2. Scenarios modelling and system boundary This section provides additional information with respect to the modelling and system boundary of the investigated scenarios. Keeping in mind that the 4 scenarios are (CHP: combined-heat-andpower): I. Production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-for-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-forcombustion (CHP) II. Production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-for-animal feeding, and solid biofuel-forcombustion (CHP) III. Production of biogas-for-transport, and solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP) IV. Production of biogas-for-CHP, and solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP) Keeping in mind that, based on their alternative management scenario (“lost opportunity”), the biomass residues considered can be grouped as: 1. Straw, grass decaying on-field (with associated carbon/nutrient sequestration) 2. brewer’s grain, beet top, bet pulp, potato pulp and beet molasses Animal feeding The boundary conditions for group 1 are exemplified for the case of straw in: o Figure 2 (main manuscript) boundary conditions for scenario II The boundary conditions for group 2 are exemplified for the case of brewer’s grain in: o Figure S1 boundary conditions for scenario I o Figure S2 boundary conditions for scenario II o Figure S3 boundary conditions for scenario III o Figure S4 boundary conditions for scenario IV o Figure S5 boundary conditions for scenario I under sensitivity S1 assumptions These key examples were chosen because the only boundary difference between group 1 and 2 is the alternative management (use) of the biomass. The only difference between baseline and sensitivity S1 is that in the baseline we do not include savings associated with manure-energy and avoided manure-storage (i.e., this equals assuming that the manure would be digested anyway). For the remaining biomasses and baseline scenarios, all the detailed mass/energy/nutrients flows can be found in Table S28, while substitution of mineral fertilizers can be found in Table S30. Note that only relevant flows are reported and values are rounded to two significant digits. Note also that, electricity/heat produced are net values (i.e., plants parasitic/internal consumptions have been subtracted). Induced flows are marked in black (continuous) whereas avoided flows are marked in S4 grey (dotted). The loop symbol indicates that the “soybean loop” described in Appendix S3 was applied to calculate the values displayed. Flows are calculated per 1 t ww biomass. Coal extraction Natural gas extraction Chemicals, water, enzymes, yeast 250 (±110) MWh coal Electricity production 660 (±400) MJ natural gas Heat production 120 (±22) kg DM solid fraction Drying 130 (±25) kg solid biofuel (LHVwb=13 (±2.9) MJ/kg) Combustion CHP 1000 kg brewer g. Pre-treatment Hydrolysis (260 (±18) kg DM) Fermentation Distillation Separation 610 (±160) MJ bioethanol 110 (±21) kg DM molasses Anaerobic digestion 210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins Raw pig 4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM) manure* 4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM) Anaerobic digestion* 4400 (±600) MJ Combustion CHP Coal extraction* Natural gas extraction* Mineral fertilizers prod. & use Coal extraction Natural gas extraction 1900 (±590) MJth 510 (±140) kWhel 190 (±37) kg DM digestate 26 (±4.5) kg N 5.7 (±1.0) kg P 13 (±2.5) kg K 2800 (±700) MJ 1000 (±320) MJth 330 (±83) kWhel Combustion CHP* 110 (±11) kg DM digestate Mineral fertilizers prod. & use* 600 (±360) MJth 93 (±41) kWhel 23 (±4.5) kg N 5.1 (±1.0) kg P 13 (±2.5) kg K 17 (±3.3) kg Urea-N, 3.5 (±0.6) kg P2O5-P, 9.4 (±1.8) kg K2O-K 870 (±220) kWh coal 1110 (±350) MJ natural gas 19 (±3.5) kg Urea-N, 4.0 (±0.7) kg P2O5-P, 11 (±1.9) kg K2O-K 1400 (±370) kWh coal Electricity production 2100 (±650) MJ natural gas Heat production 610 (±160) MJ oil Gasoline production Oil extraction 640 (±160) MJ gasoline Animal feeding 210 (±19) SFU 58 (±14) kg prot. Land occupation (exp + int) 670 (±30) m2 Land occupation (exp + int) 150 (±84) m2 150 (±36) kg SB 110 (±25) kg PF Cultivation 55 (±31) kg maize Cutlivation Protein-feed production Energy-feed production 130 (±29) kg soymeal 3.0 (±1) kg palmeal 55 (±31) kg maize Figure S1. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario I: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-forbiogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure management. CHP: combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean. S5 Coal extraction Natural gas extraction Chemicals, water, enzymes, yeast 250 (±110) MWh coal Electricity production 660 (±400) MJ natural gas Heat production 120 (±22) kg DM solid fraction Drying 130 (±25) kg solid biofuel (LHVwb=13 (±2.9) MJ/kg) Combustion CHP 210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins 1000 kg brewer g. Pre-treatment (260 (±5.7) kg DM) Hydrolysis Fermentation Distillation Separation 600 (±360) MJth 93 (±41) kWhel 610 (±160) MJ bioethanol 110 (±21) kg DM molasses Land occupation (exp + int) 220 (±48) m2 Land occupation (exp + int) 340 (±120) m2 Cultivation 130 (±26) SFU 19 (±4.4) kg prot 50 (±12) kg SB 35 (±8) kg PF 55 (±16) kg maize Cultivation 610 (±160) MJ oil Protein-feed production Energy-feed production 55 (±16) kg maize 610 (±160) MJ gasoline Gasoline production Oil extraction 42 (±10) kg soymeal 0.93 kg (±0.2) kg palmeal Animal feeding 210 (±19) SFU 58 (±14) kg prot Land occupation (exp + int) 670 (±30) m2 Land occupation (exp + int) 150 (±84) m2 150 (±36) kg SB 110 (±25) kg PF Cultivation 55 (±31) kg maize Cultivation Protein-feed production Energy-feed production 130 (±29) kg soymeal 3.0 (±1) kg palmeal 55 (±31) kg maize Figure S2. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario II: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molasses-foranimals feeding, solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). CHP: combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean. S6 Coal extraction Natural gas extraction Coal extraction Natural gas extraction 350 (±220) MWh coal Electricity production 120 (±110) MJ natural gas Heat production 510 (±260) MWh coal Electricity production 280 (±140) MJ natural gas Heat production 280 (±34) kg DM solid fraction Drying 310 (±93) kg solid biofuel (LHVwb=8.5 (±2.5) MJ/kg) 250 (±130) MJth 190 (±97) kWhel Combustion CHP Manure fibers 1000 kg brewer g. (260 (±18) kg DM) Pre-treatment Digestion Separation 9900 (±1600) MJ Upgrading to CH4 -110 (±100) MJth 130 (±84) kWhel 9900 (±1600) MJ 700 (±55) kg (49 (±3.8) kg DM) 210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins Raw pig manure* 42 (±4.4) kg N 4.6 (±0.87) kg P 26 (±2.3) kg K 450 (±47) kg DM digestate 700 (±55) kg (49 (±3.8) kg DM) Anaerobic digestion* 6700 (±1000) MJ Combustion CHP* 380 (±21) kg DM digestate Mineral fertilizers prod. & use* 36 (±3.7) kg N 4.1 (±0.85) kg P 26 (±2.2) kg K 27 (±2.9) kg Urea-N, 4.1 (±0.83) kg P2O5-P, 15 (±1.6) kg K2O-K 6700 (±1000) MJ gasoline 6700 (±1000) MJ oil Oil extraction* Mineral fertilizers prod. & use 6700 (±1000) MJ Oil extraction* 32 (±3.3) kg Urea-N, 4.6 (±0.86) kg P2O5-P, 17 (±1.8) kg K2O-K 9900 (±1600) MJ oil Oil extraction 9900 (±1600) MJ gasoline Gasoline production Animal feeding 210 (±19) SFU 58 (±14) kg prot. Land occupation (exp + int) 670 (±30) m2 Land occupation (exp + int) 150 (±84) m2 150 (±36) kg SB 110 (±25) kg PF Cultivation 55 (±31) kg maize Cultivation Protein-feed production Energy-feed production 130 (±29) kg soymeal 3.0 (±1) kg palmeal 55 (±31) kg maize Figure S3. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario III: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molassesfor-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure management. CHP: combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean. S7 Coal extraction Natural gas extraction Coal extraction Natural gas extraction 350 (±220) MWh coal Electricity production 120 (±110) MJ natural gas Heat production 510 (±260) MWh coal Electricity production 280 (±140) MJ natural gas Heat production 280 (±34) kg DM solid fraction Drying 310 (±93) kg solid biofuel (LHVwb=8.5 (±2.5) MJ/kg) 250 (±130) MJth 190 (±97) kWhel Combustion CHP Manure fibers 1000 kg brewer g. (260 (±18) kg DM) Pre-treatment Digestion Separation 9900 (±1600) MJ Combustion CHP -110 (±100) MJth 130 (±84) kWhel 1100 (±200) MJth 4000 (±880) kWhel 700 (±55) kg (49 (±3.8) kg DM) 210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins Raw pig manure* 42 (±4.4) kg N 4.6 (±0.87) kg P 26 (±2.3) kg K 450 (±47) kg DM digestate 700 (±55) kg (49 (±3.8) kg DM) Anaerobic digestion* 6700 (±1000) MJ Combustion CHP 380 (±21) kg DM digestate Mineral fertilizers prod. & use* Coal extraction* Natural gas extraction* Mineral fertilizers prod. & use Coal extraction Natural gas extraction Land occupation (exp + int) 36 (±3.7) kg N 4.1 (±0.85) kg P 26 (±2.2) kg K 27 (±2.9) kg Urea-N, 4.1 (±0.83) kg P2O5-P, 15 (±1.6) kg K2O-K 6400 (±1600) MWh coal 850 (±140) MJ natural gas Electricity production Heat production 32 (±3.3) kg Urea-N, 4.6 (±0.86) kg P2O5-P, 17 (±1.8) kg K2O-K 11000 (±2400) kWh coal Electricity production 1200 (±220) MJ natural gas Heat production Animal feeding Land occupation (exp + int) 770 (±130) MJth 2400 (±580) kWhel 210 (±19) SFU 58 (±14) kg prot. 150 (±36) kg SB 110 (±25) kg PF 670 (±30) m2 Cultivation 150 (±84) m2 55 (±31) kg maize Cultivation Protein-feed production Energy-feed production 130 (±29) kg soymeal 3.0 (±1) kg palmeal 55 (±31) kg maize Figure S4. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario IV: production of bioethanol-for-transport, molassesfor-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure management. CHP: combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean. S8 Coal extraction Natural gas extraction Chemicals, water, enzymes, yeast 250 (±110) MWh coal Electricity production 660 (±400) MJ natural gas Heat production 120 (±22) kg DM solid fraction Drying 130 (±25) kg solid biofuel (LHVwb=13 (±2.9) MJ/kg) Combustion CHP 1000 kg brewer g. Pre-treatment Hydrolysis (260 (±18) kg DM) Fermentation Distillation Separation 610 (±160) MJ bioethanol 110 (±21) kg DM molasses 210 (±19) SFU; 58 (±14) kg proteins Raw pig manure* Anaerobic digestion 4400 (±600) MJ 190 (±37) kg DM digestate Storage & use-on-land* 5100 (±970) kg (310 (±59) kg DM) Mineral fertilizers prod. & use* 18 (±3.5) kg Urea-N, 3.7 (±0.7) kg P2O5-P, 9.9 (±2.0) kg K2O-K Mineral fertilizers prod. & use 19 (±3.5) kg Urea-N, 4.0 (±0.7) kg P2O5-P, 11 (±1.9) kg K2O-K Natural gas extraction Combustion CHP 1900 (±590) MJth 510 (±140) kWhel 4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM) 4600 (±900) kg (320 (±64) kg DM) Coal extraction 600 (±360) MJth 93 (±41) kWhel 1400 (±370) kWh coal 16 (±1.1) kg N 3.3 (±0.25) kg P 8.5 (±0.62) kg K Electricity production 2100 (±650) MJ natural gas Heat production 610 (±160) MJ oil Gasoline production Oil extraction 26 (±4.5) kg N 5.7 (±1.0) kg P 13 (±2.5) kg K 610 (±160) MJ gasoline Animal feeding 210 (±19) SFU 58 (±14) kg prot. Land occupation (exp + int) 670 (±30) m2 Land occupation (exp + int) 150 (±84) m2 150 (±36) kg SB 110 (±25) kg PF Cultivation 55 (±31) kg maize Cultivation Protein-feed production Energy-feed production 130 (±29) kg soymeal 3.0 (±1) kg palmeal 55 (±31) kg maize Figure S5. Process flow diagram for brewer’s grain for scenario I (sensitivity S1): production of bioethanol-fortransport, molasses-for-biogas (CHP), solid biofuel-for-combustion (CHP). *Processes involved in raw pig manure management. CHP: combined-heat-and-power; exp; expansion; int: intensification; PF: palm fruit; SB: soybean. S9