2. Scenarios modelling and system boundary
This section provides additional information with respect to the modelling and system boundary of
the investigated scenarios. Keeping in mind that the 4 scenarios are (CHP: combined-heat-andpower):
I.
Production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-for-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-forcombustion (CHP)
II.
Production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-for-animal feeding, and solid biofuel-forcombustion (CHP)
III.
Production of biogas-for-transport, and solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP)
IV.
Production of biogas-for-CHP, and solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP)
Keeping in mind that, based on their alternative management scenario (“lost opportunity”), the
biomass residues considered can be grouped as:
1. Straw, grass decaying on-field (with associated carbon/nutrient sequestration)
2. brewer’s grain, beet top, bet pulp, potato pulp and beet molasses  Animal feeding
The boundary conditions for group 1 are exemplified for the case of straw in:
o Figure 2 (main manuscript)  boundary conditions for scenario II
The boundary conditions for group 2 are exemplified for the case of brewer’s grain in:
o Figure S1 boundary conditions for scenario I
o Figure S2 boundary conditions for scenario II
o Figure S3 boundary conditions for scenario III
o Figure S4 boundary conditions for scenario IV
o Figure S5 boundary conditions for scenario I under sensitivity S1 assumptions
These key examples were chosen because the only boundary difference between group 1 and 2 is
the alternative management (use) of the biomass. The only difference between baseline and
sensitivity S1 is that in the baseline we do not include savings associated with manure-energy and
avoided manure-storage (i.e., this equals assuming that the manure would be digested anyway). For
the remaining biomasses and baseline scenarios, all the detailed mass/energy/nutrients flows can be
found in Table S28, while substitution of mineral fertilizers can be found in Table S30. Note that
only relevant flows are reported and values are rounded to two significant digits. Note also that,
electricity/heat produced are net values (i.e., plants parasitic/internal consumptions have been
subtracted). Induced flows are marked in black (continuous) whereas avoided flows are marked in
S4
grey (dotted). The loop symbol indicates that the “soybean loop” described in Appendix S3 was
applied to calculate the values displayed. Flows are calculated per 1 t ww biomass.
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
Chemicals, water,
enzymes, yeast
250 (±110) MWh coal
Electricity
production
660 (±400) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
120 (±22) kg DM solid
fraction
Drying
130 (±25) kg solid biofuel
(LHVwb=13 (±2.9) MJ/kg)
Combustion
CHP
1000 kg brewer g. Pre-treatment
Hydrolysis
(260 (±18) kg DM)
Fermentation
Distillation
Separation
610 (±160) MJ
bioethanol
110 (±21) kg DM molasses
Anaerobic
digestion
210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins
Raw pig 4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM)
manure*
4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM)
Anaerobic
digestion*
4400 (±600) MJ
Combustion
CHP
Coal
extraction*
Natural gas
extraction*
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
1900 (±590) MJth
510 (±140) kWhel
190 (±37) kg DM digestate
26 (±4.5) kg N
5.7 (±1.0) kg P
13 (±2.5) kg K
2800 (±700) MJ
1000 (±320) MJth
330 (±83) kWhel
Combustion
CHP*
110 (±11) kg DM digestate
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use*
600 (±360) MJth
93 (±41) kWhel
23 (±4.5) kg N
5.1 (±1.0) kg P
13 (±2.5) kg K
17 (±3.3) kg Urea-N, 3.5 (±0.6) kg P2O5-P, 9.4 (±1.8) kg K2O-K
870 (±220) kWh coal
1110 (±350) MJ natural gas
19 (±3.5) kg Urea-N, 4.0 (±0.7) kg P2O5-P, 11 (±1.9) kg K2O-K
1400 (±370) kWh coal
Electricity
production
2100 (±650) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
610 (±160) MJ oil
Gasoline
production
Oil extraction
640 (±160) MJ gasoline
Animal
feeding
210 (±19) SFU
58 (±14) kg prot.
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
670 (±30) m2
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
150 (±84) m2
150 (±36) kg SB
110 (±25) kg PF
Cultivation
55 (±31) kg maize
Cutlivation
Protein-feed
production
Energy-feed
production
130 (±29) kg soymeal
3.0 (±1) kg palmeal
55 (±31) kg maize
Figure S1. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario I: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-forbiogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure management. CHP:
combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean.
S5
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
Chemicals, water,
enzymes, yeast
250 (±110) MWh coal
Electricity
production
660 (±400) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
120 (±22) kg DM solid fraction
Drying
130 (±25) kg solid biofuel
(LHVwb=13 (±2.9) MJ/kg)
Combustion
CHP
210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins
1000 kg brewer g. Pre-treatment
(260 (±5.7) kg DM) Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Distillation
Separation
600 (±360) MJth
93 (±41) kWhel
610 (±160) MJ
bioethanol
110 (±21) kg DM molasses
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
220 (±48) m2
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
340 (±120) m2
Cultivation
130 (±26) SFU
19 (±4.4) kg prot
50 (±12) kg SB
35 (±8) kg PF
55 (±16) kg maize
Cultivation
610 (±160) MJ oil
Protein-feed
production
Energy-feed
production
55 (±16) kg maize
610 (±160) MJ gasoline
Gasoline
production
Oil extraction
42 (±10) kg soymeal
0.93 kg (±0.2) kg palmeal
Animal
feeding
210 (±19) SFU
58 (±14) kg prot
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
670 (±30) m2
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
150 (±84) m2
150 (±36) kg SB
110 (±25) kg PF
Cultivation
55 (±31) kg maize
Cultivation
Protein-feed
production
Energy-feed
production
130 (±29) kg soymeal
3.0 (±1) kg palmeal
55 (±31) kg maize
Figure S2. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario II: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-foranimals feeding, solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). CHP: combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int:
intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean.
S6
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
350 (±220) MWh coal
Electricity
production
120 (±110) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
510 (±260) MWh coal
Electricity
production
280 (±140) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
280 (±34) kg DM solid
fraction
Drying
310 (±93) kg solid biofuel
(LHVwb=8.5 (±2.5) MJ/kg)
250 (±130) MJth
190 (±97) kWhel
Combustion
CHP
Manure
fibers
1000 kg brewer g.
(260 (±18) kg DM) Pre-treatment
Digestion
Separation
9900 (±1600) MJ
Upgrading to
CH4
-110 (±100) MJth
130 (±84) kWhel
9900 (±1600) MJ
700 (±55) kg
(49 (±3.8) kg DM)
210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins
Raw pig
manure*
42 (±4.4) kg N
4.6 (±0.87) kg P
26 (±2.3) kg K
450 (±47) kg DM digestate
700 (±55) kg (49 (±3.8) kg DM)
Anaerobic
digestion*
6700 (±1000) MJ
Combustion
CHP*
380 (±21) kg DM digestate
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use*
36 (±3.7) kg N
4.1 (±0.85) kg P
26 (±2.2) kg K
27 (±2.9) kg Urea-N, 4.1 (±0.83) kg P2O5-P, 15 (±1.6) kg K2O-K
6700 (±1000) MJ
gasoline
6700 (±1000) MJ oil
Oil extraction*
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use
6700 (±1000) MJ
Oil extraction*
32 (±3.3) kg Urea-N, 4.6 (±0.86) kg P2O5-P, 17 (±1.8) kg K2O-K
9900 (±1600) MJ oil
Oil extraction
9900 (±1600) MJ gasoline
Gasoline
production
Animal
feeding
210 (±19) SFU
58 (±14) kg prot.
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
670 (±30) m2
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
150 (±84) m2
150 (±36) kg SB
110 (±25) kg PF
Cultivation
55 (±31) kg maize
Cultivation
Protein-feed
production
Energy-feed
production
130 (±29) kg soymeal
3.0 (±1) kg palmeal
55 (±31) kg maize
Figure S3. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario III: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molassesfor-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure management. CHP:
combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean.
S7
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
350 (±220) MWh coal
Electricity
production
120 (±110) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
510 (±260) MWh coal
Electricity
production
280 (±140) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
280 (±34) kg DM solid
fraction
Drying
310 (±93) kg solid biofuel
(LHVwb=8.5 (±2.5) MJ/kg)
250 (±130) MJth
190 (±97) kWhel
Combustion
CHP
Manure
fibers
1000 kg brewer g.
(260 (±18) kg DM) Pre-treatment
Digestion
Separation
9900 (±1600) MJ
Combustion
CHP
-110 (±100) MJth
130 (±84) kWhel
1100 (±200) MJth
4000 (±880) kWhel
700 (±55) kg
(49 (±3.8) kg DM)
210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins
Raw pig
manure*
42 (±4.4) kg N
4.6 (±0.87) kg P
26 (±2.3) kg K
450 (±47) kg DM digestate
700 (±55) kg (49 (±3.8) kg DM)
Anaerobic
digestion*
6700 (±1000) MJ
Combustion
CHP
380 (±21) kg DM digestate
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use*
Coal
extraction*
Natural gas
extraction*
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
36 (±3.7) kg N
4.1 (±0.85) kg P
26 (±2.2) kg K
27 (±2.9) kg Urea-N, 4.1 (±0.83) kg P2O5-P, 15 (±1.6) kg K2O-K
6400 (±1600) MWh coal
850 (±140) MJ natural gas
Electricity
production
Heat
production
32 (±3.3) kg Urea-N, 4.6 (±0.86) kg P2O5-P, 17 (±1.8) kg K2O-K
11000 (±2400) kWh coal
Electricity
production
1200 (±220) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
Animal
feeding
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
770 (±130) MJth
2400 (±580) kWhel
210 (±19) SFU
58 (±14) kg prot.
150 (±36) kg SB
110 (±25) kg PF
670 (±30) m2
Cultivation
150 (±84) m2
55 (±31) kg maize
Cultivation
Protein-feed
production
Energy-feed
production
130 (±29) kg soymeal
3.0 (±1) kg palmeal
55 (±31) kg maize
Figure S4. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario IV: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molassesfor-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure management. CHP:
combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean.
S8
Coal
extraction
Natural gas
extraction
Chemicals, water,
enzymes, yeast
250 (±110) MWh coal
Electricity
production
660 (±400) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
120 (±22) kg DM solid
fraction
Drying
130 (±25) kg solid biofuel
(LHVwb=13 (±2.9) MJ/kg)
Combustion
CHP
1000 kg brewer g. Pre-treatment
Hydrolysis
(260 (±18) kg DM)
Fermentation
Distillation
Separation
610 (±160) MJ
bioethanol
110 (±21) kg DM molasses
210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins
Raw pig
manure*
Anaerobic
digestion
4400 (±600) MJ
190 (±37) kg DM digestate
Storage &
use-on-land*
5100 (±970) kg (310 (±59) kg DM)
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use*
18 (±3.5) kg Urea-N, 3.7 (±0.7) kg P2O5-P, 9.9 (±2.0) kg K2O-K
Mineral
fertilizers prod.
& use
19 (±3.5) kg Urea-N, 4.0 (±0.7) kg P2O5-P, 11 (±1.9) kg K2O-K
Natural gas
extraction
Combustion
CHP
1900 (±590) MJth
510 (±140) kWhel
4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM)
4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM)
Coal
extraction
600 (±360) MJth
93 (±41) kWhel
1400 (±370) kWh coal
16 (±1.1) kg N
3.3 (±0.25) kg P
8.5 (±0.62) kg K
Electricity
production
2100 (±650) MJ natural gas
Heat
production
610 (±160) MJ oil
Gasoline
production
Oil extraction
26 (±4.5) kg N
5.7 (±1.0) kg P
13 (±2.5) kg K
610 (±160) MJ gasoline
Animal
feeding
210 (±19) SFU
58 (±14) kg prot.
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
670 (±30) m2
Land
occupation
(exp + int)
150 (±84) m2
150 (±36) kg SB
110 (±25) kg PF
Cultivation
55 (±31) kg maize
Cultivation
Protein-feed
production
Energy-feed
production
130 (±29) kg soymeal
3.0 (±1) kg palmeal
55 (±31) kg maize
Figure S5. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario I (sensitivity S1): production of bioethanol-fortransport, molasses-for-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure
management. CHP: combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean.
S9