COMMONWEALTH ASSOCATION FOR EDUCATION,
ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
ISSN NO 2322-0147
VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
MAY 2014
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS
OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG RURAL AND URBAN
HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS
INDEXED WITH PARIS, DAIS.NET, DRJI, WORLDCAT, EBSCO-USA, J-GATE
(EDITOR-IN-CHIEF)
DR MUJIBUL HASAN SIDDIQUI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,
ALIGARH-202002,
UTTAR PRADESH,
INDIA
website: www.ocwjournalonline.com
Excellence International Journal of Education and
Research (Multi- subject journal)
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
ISSN 2322-0147
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF JOB
SATISFACTION AMONG RURAL AND URBAN HIGH SCHOOL
TEACHERS
By
Dr.P.K. Naik
Prof & HOD (Education),Dean of Arts
Dr. C.V.Raman University,Kota Bilaspur
Ms.Pragya Yadav
Ph.D.Scholar (Education)
Dr. C.V.Raman University,Kota Bilaspur
ABSTRACT
Job satisfaction is workers’ positive emotional expressions towards
their jobs and work experience. An individual joins an organization with certain
expectations and when these expectations come true the individual becomes
pleased with his/her organization and his/her job, and this increases his/her
efficiency and performance .Researches on teachers’ job satisfaction levels
barely have overlapping results. The main objective of the topic is to find out
the differences between different dimension of job satisfaction among rural and
urban schools teachers. A sample size of 60 teachers was selected and taken up
for the study. A job satisfaction scale by Dr. Meera Dixit is used for the study. It
is found that there is there is significant mean difference in the intrinsic aspect
dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers. And
there is significant mean difference in the salary, service conditions and
promotion dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school
teachers. But there is no significant mean difference in the physical facilities
dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
Key Words-Job Satisfaction, Different Dimension of Job Satisfaction, Rural
and Urban Area.
INTRODUCTION:-Satisfaction is an essential factor in any profession. Unless a man is
satisfied with his job, it is very difficult for him to carry on his duties honestly and efficiently.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 853
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
ISSN 2322-0147
Job satisfaction is the result of various attitudes of an employee towards his job. These
attitudes are related with specific factors such as salary, service conditions, advancement
opportunities and other benefits. In case of job satisfaction of teachers, there are certain other
factors also, which are important such as intrinsic aspect and rapport with students etc. No
job is well done unless the doer is well satisfied in doing it. Unless he finds satisfaction in his
job he will not put all his heart into it and the result will show. Therefore, for best results, a
person has to achieve complete satisfaction in doing his job. Job dissatisfaction among
teachers causes them trouble in adjusting well with their associates, family, students, etc. If
they are satisfied in their profession, they would yield better outcomes in terms of students,
shapes the student mind and slowly nurtures them under his guidance to become a balanced,
well rounded personality who will contribute for the growth and development of the society.
Since the teacher is endowed with such an important responsibility it is vital that he/she can
give his/her best to shape the future society.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY—The traditional modal of job satisfaction is that it
consists of the total body of feeling about the nature of the job, promotion prospects, nature
of supervision and so on that an individual has about his job. If the sum total of influence of
these factors gives rise to feeling of satisfaction, the individual has job satisfaction. On the
other hand, if on the whole they give rise to feeling of dissatisfaction, the individual is
dissatisfied. Changing any one of the these influences will lead in the direction of job
satisfaction or dissatisfaction depending upon the nature of change. Therefore it is essential to
study the different dimensions of job satisfaction. In the above mention area some studies
conducted both in India and Abroad.Karugu’s(1981) study indicated that the Kenyen
educators identified job security, sense of building the nation, chance to continue learning,
love of jobs, love for children, extra-curricular activities, and communication with
teachers,parents,and pupils as the most satisfying job factors in their current positions and
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 854
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
ISSN 2322-0147
also as the factors which cause them to retain their positions.Anjaneyulu(1968) found that
inadequate salary was one of the most common causes for dissatisfaction among school
teachers. The above review reveals that no study has been undertaken so far to find the
difference among different dimension of job satisfaction of rural and urban area. Therefore
following problem statement was specifically framed for this study.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:“A comparative study on different dimensions of job satisfaction among rural and
urban high school teachers.”
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:The objectives of the study are as follows:1.
To study the significant mean difference in the intrinsic aspect dimension of job
satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
2.
To study the significant mean difference in the salary, service conditions and
promotion dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
3.
To study the significant mean difference in the physical facilities dimension of job
satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:Following hypotheses are required to be verified:-
1.
There exists no significant mean difference in the intrinsic aspect dimension of job
satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
2.
There exists no significant mean difference in the salary, service conditions and
promotion dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 855
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
3.
ISSN 2322-0147
There exists no significant mean difference in the physical facilities dimension of job
satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
AREA AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:The present study is a survey work. Delimitations are the boundaries of the study,
keeping in view the shortage of time and resources, the area of the study are limited.
1. The study is confined to Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh State only.
2. The study is limited to sample size of 60 teachers from the selected High schools situated
in Rural area and Urban area of Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh State.
3. The study is limited to study the different dimensions of job satisfaction among rural and
urban high school teachers.
SAMPLE:In this study, the researcher has adopted following methods of sampling for schools
and teachers.
(1) For schools - Deliberate Sampling method
(2) For teachers - Simple Random Sampling method
In this study, the researcher has selected 60 teachers from the selected High
schools situated in Rural area and Urban area of Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh
State. These teachers were selected randomly giving an equal chance of inclusion for
every teacher.
TOOL USED:In the present study the following tool has been used
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 856
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
ISSN 2322-0147
“Teacher’s Job Satisfaction Scale by Dr. Meera Dixit.”
DATA COLLECTION:Data was collected individually. The scoring of responses was done in accordance
with the scoring key given in the manual. Statistical treatment of obtained data was done to
test significance of each hypothesis.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:HO-1. There exists no significant mean difference in the intrinsic aspect dimension
of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
Table-1
Category.
N
Mean
SD
Rural
Teachers
30 19.00
4.58
Urban
Teachers
30 25.17
SED
0.05=2.00
1.2
4.74
t-test
Significance
df
Interpretation
Value
Level
5.14
58
HO -1
Rejected
0.01=2.66
Interpretation
The above table shows that, the obtained ‘t’ value i.e. 5.14 is more than the table
value with df - 58 at .05 level i.e.2.00 and .01 level i.e. 2.66.It means rural and urban
high school teachers differ significantly in the intrinsic aspect dimension of job
satisfaction. Hence the Hypotheses No-1” There exists no significant mean difference
in the intrinsic aspect dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school
teachers.” is Rejected.
Result
It has been found that, there is significant mean difference in the intrinsic aspect
dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 857
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
ISSN 2322-0147
HO-2. There exists no significant mean difference in the salary, service conditions and
promotion dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
Table-2
Category.
N
Mean SD
Rural
Teachers
30 24.17
Urban
Teachers
30 28.17
SED
t-test
Significance
df
Interpretation
Value
Level
6.0
0.05=2.00
1.43 2.79
5.1
58
HO -2
Rejected
0.01=2.66
Interpretation
The above table shows that, the obtained ‘t’ value i.e. 2.79 is more than the table
value with df - 58 at .05 level i.e.2.00 and .01 level i.e. 2.66.It means rural and urban
high school teachers differ significantly in the salary, service conditions and
promotion dimension of job satisfaction. Hence the Hypotheses No-2” There exists no
significant mean difference in the salary, service conditions and promotion dimension
of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.” is Rejected.
Result
It has been found that, there is significant mean difference in the salary, service
conditions and promotion dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high
school teachers.
HO-3. There exists no significant mean difference in the physical facilities dimension of job
satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 858
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
ISSN 2322-0147
Table-3
Category.
N
Mean
SD
Rural
Teachers
30 28.17
6.53
Urban
Teachers
30 29.17
SED
t-test
Significance
df
Interpretation
Value
Level
0.05=2.00
1.85 0.54
7.81
58
HO -3
Accepted
0.01=2.66
Interpretation
The above table shows that, the obtained ‘t’ value i.e. 0.54 is less than the table value
with df - 58 at .05 level i.e.2.00 and .01 level i.e. 2.66.It means rural and urban high
school teachers do not differ significantly in the physical facilities dimension of job
satisfaction. Hence the Hypotheses No-3” There exists no significant mean difference
in the physical facilities dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high
school teachers.” is Accepted.
Result
It has been found that, there is no significant mean difference in the physical facilities
dimension of job satisfaction among rural and urban high school teachers.
SUGGESTIONS:The investigator’s work is complete only when some positive suggestions are put
forth after the analysis of the problem.
The following suggestions are worth mentioning to strengthen the findings
obtained:
I.
For Teachers:(1)
Teachers should be actively interested in building a congenial environment in
the school.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 859
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
(2)
ISSN 2322-0147
They should try to sort out the exact cause of job –dissatisfaction and solve the
problems by a mutual discussion with the management.
(3)
Teachers should consider their profession as a service to the society rather
than a wage earner.
(4)
Teachers should constantly try to improve themselves with the latest
developments in the educational field.
(5)
Teachers should realize that satisfaction is an attitude of mind. They should try
and find ways to establish peace of mind.
(6)
If they find difficulty in adjustment with the co-staff and other members of the
institution, they should feel free to discuss it with the higher authorities of the
institute.
(II) For school Management committee:(1)
The management should see that a proper congenial environment should be
provided to the teachers.
(2)
They should arrange for in house teacher training program for the teachers.
(3)
They should arrange for open discussion symposiums etc. for teachers to
express their opinion.
(4)
There should be a constant effort by the management to maintain harmonious
relationship among the teachers and the management and also among the
teachers.
(5)
There should not be discrimination among the teachers in any case with regard
to salary, work distribution or sharing of responsibilities.
(6)
The management should constantly keep a watch on causes that result in
dissatisfaction, stress and mal-adjustment among the teachers. Steps should be
taken immediately to remove irritant factors.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 860
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
ISSN 2322-0147
FOLLOW UP STUDIES:1.
Comparative study of job satisfaction of primary and
secondary teachers.
2.
Comparative study of job satisfaction of rural and urban
secondary school teachers.
3.
Comparative study of job satisfaction of English medium and
Urdu medium secondary school teachers.
4.
Study the attitude of teachers in relation to sex and locality
towards the different dimensions of job satisfaction.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Aggarwal, Y.P.-Statistical Method(1988)- Concept, Applications And Computation,
Sterling Publishers Private Limited, Green Park Extension, New Delhi, 1988.
2.
Aggarwal, Y.P. and Mangala,S. (1988) –Research In Emerging Fields Of Education,
Sterling Publishers Private Limited, L-10,Green Park Extension, New Delhi, 1988.
3.
Best, J.W. & Khan J.V. (2008) – Research In Education, New Delhi, PrenticeHall,2008.
4.
Chang, Dianfu(1990) – A Study Of Teacher Commitment And Performance In The
Public Junior High Schools Of Tiwan Columbia University Teachers College 1990. In
Dissertation Abstract International April- 1991.
5.
Garrett, H.E. and Woodworth, R.S. (1985) – Statistics In Psychology And Education,
Vakils, Fetter And Simons Ltd. Bombay (India)-1985.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 861
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 5
6.
ISSN 2322-0147
Guilford, J.P. & Fruchter, B. (1974) – Fundamental Statistics in Psychology
&Education, New York, McGraw Hill, 1974.
7.
Hessamy Gholamreza & Kheiri Saeed (2013), The Relationship between Job
Satisfaction of Iranian English Teachers and their Students’ Achievement:Study in
English
Language
Teaching.ISSN
2329-
311X,vol.1,No.2,www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/selt.
8.
Koul,
L.
(1998)-
Methodology
of
Educational
Research,
New
Delhi,
VikasPublication,1998.
9.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial
and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1297-1343).
10.
Muhammed zia Ur Rehman, M. R. (2010). Effect of job rewards on job satisfaction,
moderating role of age differences: An empirical evidence from Pakistan. African Journal
of Business Management , 4((6)), 1131-1139.
11.
Mukharjee, Kartick C.(1971) “A comparative study of some Educational
Problems.” – 1971.
12.
Musgrave, P. W.(1971)“The sociology of Education”- 1971.
13.
McNally, Chicago: IL.Ostroff, C. (1992). The Relationship Between Satisfaction,
Attitudes, and Performance: An Organizational Level Analysis. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 77, 963-974.
14.
Manoharan and Sundaram, M.A., 2003, Certain school variables as related to
classroom climate and teacher’s teaching effectiveness as perceived by higher secondary
students. Journal of Educational Research and Extension, 40 (1) : 1-6.
15.
Newman, John E.(1978) Personal and Organisational Strategies for handling
job-stress: A Review of Research and opinion, Personal Psychology, 1978, p. 1-14.
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research (Multi-subject journal)
Page 862