 wind
farms
2.3 - The FiT
NAMA project
was developed
and registered for
support with
NAMA domain.
2.4 - Assuming
that the proposed
legal and
regulatory
improvements
pass swiftly
through the
Government and
Parliamentary
approval process.
3.1 - Lack of
interest while the
market
opportunity is not
yet clear to
participants (this
risk is minimal).
Page 43
Indicator
3.2 –
Development of
a reliable
national wind
atlas.
Outcome 4
Adaptive
learning
and replication
plan supported.
4.1 - Quality
Management
System for
Dongola wind
farm is
established.
4.2 - Number of
educational
tours
conducted to
wind farms in
neighbouring
countries
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Baseline
measurement
s.
3.2 - MWRE
has
developed a
wind atlas
based on
extrapolation
of world data
with high
probability of
inaccuracy.
4.1 - There is
currently no
plan for
compiling
and
disseminating
lessonslearned in
wind power.
4.2 - Limited
exchange of
experiences
with
neighbouring
countries
with
established
wind farm
like Egypt and
Ethiopia.
Targets
End of Project
Source of
verification
Risks and
Assumptions
3.2 – Wind atlas
developed
3.2 - Wind
maps and
atlas
3.2 - Lack of
reporting by
market
participants,
making collection
of data difficult.
4.1 - Establishment
of a quality
management
certification process
(e.g. ISO 9001) for
Dongola wind farm.
4.1 - Project
reports.
Obtaining
the quality
managemen
t certificate.
4.1 - The major
risk is garnering
interest by
convincing
individuals that
there is a future
for wind power in
Sudan.
4.2 – Ten Study tours
undertaken to wind
plants in the
neighboring
countries (including
50% female and 50%
male).
4.2 - Project
reports and
annual work
plans.
4.2 - Lack of fund
Page 44
4. Total budget and work plan
Project
ID(s):
Award ID:
00080570
Award Title:
Promoting utility scale power generation from wind energy
Business Unit:
SDN10
Project Title:
Promoting Utility-Scale Power Generation from Wind Energy
PIMS no.
4726
Implementing Partner (Executing Agency)
Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity
GEF
Outcome/Atlas
Activity
Responsib
le Party/
Fund ID
Donor
Name
Atlas
Budget
ary
Accoun
t Code
71200
OUTCOME 1:
Grid-connected
power
generation from
wind farm
introduced.
71300
MWRE
62000
GEF
71400
71600
72200
ATLAS Budget
Description
International
Consultants
Local
Consultants
Contr.
services
–
indiv.
Travel
Equipment
Sub-total GEF
OUTCOME 2:
Policy,
institutional and
regulatory
framework
adopted
MWRE
62000
GEF
Total Outcome 1
International
71200
Consultants
Local
71300
Consultants
Contr.
71400
services
–
indiv.
71600
Travel
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
00090222
Amount
Year
1
(USD)
Amount
Year
2
(USD)
Amount
Year
3
(USD)
Amount
Year
4
(USD)
Amount
Year
5
(USD)
Total (USD)
0
250,000
250,000
291,864
200,000
991,864
a
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
340,000
b
0
45,000
45,000
45,000
40,000
175,000
c
0
0
25,000
400,000
20,000
400,000
20,000
0
20,000
0
85,000
800,000
d
e
0
805,000
805,000
800,000
800,000
441,864
441,864
345,000
345,000
2,391,864
2,391,864
0
75,000
70,000
50,000
20,000
215,000
f
0
30,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
80,000
g
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
40,000
h
6,000
3,000
3,000
2,410
22,410
i
8,000
Page 45
See
Note:
Budget
GEF
Outcome/Atlas
Activity
Responsib
le Party/
Fund ID
Donor
Name
Atlas
Budget
ary
Accoun
t Code
ATLAS Budget
Description
Workshops
and meetings
Sub-total GEF
Workshops
75700
and meetings
International
71200
Consultants
Local
71300
Consultants
Contr.
71400
services
–
indiv.
Sub-total UNDP
Total Outcome 2
International
71200
Consultants
Local
71300
Consultants
Contr.
71400
services
–
indiv.
Workshops
75700
and meetings
71600
Travel
Sub-total GEF
International
71200
Consultants
Local
71300
Consultants
71600
Travel
Professional
74100
services
Sub-total UNDP
Total Outcome 3
International
71200
Consultants
Local
71300
Consultants
75700
UNDP
MWRE
62000
GEF
OUTCOME 3:
MWRE
OUTCOME 4:
Adaptive learning
MWRE
4000
62000
UNDP
GEF
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Amount
Year
1
(USD)
Amount
Year
2
(USD)
Amount
Year
3
(USD)
Amount
Year
4
(USD)
Amount
Year
5
(USD)
Total (USD)
8,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
20,000
16,000
125,000
107,000
85,000
44,410
377,410
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
k
0
12,000
14,000
5,000
4,000
35,000
l
2,600
2,500
2,600
2,575
2,575
12,850
m
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
11,750
59,750
n
16,600
32,600
28,500
153,500
30,600
137,600
21,575
106,575
20,325
64,735
117,600
495,010
0
50,000
50,000
30,000
30,000
160,000
o
0
45,000
25,000
20,000
20,000
110,000
p
0
40,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
100,000
q
0
10,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
25,000
r
0
0
10,000
155000
5,000
105000
5,000
80000
5,000
80000
25,000
420000
s
4,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
26,000
t
6,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
23,000
u
8,000
8,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
23,000
v
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
w
20,000
20,000
23,000
178,000
17,000
122,000
11,000
91,000
11,000
91,000
82,000
502,000
0
20,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
35,000
x
6,500
9,500
8,000
8,000
8,000
40,000
y
Page 46
See
Note:
Budget
j
GEF
Outcome/Atlas
Activity
Responsib
le Party/
Fund ID
Donor
Name
Atlas
Budget
ary
Accoun
t Code
ATLAS Budget
Description
Contr.
services
–
indiv.
Workshops
75700
and meetings
71600
Travel
Sub-total GEF
International
71200
Consultants
Local
71300
Consultants
71600
Travel
Workshops
75700
and meetings
Sub-total UNDP
Total Outcome 4
Contr.
71400
services
–
indiv.
71600
Travel
72800
IT Equipment
Sub-total GEF
72800
IT Equipment
Communicati
72400
on
Office
72500
supplies
74500
Miscellaneous
Sub-total UNDP
Total Management
71400
MWRE
4000
62000
Project
management
UNDP
GEF
MWRE
4000
UNDP
TOTAL GEF
TOTAL UNDP
GRAND TOTAL
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Amount
Year
1
(USD)
Amount
Year
2
(USD)
Amount
Year
3
(USD)
Amount
Year
4
(USD)
Amount
Year
5
(USD)
Total (USD)
0
24,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
60,000
z
0
10,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
25,000
aa
2,500
9,000
2,500
66,000
5,000
35,000
5,000
35,000
5,000
35,000
20,000
180,000
ab
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
6,000
ac
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
ad
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
11,000
ae
0
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
af
5,000
14,000
6,000
72,000
9,000
44,000
7,000
42,000
7,000
42,000
34,000
214,000
0
44,090
20,000
20,000
20,000
104,090
ag
0
5,000
5,000
2,000
20,000
5,000
69,090
2,000
10,000
1,000
31,000
2,000
10,000
1,000
31,000
700
10,000
1,000
31,000
500
50,000
13,000
167,090
7,200
ah
ai
400
850
1100
1100
750
4,200
500
500
500
500
500
2,500
500
3,400
8,750
500
3,850
72,840
500
4,100
34,750
500
2,800
33,250
500
2,250
33,250
2,500
16,400
182,840
30,000
45,000
75,000
1,220,090
61,350
1,281,440
1,078,000
60,700
1,138,700
672,864
42,375
715,239
535,410
40,575
575,985
3,536,364
250,000
3,786,364
Page 47
See
Note:
Budget
ai
Summary of Funds: 39
Amount
Year 1
Amount
Year 2
Amount
Year 3
Amount
Year 4
Amount
Year 5
Total
GEF
30,000
1,220,090
1,078,000
672,864
535,410
3,536,364
UNDP
45,000
61,350
60,700
42,375
40,575
250,000
Ministry of Water Resources and
Electricity
5,000,000
57,000,000 52,000,000
Ministry of Petroleum
25,000
60,000
60,000
55,000
50,000
250,000
Higher Council for Environmental and
Natural Resources
20,000
50,000
45,000
45,000
40,000
200,000
National Energy Research Centre
20,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
50,000
250,000
TOTAL
5,140,000
58,451,440 53,303,700
Budget Note
39
52,000,000 47,000,000 213,000,000
52,875,239 47,715,985 217,486,364
Description of cost item
a.
International technical consultants to support grid integration, wind farm implementation, NAMA
finance, and knowledge transfer
b.
Local consultants to support the international consultants on grid integration, wind farm
implementation, NAMA finance and to begin building local capacity in these areas
c.
Long-term consultants and project staff
d.
Land travel to the Dongola project site, accommodation at the project site, international travel to and
from Khartoum and accommodation in Khartoum for international consultants.
e.
Equipment to support monitoring and integration of the wind farm into the Sudan power grid
f.
Institutional and policy experts with experience in renewable energy frameworks – specifically, feedin tariffs and regulations, technical experts with experience in wind energy yield forecasting and
development of grid codes for wind
g.
Local consultants to support the international consultants on feed-in tariffs and regulations, wind
energy yield forecasting and development of grid codes for wind
h.
Long-term consultants and project staff
Summary table should include all financing of all kinds: GEF financing, co-financing, cash, in-kind, etc...
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 48
i.
International travel for consultants to and from Khartoum, accommodation in Khartoum, minimal
travel within Sudan.
j.
Workshops and meetings, mainly with Government officials around the formulation of policies and
creation of a “one-stop-shop” for wind investors
k.
Workshops and meetings, mainly with Government officials around the formulation of policies and
creation of a “one-stop-shop” for wind investors
l.
Institutional and policy experts with experience in renewable energy frameworks – specifically, feedin tariffs and regulations, technical experts with experience in wind energy yield forecasting and
development of grid codes for wind
m.
Local consultants to support the international consultants on feed-in tariffs and regulations, wind
energy yield forecasting and development of grid codes for wind
n.
Long-term consultants and project staff
o.
International experts in wind mapping, wind site surveying and GIS systems to develop wind atlas for
Sudan; international experts to support curricula development
p.
Local consultants to support wind mapping, wind site surveying, bird migration and GIS systems to
develop wind atlas for Sudan; local academics to participate in curricula development
q.
Long-term consultants and project staff
r.
Workshops and meetings in Khartoum and at other Sudanese universities to support curricula
development; workshops to consult on geomorphology, geology and land ownership
s.
International travel to and from Khartoum, travel within Sudan to site locations and workshops
t.
International experts in wind mapping, wind site surveying and GIS systems to develop wind atlas for
Sudan; international experts to support curricula development
u.
Local consultants to support wind mapping, wind site surveying, bird migration and GIS systems to
develop wind atlas for Sudan; local academics to participate in curricula development
v.
International travel to and from Khartoum, travel within Sudan to site locations and workshops
w.
Audit costs
x.
International and regional experts to support documentation of lessons-learned from Dongola wind
farm and regional workshops
y.
Local consultants to support documentation of lessons-learned from Dongola wind farm and regional
workshops
z.
Long-term consultants and project staff
aa.
Regional workshops for transferring knowledge and capacity to Sudan from relevant regional
countries (e.g. Egypt, Morocco, Kenya); and to share and disseminate lessons-learned from Dongola
ab.
Travel for international consultants to and from Khartoum; travel for workshops and regional
interaction
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 49
ac.
International and regional experts to support documentation of lessons-learned from Dongola wind
farm and regional workshops
ad.
Local consultants to support documentation of lessons-learned from Dongola wind farm and regional
workshops
ae.
Travel for international consultants to and from Khartoum; travel for workshops and regional
interaction
af.
Regional workshops for transferring knowledge and capacity to Sudan from relevant regional
countries (e.g. Egypt, Morocco, Kenya); and to share and disseminate lessons-learned from Dongola
ag.
Long-term consultants and project staff
ah.
Travel for project management staff
Ai.
Computers, software, IT services and web hosting
UNDP Environnemental Finance Services
Page 50
5. Management Arrangements
Project Organisation Structure
Project Board:
Senior supplier:
UNDP, MFNE
Executive:
MWRE
Senior Beneficiaries*:
MWRE, NERC, MoP, ERA,
MEFPD, SSMO, SBEF,
HCENR
Quality Assurance:
UNDP
Programme
Analyst
Project Management Unit
Government Project
Coordinator
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
-
Project Manager
Project Administrative Associates
Project Engineers:
o IT Wind data analyst
o Mechanical Engineer
o Electrical Engineer
Project Technical Committee:
Specialist from:
-
Sudan Universities
Sudan Private sector
International consultant
National consultant
Page 51
94. The project will be nationally executed by the Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity,
under the National Implementation Modality (NIM). UNDP will be accountable for the
disbursement of funds and the achievement of the project goals, according to the approved
work plan. The executing agency will assign a senior officer as a Government Project
Coordinator to: (i) coordinate the project activities with activities of other Government
entities; and (ii) certify the expenditures are in line with approved budgets and work-plans.
95. A Project Board (PB) will be established at the inception of the project to monitor project
progress, to guide project implementation and to support the project in achieving its listed
outputs and outcomes. It will be chaired by a MWRE representative and will include
representatives from UNDP, NERC, ERA, MEFPD, SSMO, SBEF, HCENR MFNE, and a Project
Assurance Officer from UNDP. Other members can be invited at the decision of the PB on
an as-needed basis, but taking due regard that the PB remains sufficiently lean to be
operationally effective. The final list of the PB members will be completed at the outset of
project operations and presented in the Inception Report by taking into account the
envisaged role of different parties in the PB. The project manager will participate as a nonvoting member in the PB meetings and will also be responsible for compiling a summary
report of the discussions and conclusions of each meeting.
96. The coordination of the above stakeholders will be carried out by MWRE with the support of
UNDP. The coordination will begin with the establishment of a Local Project Appraisal
Committee (LPAC) and the invitation of stakeholders to an inception meeting. The PB will
identify and put in place steps for initial activities to support, for example, the technical
capacity building in the period when the regulatory and financial structures are being
developed. One goal of project coordination will be to ensure that the various components
of the project are in place when they are needed: e.g. financial instruments are ready when
regulations come into place; technical capacity and equipment supply are available at the
appropriate time, etc. The PB will meet on a regular basis during project implementation, at
least twice per year, and it will have the responsibility of coordinating and harmonizing the
actions of all the key stakeholders.
97. The project Management Unit (PMU): The PMU is composed of a National Project Manager
(NPM), Finance and Administrative Officer, a Monitoring and Evaluation Expert (M&E) and
three engineers. The PMU is responsible for the day-to-day management of the project
activities and is accountable to the PB. The Project Management Unit’s overall role will be to
ensure comprehensive technical and management support is provided to project activities
and local beneficiaries, such as overseeing knowledge management and Monitoring and
Evaluation. The PMU must have adequate multi-disciplinary technical capacity to be able to
support technical, financial and assurance-related activities. The PMU will be established
within MWRE and will coordinate its work with UNDP and other stakeholders. The Project
Manager will report mainly to MWRE and share reports to UNDP and the PB. The Terms of
Reference of the key project personnel are presented in Annex 8.3 of this Project Document.
The project personnel will be selected on a competitive basis in accordance with the relevant
UNDP rules and procedures and in consultation with the UNDP-GEF Region-based Technical
Advisor.
98. The project manager will be supported by international and national experts taking the lead
in the implementation of specific technical assistance components of the project. Contacts
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Page 52
with experts and institutions in other countries that have already gained experience in
developing and implementing renewable energy policies and financial support mechanisms
are also to be established.
99. UNDP will maintain the oversight and management of the overall project budget. It will be
responsible for monitoring project implementation, timely reporting of the progress to the
UNDP Regional Centre and the GEF, as well as organising mandatory and possible
complementary reviews and evaluations on an as-needed basis. Furthermore, it will support
the coordination and networking with other related initiatives and institutions in the
country.
100. To successfully reach the objective and outcomes of the project, it is essential that the
progress of different project components is closely monitored both by the key local
stakeholders and authorities as well as by project’s international experts, starting with the
finalisation of the detailed, component-specific work plans and implementation
arrangements and continuing through the project’s implementation phase. The purpose of
this is to facilitate early identification of possible risks to successful completion of the project
together with adaptive management and early corrective action, when needed.
101. In order to accord proper acknowledgement to the GEF for providing funding, a GEF logo
should appear on all relevant GEF project publications, including any hardware purchased
with GEF funds. Any citation on publications regarding projects funded by GEF should also
accord proper acknowledgement to the GEF in accordance with the relevant GEF guidelines.
102. The international experiences and lessons-learned from catalysing local renewable energy
development have been taken into account in the design of this new project. The activities
of other donors and the foreseen synergies and opportunities for cooperation have been
discussed in detail in Chapter 1.4 of this project document. During implementation, proper
care will be taken to have adequate communication and coordination mechanisms in place
to ensure that areas of common interest can be addressed in a cost-efficient way.
6. Monitoring Framework and Evaluation
The project will be monitored through the following M& E activities. The M& E budget is provided in the
table below.
Project start:
A Project Inception Workshop will be held within the first 2 months of project start with those with
assigned roles in the project organisation structure, UNDP Country Office and, where
appropriate/feasible, regional technical policy and programme advisors as well as other stakeholders. The
Inception Workshop is crucial to building ownership for the project results and to plan the first year annual
work plan.
The Inception Workshop should address a number of key issues including:
a) Assist all partners to fully understand and take ownership of the project. Detail the roles, support
services and complementary responsibilities of UNDP CO and RCU staff vis à vis the project team.
Discuss the roles, functions, and responsibilities within the project's decision-making structures,
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Page 53
b)
c)
d)
e)
including reporting and communication lines, and conflict resolution mechanisms. The Terms of
Reference for project staff will be discussed again as needed.
Based on the project results framework and the relevant SOF (e.g. GEF) Tracking Tool if
appropriate, finalise the first annual work plan. Review and agree on the indicators, targets and
their means of verification, and recheck assumptions and risks.
Provide a detailed overview of reporting, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) requirements. The
Monitoring and Evaluation work plan and budget should be agreed and scheduled.
Discuss financial reporting procedures and obligations, and arrangements for annual audit.
Plan and schedule Project Board meetings. Roles and responsibilities of all project organisation
structures should be clarified and meetings planned. The first Project Board meeting should be
held within the first 12 months following the inception workshop.
An Inception Workshop report is a key reference document and must be prepared and shared with
participants to formalize various agreements and plans decided during the meeting.
Quarterly:
 Progress made shall be monitored in the UNDP Enhanced Results Based Managment Platform.
 Based on the initial risk analysis submitted, the risk log shall be regularly updated in ATLAS. Risks
become critical when the impact and probability are high. Note that for UNDP GEF projects, all
financial risks associated with financial instruments such as revolving funds, micro-finance schemes,
or capitalisation of ESCOs are automatically classified as critical on the basis of their innovative nature
(high impact and uncertainty due to no previous experience justifies classification as critical).
 Based on the information recorded in Atlas, a Project Progress Reports (PPR) can be generated in the
Executive Snapshot.
 Other ATLAS logs can be used to monitor issues, lessons learned etc. The use of these functions is a
key indicator in the UNDP Executive Balanced Scorecard.
Annually:
 Annual Project Review/Project Implementation Reports (APR/PIR): This key report is prepared to
monitor progress made since project start and in particular for the previous reporting period (30 June
to 1 July). The APR/PIR combines both UNDP and SOF (e.g. GEF) reporting requirements.
The APR/PIR includes, but is not limited to, reporting on the following:
 Progress made toward project objective and project outcomes - each with indicators, baseline
data and end-of-project targets (cumulative)
 Project outputs delivered per project outcome (annual).
 Lessons-learned/good practice.
 AWP and other expenditure reports
 Risk and adaptive management
 ATLAS QPR
 Portfolio level indicators (i.e. GEF focal area tracking tools) are used by most focal areas on an
annual basis as well.
Periodic Monitoring through site visits:
UNDP CO and the UNDP RCU will conduct visits to project sites based on the agreed schedule in the
project's Inception Report/Annual Work Plan to assess first hand project progress. Other members of the
Project Board may also join these visits. A Field Visit Report/BTOR will be prepared by the CO and UNDP
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Page 54
RCU and will be circulated no less than one month after the visit to the project team and Project Board
members.
Mid-term of project cycle:
The project will undergo an independent Mid-Term Review at the mid-point of project implementation
(2017). The Mid-Term Review will determine progress being made toward the achievement of outcomes
and will identify course correction if needed. It will focus on the effectiveness, efficiency and timeliness
of project implementation; will highlight issues requiring decisions and actions; and will present initial
lessons learned about project design, implementation and management. Findings of this review will be
incorporated as recommendations for enhanced implementation during the final half of the project’s
term. The organisation, terms of reference and timing of the Mid-Term Review will be decided after
consultation between the parties to the project document. The Terms of Reference for this Mid-Term
Review will be prepared by the UNDP CO based on guidance from the Regional Coordinating Unit and
UNDP-GEF. The management response and the evaluation will be uploaded to UNDP corporate systems,
in particular the UNDP Evaluation Office Evaluation Resource Centre (ERC).
The relevant SOF (GEF) Focal Area Tracking Tool will also be completed during the Mid-Term Review cycle.
End of Project:
An independent Final Terminal Evaluation will take place three months prior to the final Project Board
meeting and will be undertaken in accordance with UNDP and SOF (e.g. GEF) guidance. The final
evaluation will focus on the delivery of the project’s results as initially planned (and as corrected after the
Mid-Term Review, if any such correction took place). The final evaluation will look at impact and
sustainability of results, including the contribution to capacity development and the achievement of global
environmental benefits/goals. The Terms of Reference for this evaluation will be prepared by the UNDP
CO based on guidance from the Regional Coordinating Unit and UNDP-GEF.
The Final Terminal Evaluation should also provide recommendations for follow-up activities and requires
a management response which should be uploaded to PIMS and to the UNDP Evaluation Office Evaluation
Resource Centre (ERC).
The relevant SOF (e.g. GEF) Focal Area Tracking Tool will also be completed during the final evaluation.
During the last three months, the project team will prepare the Project Terminal Report. This
comprehensive report will summarise the results achieved (objectives, outcomes, outputs), lessons
learned, problems met and areas where results may not have been achieved. It will also lay out
recommendations for any further steps that may need to be taken to ensure sustainability and replicability
of the project’s results.
Learning and knowledge sharing:
Results from the project will be disseminated within and beyond the project intervention zone through
existing information sharing networks and forums.
The project will identify and participate, as relevant and appropriate, in scientific, policy-based and/or any
other networks, which may be of benefit to project implementation though lessons-learned. The project
will identify, analyze, and share lessons-learned that might be beneficial in the design and implementation
of similar future projects.
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Page 55
Finally, there will be a two-way flow of information between this project and other projects of a similar
focus.
Communications and visibility requirements:
Full compliance is required with UNDP’s Branding Guidelines. These can be accessed at
http://intra.undp.org/coa/branding.shtml, and specific guidelines on UNDP logo use can be accessed at:
http://intra.undp.org/branding/useOfLogo.html. Amongst other things, these guidelines describe when
and how the UNDP logo needs to be used, as well as how the logos of donors to UNDP projects needs to
be used. For the avoidance of any doubt, when logo use is required, the UNDP logo needs to be used
alongside the GEF logo. The GEF logo can be accessed at: http://www.thegef.org/gef/GEF_logo. The UNDP
logo can be accessed at http://intra.undp.org/coa/branding.shtml.
Full compliance is also required with the GEF’s Communication and Visibility Guidelines (the “GEF
Guidelines”).
The
GEF
Guidelines
can
be
accessed
at:
http://www.thegef.org/gef/sites/thegef.org/files/documents/C.40.08_Branding_the_GEF%20final_0.pdf
Amongst other things, the GEF Guidelines describe when and how the GEF logo needs to be used in project
publications, vehicles, supplies and other project equipment. The GEF Guidelines also describe other GEF
promotional requirements regarding press releases, press conferences, press visits, visits by Government
officials, productions and other promotional items.
Where other agencies and project partners have provided support through co-financing, their branding
policies and requirements should be similarly applied.
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Page 56
M&E work plan and budget
Type of M&E
activity
Responsible Parties
Budget US$
Excluding project team
staff time
Time frame
Within first two
months of project
start up
Workshop


Project Manager
UNDP CO, UNDP-GEF
Indicative cost: 10,000
Measurement of Means
of Verification of project
results.

Project Manager will oversee the
hiring of specific studies and
institutions, and delegate
responsibilities to relevant team
members.
To be finalised in Inception
Phase and Workshop.
Start, mid and end of
project (during
evaluation cycle) and
annually when
required.
Measurement of Means
of Verification for
Project Progress on
output and
implementation


Oversight by Project Manager
Project team
To be determined as part
of the Annual Work Plan's
preparation.
Annually prior to
ARR/PIR and to the
definition of annual
work plans
ARR/PIR





Project manager and team
UNDP CO
UNDP RTA
UNDP GEF
Project manager and team
None
Annually
None
Quarterly
Mid-term Review




Indicative cost: 33,000
At the mid-point of
project
implementation.
Final Evaluation




Indicative cost : 40,000
At least three months
before the end of
project
implementation
Project Terminal Report



Project manager and team
UNDP CO
UNDP RCU
External Consultants (i.e. evaluation
team)
Project manager and team,
UNDP CO
UNDP RCU
External Consultants (i.e. evaluation
team)
Project manager and team
UNDP CO
local consultant
Audit


UNDP CO
Project manager and team
Indicative cost per year:
2,000
Yearly
Visits to field sites



UNDP CO
UNDP RCU (as appropriate)
Government representatives
For GEF-supported
projects, paid from IA fees
and operational budget
Yearly
Inception
and Report
Periodic status/
progress reports
0
At least three months
before the end of the
project
TOTAL indicative COST
Excluding project team staff time and UNDP staff and travel expenses
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
US$ 93,000
(+/- 5% of total budget)
Page 57
Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Matrix ( SP / CPAP )
Expected
results
(Outcomes &
outputs)
Countries have
strengthened
institutions to
progressively
deliver
universal
access to basic
services. Align
with latest
UNDP
Strategic Plan
CP related
outcomes if any
Government and
stakeholders
have evidencebased policies,
strategic plans
and mechanisms
to ensure an
enabling
environment for
improved basic
services; and
people in Sudan,
with special
emphasis on
populations in
need, have
access to
equitable and
sustainable
quality basic
services.
SP/related
outcomes if
any
Growth and
development
are inclusive
and
sustainable,
incorporating
productive
capacities
that create
employment
and
livelihoods
for the poor
and excluded
Indicators
(with
baselines &
indicative
targets)
M&E
event
with data
collectio
n
methods
Time or
schedule
and
frequency
of events
Responsibilities.
Means of
Total number
of joules of
renewable
energy
consumption
(Joules)
Energy
balance
assessm
ent
Annually
written
reports on
energy
balance
Ministry of water
resources
(MWRE)
Energy
consuming
sector
Reports
Ministry of
Petroleum (MoP)
Energy
consumption
surveys
Ministry of water
resources
(MWRE)
Electricity
generation
reports
Verification:
Remarks on
development
of capacities
for
monitoring
No resources
needed
(Report on the
indicator is
part of the
project
activities )
Irregularity
of
Ministries’
report
Country
wide Energy
consuming
No resources
needed
(Report on the
indicator is
part of the
project
activities )
Irregularity
of
Ministries’
report
Country
wide Energy
consuming
Data Source
and Type
((291090
kWh)
Targets
((592007
kWh)
Number of
kilowatt hours
(kWh) of wind
energy
generation
from UNDPsupported
renewable
energy
projects
Project
progress
reports
Project
report on
wind
power
generation
(Baseline 0
KWh)
(Target
300,917 kWh)
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Risks
Resources
Page 58
7. Legal Context
This document, together with the CPAP signed by the Government and UNDP which is incorporated by
reference, constitutes a Project Document as referred to in the SBAA [or other appropriate governing
agreement] and all CPAP provisions apply to this document.
Consistent with the Article III of the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement, the responsibility for the safety
and security of the implementing partner and its personnel and property, and of UNDP’s property in the
implementing partner’s custody, rests with the implementing partner.
The implementing partner shall:
a) put in place an appropriate security plan and maintain the security plan, taking into account the
security situation in the country where the project is being carried;
b) assume all risks and liabilities related to the implementing partner’s security, and the full
implementation of the security plan.
UNDP reserves the right to verify whether such a plan is in place, and to suggest modifications to the plan
when necessary. Failure to maintain and implement an appropriate security plan as required hereunder
shall be deemed a breach of this agreement.
The implementing partner agrees to undertake all reasonable efforts to ensure that none of the UNDP
funds received pursuant to the Project Document are used to provide support to individuals or entities
associated with terrorism and that the recipients of any amounts provided by UNDP hereunder do not
appear on the list maintained by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267
(1999). The list can be accessed via:
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ListEng.htm.
This provision must be included in all sub-contracts or sub-agreements entered into under this Project
Document.
This project will be audited in accordance with UNDP Financial Regulations and Rules and applicable audit
policies.
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Page 59
8. Annexes
8.1 Risk Analysis
#
1
2
Description
Date
identified
Type
The security situation in Sudan may
pose some risks or perceived risks.
Without general security, the ability of
crews to travel, transport goods and
work will be restricted. With renewable
energy equipment, where the entire
capital is procured and installed
upfront, theft or damage can mean a
complete loss of invested capital.
Political
The Government may fail to marshal
the necessary resources or
coordination amongst its entities to
design and implement the desired
policy changes.
Financial
Impact &
Probability
May prevent access to
certain areas for
implementation of
projects.
Countermeasures /
Management response
Advice on secure travel routes
within Sudan. An escort from
MWRE will be provided where
necessary.
P= 2
I= 3
The locations of main activities in
the project (Dongola, in the North
State, Red Sea, Khartoum) are
secure and fall within the Minimal,
Low or Moderate Threat Level
areas identified by the UN
(http://undsssudan.org/files/docs/Sudan_SL
S_Map.pdf).
Lack of policy basis to
catalyse adoption of
wind energy
Policy reform and decision making Government
can be slow in Sudan.
P=2
I=5
UNDP will rely on close relations
with MWRE and other
counterparts. Through close
participation, UNDP will aim to
spur action.
Sudan’s need for electric power
and previously demonstrated
commitment to building power
projects indicates that there is a
will to move forward. The project
supports existing government
policy to encourage renewable
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Page 60
Owner
Project Board
Submitted,
updated by
Last
Update
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Status
#
3.
Description
Novelty and adoption risk – Privatesector entities in Sudan are slow to
adopt new technology and take-up
unfamiliar business models.
Date
identified
Impact &
Probability
Type
Operational
Slow uptake of wind
energy by market
participants.
P=2
I=4
4
5
Technology risk – Technical failures,
either due to equipment failure or bad
installation, can lead to poor public
image and loss of confidence. The
operating conditions, in particular heat,
dust, and humidity (on the Red Sea
Coast), represent a challenging
environment for wind farm equipment
and thus a risk which will be mitigated
through selection of equipment for
these conditions.
Financial Risks – The Government can
be slow to adopt incentives to
promote industries. This reflects in
part the slow pace of policy reform
and decision-making in Sudan.
Generating the funds for capitalintensive wind farms or for an
expensive feed-in tariff are challenges
for the Government.
In addition, the private sector can be
slow to react to incentives, particularly
in areas of unknown technology such
as wind power.
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Countermeasures /
Owner
Management response
energy and bring private
developers into the market.
There is considerable interest in Project Board
investment in Sudan, in particular
by countries in the region which
already have large agricultural
projects in Sudan. Investment in
infrastructure is seen as a means
to support their other
investments.
Operational
Lower than anticipated Consultants hired for the project
electricity output of the will be tasked with studying and
RE plants installed.
emphasising appropriate
technology for the ambient
P=2
environment.
I=3
Financial
Lack of financial
incentives and
subsidised electricity
will mean limited
incentive for the
widespread use of wind
power.
Co-financing already committed Government
guarantees a minimum level of
activity in wind energy during the
project years. Thereafter, the
benefits of wind energy should be
well demonstrated to encourage
Government action.
P=3
I=4
The fuel savings, per
kilowatt-hour, from fossil fuel
plants is comparable to the
generation cost of wind.
Therefore, the Government can
direct present resources spent on
fossil fuel to purchasing or
financing wind power. Sudan
Page 61
NA
Submitted,
updated by
Last
Update
Status
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
#
6
Description
Therefore, the long-term success of
the wind energy market will depend
on adoption of financial incentives by
the Government and the building of
capacity to support the private sector’s
reaction to these incentives.
Lack of adequate and reliable market
data to facilitate the monitoring of
project impacts and planning of further
policy measures.
Date
identified
Impact &
Probability
Countermeasures /
Management response
therefore has a financial incentive
to develop wind power.
Reduced information on
the reaction of the
market to the measures
implemented.
Close cooperation with the main
participants in the local wind
energy market and MWRE to
obtain the required data will be
emphasised.
Type
Operational
P=2
I=2
7
Inadequate and/or non-capacitated
human resources to successfully
implement the project and support the
mainstreaming of its results.
Operational
8
Adverse impacts on residents and
ecosystems (e.g. soaring birds) serve to
disrupt or delay wind farm
implementation.
Environmental Sufficiently severe
/ social risk impacts on local
communities or
ecosystems to disrupt
implementation or
jeopardise funding (e.g.
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Owner
Submitted,
updated by
Last
Update
Status
National
Project
Manager
(NPM)
Robust MRV arrangements will be
put in place, in particular for the
NAMA. GHG monitoring can allow
estimations of avoided costs (fuel
imports, avoided thermal
generation capacity, etc.) to be
derived with a fair degree of
accuracy.
Project not meeting the The project includes significant
stated targets.
capacity building and outreach
components to help overcome
this risk. The project will use the
P=1
individuals trained to implement
I=5
power plants under the project,
thereby providing immediate use
for the knowledge they have
acquired and providing them with
immediate income from it.
National
Project
Manager
(NPM)
This can be mitigated in part
Government
through collaboration with the
UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed
biodiversity project,
“Mainstreaming Conservation of
Migratory Soaring Birds into the
Page 62
N/A
N/A
#
9
10
Description
Climate Change Risk
Risk to settlements
Date
identified
Impact &
Countermeasures /
Probability
Management response
from international
Key Productive Sectors Along the
development banks and Rift Valley/Red Sea Flyway”.
donors).
A protocol will be developed to
P=2
reduce the avian strike risk.
I=3
Environmental A shift in wind patterns Consideration of long term wind
Risk
due to global warming patterns and expected shifts as a
could adversely affect consequence of warming should
the wind farms. A shift be taken into account when the
in rainfall causing less wind farms are planned.
flow on the Nile could
reduce hydro-power
making wind more
important
Type
Social Risk
Government
P=2
I=2
Wind farms may disturb Wind farms should only be sited Government
settlers by causing
on areas sufficiently far from
noise or light flicker.
populations to avoid disturbance.
P=1
I=2
UNDP Environmental Finance Services
Owner
Page 63
Submitted,
updated by
Last
Update
Status
8.2 Stakeholder involvement plan
Stakeholder
Role
Ministry of Water
Resources and Electricity
The principal role of MWRE is the implementation of Dongola wind farm
and to formulate policies, strategies and action plans for the supply of
electricity in Sudan, with a key focus on diversifying Sudan’s electricity
mix to include renewables. MWRE will be responsible for implementing
the proposed project.
Renewable Energy
Directorate, Ministry of
Petroleum
The Renewable Energy Directorate is carrying out extensive wind
energy resource mapping along the Red Sea coast that will provide input
for the future development of wind farms in the Red Sea region.
Higher Council for
Environment and Natural
Resources (HCENR)
As the Government Project Coordinator for climate change under the
UNFCCC, HCENR is responsible for coordinating National
Communications, the development of Climate Change Action Plans,
NAPAs, Technology Needs Assessments and NAMAs. As the focal point
for UNFCCC, HCENR is the official Government entity responsible for
NAMAs. A study recently completed by HCENR that recommends wind
energy being developed as a NAMA. Accompanying the development of
NAMAs, HCENR has a specific plan to develop a Low Emission
Development Strategy for Sudan as an umbrella structure for NAMAs.
Further, HCENR is the Designated National Authority (DNA) and is
central to carbon finance activities in Sudan. HCENR is also responsible
for assessing EIAs and SIAs for wind farm developments in Sudan in
accordance with the Environment Protection Act.
National Energy
Research Centre (under
the Ministry of Science
and Technology)
NERC is the primary institute at the national level for conducting
research on renewables in Sudan, as well as pilot project
implementation. NERC is also involved in all climate change-related
studies that are completed under the UNFCCC.
Ministry of Environment,
Forestry and Physical
Development (MEFPD)
The Under-Secretary of MEFPD is the GEF Operational Focal Point.
HCENR is a part of the MEFPD.
64
8.3 Terms of Reference for Project Personnel
Project Board
Duties and responsibilities:
The Project Board (PB) is the main body to supervise the project implementation in accordance with UNDP
rules and regulations and referring to the specific objectives and the outcomes of the project with their
agreed performance indicators.
The main functions of the PB are:







General monitoring of project progress in meeting its objectives and outcomes and ensuring that
they continue to be in line with national development objectives;
Facilitating the co-operation between the different Government entities, whose inputs are required
for successful implementation of the project, ensuring access to the required information and
resolving eventual conflict situations raising during the project implementation when trying to meet
its outcomes and stated targets;
Supporting the elaboration, processing and adoption of the required institutional, legal and
regulatory changes to support the project objectives and overcoming of related barriers;
Facilitating and supporting other measures to minimize the identified risks to project success,
remove bottlenecks and resolve eventual conflicts;
Approval of the annual work plans and progress reports, the first plan being prepared at the outset
of project implementation;
Approval of the project management arrangements; and
Approval of any amendments to be made in the project strategy that may arise due to changing
circumstances, after careful analysis and discussion of the ways to solve problems.
PB Structure and Reimbursement of Costs
The PB will be chaired by MWRE. The PB will include representatives from UNDP, the key Ministries, Agencies
involved in the project and, as applicable, representatives of the project’s other co-financing partners and a
representative from the Sudanese Businessmen and Employers Federation.
The costs of the PB’s work shall be considered as the Government’s or other project partners’ voluntary inkind contribution to the project and shall not be paid separately by the project. Members of the PB are also
not eligible to receive any monetary compensation from their work as experts or advisers to the project.
Meetings
It is suggested that the PB will meet at least once a year, including the annual Tripartite Review (TPR) meeting.
A tentative schedule of the PB meetings will be agreed as a part of the annual work plans, and all
representatives of the PB should be notified again in writing 14 days prior to the agreed date of the meeting.
The meeting will be organized provided that the executing agency, UNDP and at least 2/3 of the other
members of the PB can confirm their attendance. The project manager shall distribute all materials associated
with the meeting agenda at least 5 working days in prior to the meeting.
65
Government Project Coordinator
As a representative of the Government and the project’s executing agency, the Government Project
Coordinator has the main responsibility to ensure that the project is executed in accordance with the Project
Document and the UNDP guidelines for nationally executed projects.
His/her main duties and responsibilities include:
 Coordinate and guide the work of the Project Manager with the work of the national implementing
agency through meetings at regular intervals to receive project progress reports and provide
guidance on policy issues;
 Certifying the annual and, as applicable, quarterly work plans, financial reports, and ensuring their
accuracy and consistency with the project document and its agreed amendments;
 Taking the lead in developing linkages with the relevant authorities at national, provincial and
governmental level and supporting the project in resolving any institutional- or policy-related
conflicts that may emerge during its implementation.
Project technical committee (PTC)
The technical committee is an advisory body supporting the project management unit to implement the
project document on a scientific and knowledge based manner. It represent a think-tank for the project
implementation. The Technical Committee is responsible for all aspects of the technical specifications and
processes. This includes:





Provide guidance and advices on implementation of technical specifications during implementation
of the PRODOC.
Define specification change proposals and propose actions for the project managers (acceptance,
rejection, and conditional acceptance);
The PTC provides an open forum for professional discussion of issues and items related to grid
connected wind power generation;
Work on technical problems arise during the installation and operation of the wind farm;
To discuss specific technology or grid requirements for interconnection and interoperability;
PTC Structure and Reimbursement of Costs
The PTC is formed from persons with technical knowledge and scientific capabilities in both wind energy and
electrical power generation from relevant universities’ professors, private sector, national consultants and
international consultants.
The costs of the PTC’s work shall also be considered as the Government’s or other project partners’ voluntary
in-kind contribution to the project and shall not be paid separately by the project. However, specific technical
operations required to be undertaken by the PTC such as testing, measurements, analysis and modeling as
requested by the project manager are to be paid for by the project.
PTC meetings
The meetings or the PTC is proposed to take place on quarterly basis during the first year of the
implementation and then for the succeeding years the meeting will held on biannual basis. The project
manager also can request the PTC to summon to discuss urgent technical issues. The PTC reports all its
activities to the project manager.
66
Project Manager (full-time)
Duties and responsibilities:
Operational project management in accordance with the Project Document and the UNDP guidelines and
procedures for nationally implemented projects, including:







General coordination, management and supervision of project implementation;
Managing the procurement and the project budget under the supervision of UNDP to assure timely
involvement of local and international experts, organisation of training and public outreach, purchase
of required equipment etc. in accordance with UNDP rules and procedures;
Submission of annual Project Implementation Reviews and other required progress reports (such
QPRs) to the PB, Executing Agency and the UNDP in accordance with the section “Monitoring and
Evaluation” of the Project Document;
Ensuring effective dissemination of, and access to, information on project activities and results,
(including a regularly updated project website);
Supervising and coordinating the contracts of the experts working for the project;
As applicable, communicating with the project’s international partners and attracting additional
financing in order to fulfill the project objectives; and
Ensuring otherwise successful completion of the project in accordance with the stated outcomes and
performance indicators summarized in the project’s log frame matrix and within the planned
schedule and budget.
Expected Qualifications:
 Advanced university degree and at least 6 years of professional experience or university degree with
8 years of professional experience in the specific areas the project is dealing with, such as wind farms,
wind development and wind resource assessment, including solid knowledge of international
renewable energy experiences, state-of-the-art approaches, and best practices in catalysing the
renewable energy market (by applying different policy measures, new financing mechanisms, etc.)
 Experience in managing projects of similar complexity and nature, including demonstrated capacity
to actively explore new, innovative implementation and financing mechanisms to achieve the project
objective;
 Demonstrated experience and success in the engagement of, and working with, the private sector
and NGOs, creating partnerships and leveraging financing for activities of common interest;
 Good analytical and problem-solving skills and the related ability to adaptively manage with prompt
action on the conclusion and recommendations coming out from the project’s regular monitoring
and self-assessment activities as well as from periodic external evaluations;
 Ability and demonstrated success to work in a team, to effectively organise it, and to motivate its
members and other project counterparts to effectively work towards the project’s objective and
expected outcomes;
 Good communication skills and competence in handling project’s external relations at all levels;
 Fluent/good knowledge of the Arabic and English languages;
 Experience in developing countries, and preferably in North Africa; and
 Familiarity and prior experience with UNDP is considered an asset.
67
Project Administrative Associate (full-time)
Duties and responsibilities:
Supporting the project manager in the implementation of the project, including:






Responsibility for logistics and administrative support of project implementation, including
administrative management of the project budget, required procurement support, etc.
Maintaining up to date business and financial documentation, in accordance with UNDP and other
project reporting requirements;
Organising meetings, business correspondence and other communications with the project partners;
Supporting the project outreach and PR activities in general, including keeping the project web-site
up to date;
Managing the projects files and supporting the project manager in preparing the required financial
and other reports required for monitoring and supervision of the project progress;
Supporting the project manager in managing contracts, in organizing correspondence and in ensuring
effective implementation of the project otherwise.
Expected Qualifications:
 Fluent/good knowledge of the Arabic and English languages.
 Demonstrated experience and success of work in a similar position
 Experience working in developing countries, preferably Sudan.
 Good administration and interpersonal skills.
 Ability to work effectively under pressure.
 Good computer skills.
National Project Engineers (3 outposted by MWRE)
IT, mechanical and electrical engineers will be outposted by the MWRE to the project management unit and
provide the project manager with the technical data to share with the Grid Control Centre. The project
engineers work together to undertake the following responsibilities:





Monitor and analyses wind data
Monitor and analyses the power output, ramp rates, frequency control and voltage control.
Write technical reports on the performance of the wind farm.
Modeling of the wind farms in other sites like Red Sea.
Participates in training and exchange of knowledge between the different stakeholders involved in
the project.
Qualifications:





Fluent/good knowledge of the Arabic and English languages.
Abilities to analyse and present high volume of data on-line accurately and in easy to understand
way.
Demonstrate abilities to detail with a high degree of accuracy the wind and power performance data.
Abilities to perform routine, repetitive tasks accurately.
Abilities to maintain records and files for easy access and retrieval.
68
8.4 GHG Reduction Calculations
Direct GHG Emission Reductions
The calculation is presented in three steps:
1- Calculation of an emissions factor for electricity displaced by project electricity
2- Calculation of the electricity generated by the project, according to GEF Guidelines
3- Calculation of GHG emissions avoided
At each step, the most conservative assumptions are used.
Step 1:
The weighted average grid emission factor in Sudan for operational plants and expected plants is 0.305
tonnes CO2/MWh.40
Step 2:
The Dongola wind farm lifespan is calculated as being 20 years, in accordance with GEF guidelines. The annual
net energy production is taken as 300,917 MWh/year. 41
Step 3:
Multiplying the average grid emission factor by the calculated energy generated from wind energy as a result
of the project, the avoided greenhouse gas emissions over 20 years are 1,835,600 tonnes CO2.
The Dongola wind farm would be constructed in the baseline, even without GEF assistance. However, the
UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project will enhance operation of the wind farm (through amendment of
wind farm specifications; supervision of construction; and training for MWRE staff on project implementation
and management, operational best practices and monitoring, and maintaining turbine blade efficiency in a
dusty climate) and will enhance the ability of the wind farm to supply reliable electricity to the grid (through
a grid study and assessment of interconnection equipment and grid interface electronics).
Conservatively, the GEF ‘causality’ for the emission reductions associated with Dongola wind farm is assessed
to be 40% (“The GEF contribution is modest, and substantial emission reductions can be attributed to the
baseline”). Therefore, the direct emission reductions arising from Dongola wind farm are calculated as:
0.4 x 1,835,600 tCO2 = 734,200 tCO2.
Indirect GHG Emission Reductions
Top-down analysis:
Given that the project deals with a limited number of known wind farms instead of a large number of small
power sources (as is the case with PV, for example), a bottom-up approach is more appropriate for calculation
of indirect emissions.
Bottom-up analysis:
40
41
100 MW Wind Power Project – Dongola Project Design Document.
Lahmayer International (2011), Feasibility Study Report: 100 MW Dongola Wind Farm.
69
The GEF guidelines provide a formula for bottom-up emissions assessment as:
CO2 indirect BU = CO2 direct * RF
where RF is a Replication Factor. The replication factor for this project is 2.2, as 220 MW of wind farms are
intended beyond the 100 MW Dongola wind farm that is included as part of the project. The energy
production from these wind farms is estimated at 428,400 MWh/year, based on the wind resource available
at the proposed sites.42,43
The associated greenhouse gas reductions in the 10 year post-project period are therefore:
428,400 MWh/year × 0.305 tonnes CO2/MWh × 10 years = 1,306,620 tonnes CO2.
Applying a 40% causality factor (with similar reasoning as for the direct emission reductions), the indirect
emission reductions are estimated as:
0.4 x 1,306,620 tCO2 = 522,648 tCO2.
8.5 Consideration of Bird Migration and Ecological Impacts
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the 100 MW Dongola Wind Farm does not indicate that
an ornithological assessment has been undertaken. It does indicate that 50 bird species have been recorded
there, though it does not mention 3 of the 4 threatened species which could be expected to be there based
on sensitivity mapping. Three of the threatened species highlighted in the Migratory Soaring Birds Tool
sensitivity map as potentially occurring – the Lappet-Faced Vulture, Egyptian Vulture and Eastern Imperial
Eagle – are also of high vulnerability to collision with wind farms.
The ESIA report further states that “a bird survey in one of the migration seasons (a 15-day survey between
March and May or August and October )” should be undertaken during construction”. But this would be at
too late a juncture to apply mitigation or micro-siting readjustment to consider any possible action arising
out of this survey.
As part of the project preparation phase for the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed project, a preliminary
assessment of the potential impact of the Dongola wind farm on species in the region was performed.
The assessment relied on a site visit by Mr. Marcus Kohler of Bird Life International, and on the use of the
Migratory Soaring Birds Tool (MSB Tool) developed as part of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed
Migratory Soaring Birds project. The tool is intended as a source of preliminary site-scale information to be
accessed at the earliest stages of the development planning process. It is designed to inform and complement
subsequent Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and is considered a complement, not an alternative,
to detailed, on-the-ground evaluations.
42
43
Lahmayer International (2011, Feasibility Study Report: 20 MW Nyala Wind Farm.
Lahmayer International (2011), Feasibility Study Report: 180 MW Red Sea Wind Farm.
70
The site visit did not reveal that the site is of high ecological importance. There were no significant wildlife
observations during the period spent on-site. Mr. Kohler did recommend that appropriate ornithological
surveys be undertaken. The MSB Tool presents information on 83 species of migratory soaring bird that occur
across the Middle East and north-east Africa. Although this is a group of species at particular risk of collision
with turbines, it is obviously important that wind developers consider all the biodiversity impacts associated
with a project. It is recommended that in further assessments carried out as part of the project, the
Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) be used in addition to site surveying as the most
authoritative source of wider biodiversity information.
The MSB Tool presents information from a number of sources, primarily Important Bird and Biodiversity
Areas (IBAs). However, it should be noted that Sudan is an especially data-poor country. The information
currently available for the Dongola project areas is limited. A search at Dongola (20km radius) produces only
seven satellite tracking records for White Stork and a forecast that 16 species of soaring birds may potentially
occur within the area, as shown in Figures 14 and 15 of this Project Document, and the screen capture from
the MSB Tool below. They show the results of a single point search (buffered to 20km), centred on Dongola
town (Decimal degrees—LON: 30.48, LAT: 19.167).
The assessment places the site in the unknown sensitivity category. However, this does not mean that the
site is necessarily of no importance for soaring birds. It simply indicates that this area has not been subject
to any systematic avian surveys. This is expected as very little ornithological research has been undertaken
in this part of Sudan. The ornithological surveys to be conducted as part of the UNDP-implemented, GEFfinanced project will be valuable not only to the Dongola project, but also to contributing to the MSB Tool
database.
Despite the limited data available for this region, the assessment does include some useful information. For
instance, it shows that seven satellite tagged White Stork have passed through the site. Although this is a
relatively small number, only a tiny fraction of the world’s White Stork have been fitted with satellite
transmitters, so this could signify a far greater movement of this species through the area – perhaps involving
hundreds of birds. If the assessment buffer is increased to 50 km than the site intersects with 23 white Stork
tracks and one Peregrine Falcon track.
The assessment also shows that the known ranges of a number of globally-threatened species with high
inherent vulnerability to collision (SVI scores) could potentially occur in the area. These include declining
species such as the Lappet-faced Vulture, Saker Falcon and Eastern Imperial Eagle.
It is important to note that the tool only deals with soaring bird species and the Dongola site should also be
assessed in terms of other vulnerable taxonomic group, both avian (e.g. bustards) and non-avian (e.g. bats).
A more detailed ornithological survey will be carried out as part of the UNDP-implemented, GEF-financed
project.
71
72
8.6 Environmental and Social Safeguards
73
74
75
76
8.7 Letters of Co-financing
HCENR Letter of Co-Financing
77
Ministry of Petroleum Letter of Co-Financing
78
Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity Letter of Co-Financing
79
National Energy Research Centre Letter of Co-Financing
80
UNDP Letter of Co-Financing
81
Annex 1: Signature Page
Country: Sudan
UNDAF Outcome: Government and stakeholders have evidence-based policies, strategic plans and mechanisms to
ensure an enabling environment for improved basic services; and people in Sudan, with special emphasis on populations
in need, have access to equitable and sustainable quality basic services.
CPAP Outcome: Populations vulnerable to environmental risks and climate change become more resilient and relevant
institutions are more effective in the management of natural resources.
CPAP Output: Investment in green energy and access by needy communities to sustainable energy improved.
Executing Entity/Implementing Partner: Ministry of Water Resources & Electricity
Total resources required

Total allocated resources:
o GEF
o Government (cash)
o Government (in-kind)
o UNDP
US$ 217,486,364
Programme Period:
2014-2019
US$ 3,536,364
US$ 213,250,000
US$ 450,000
US$ 250,000
Atlas Award ID:
Project ID:
PIMS #
00080570
00090222
4726
Start date:
End Date
Sept 1, 2014
Sept 1, 2019
Management Arrangements
PAC Meeting Date
NIM
Sept 2, /2014
Agreed by (Government):
NAME
SIGNATURE
Date/Month/Year
Agreed by (Executing Entity/Implementing Partner):
NAME
SIGNATURE
Date/Month/Year
SIGNATURE
Date/Month/Year
Agreed by (UNDP):
NAME
82