Wideband Radar System Testing
Vishal Gupta, Sr. Application Consultant (RF/MW), Agilent Technologies
Abstract:
RADARs stands for “RAdio Detection And Ranging” which enable a certain class of objects, termed as
“Targets” to be “seen”; which are, detected and located; at distances far beyond those at which they
could not be distinguished by the unaided eye. Given the broad range of applications, a variety of radar
types and technologies have emerged to meet unique needs viz. CW, Simple Pulse, Pulse Compression,
Mono-pulse, Phased Array, Synthetic Aperture, 3D, MIMO, etc. With the modernization of Electronic
Warfare (EW) systems modern RADARs are becoming more intelligent and smart to adapt to work in the
presence of modern Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) systems, like jammers. Sophisticated phasedarray radars may have thousands of transmit/receive (T/R) modules operating in tandem and may use a
variety of sophisticated techniques to improve performance: side-lobe nulling, staggered pulse
repetition interval (PRI), frequency agility, real-time waveform optimization, wideband chirps, and target
recognition capability. Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar has generated interest due to
its capability of improved target detection and target discrimination potential. Testing such wideband
RADARs with complex signal types poses potential challenges due to continually increasing modulation
and analysis bandwidths. This paper will present how wide bandwidth RADAR complex signals can be
created and analyzed with high precision using the modern test systems.
Introduction:
The Principle of RADAR is its ability to gather information about an unknown object primarily called as
Target. This information is targets’ presence, distance, direction, type, location and speed. This is
normally achieved by processing reflected Radio Frequency (RF) signals from the targets. These type of
RADARs are commonly known as primary RADARs. In other cases RADARs transmit a radio frequency
(RF) and its reflation form the target is processed. These types of RADARs are known as secondary
RADARs. For the rest of the paper we will concentrate on secondary RADAR type.
There are categorized in various ways based upon their applications and one way is to group them based
upon their performance
1. Military (A/D) –Aircraft (airborne), Ships, ground-based. These radars are used for identifying
targets, moving or stationary.
2. Commercial–Police (speed detection), weather, automatic door opener, automobiles (backup
aides, collision avoidance).
As compared to commercial RADARs, military radars possess higher design and manufacturing
challenges as they require very high performance which may include:
 Higher frequency
 For ground mapping
 Detection of smaller targets
 Specialized signal requirement
 Provides flexibility in coding
 Better encryption
 Specific RADAR foot-printing
 Wider Bandwidth
 Better range resolution
 Higher power
 For Longer range
 Narrower Pulse Width
 To detect closer targets
 Lower phase noise
 Cleaner Signal
 Lesser Distortion
 Detection of slow moving targets
 Much more accuracy and reliability
 To better track targets.
Figure-1: Simplified RADAR Block diagram and operation
Figure-1 shows a very simplified block diagram of RADAR system. A portion of the transmitted energy is
intercepted by the target and reradiated in all directions. This energy that is reradiated back to the radar
is of prime interest to the radar. The receiving antenna of the RADAR system collects the returned
energy and delivers it to the receiver. The receiver process this received energy to:
 Detect the target
 Extract its location and relative velocity
Also, direction, or angular position, of the target may be determined from the direction of arrival of the
returned signal, assuming a narrow antenna beam. If there is relative motion existing between the
target and radar, the shift in carrier frequency of the reflected wave which is also called as Doppler’s
Effect is a measure of relative radial velocity of the target and can be used to distinguish moving targets
from stationary objects.
Figure-2: Simplified block diagram of pulsed RADAR
Next, let’s take a look at a simplified block diagram of a pulsed radar system as shown in Figure-2.
Actual block diagrams could be much more complicated, but this figure shows all of the essential blocks
of the radar system. This diagram shows the master timer or PRF generator as the central block of the
system. The PRF generator will time synchronize all components of the radar system. This is shown
with the connections to the pulse modulator, duplexer or transmit receive switch, and the display
processor.
Figure-3: Typical RADAR Pulse
A typical pulsed radars use relatively low duty cycle of the order of 0.1% to 10%, where duty cycle is the
ratio of pulse duration divided by period. Refer to Figure-3
Radar range resolution is determined by the pulse width for e.g. a 1μs pulse has a length in space of 150
m and therefore can’t resolver distance less than 150m. The range beyond which targets appear as a
second-time-around echo is the maximum unambiguous range.
Therefore, long-range radars use very long pulse repetition times.
For modern RADAR systems the modulation bandwidth requirements are constantly increasing in order
to provide longer range and range better resolution. RADAR designers are using modulation bandwidths
up to 2 GHz which is planned to be even higher for future developmental needs.
Excellent signal fidelity becomes an important factor so that distortions can to be minimized in order to
achieve signals with complex modulation schemes above the noise floor. Traditional signal generators
offer excellent signal fidelity, but they usually offer modulation bandwidths of only about 200 MHz. With
external arbitrary waveform generators, much wider modulations bandwidth is achievable, but normally
at the expense of signal performance.
The basic question as a designer which arises: Why Simulate the Radar Signal?
Traditionally, the RADAR receivers were tested using the actual RADAR which means…Turning on the
actual radar.
During the developmental process of the RADAR as a designer he cannot test his receiver until very late
in the development process which means until his transmitter design is finished and it is ready for use.
Further these tests can be very expensive if a full fly-by test is conducted. (Typical test of a full fly by test
can be more than INR 10Cr).
Hence the best and most economical solution is to simulate and generate RADAR signals from
commercial off the shelf (COTS) test equipment. This method further provides benefits like:

Test components, subsystems and full systems much earlier in the design process.
 Much lower coast of testing.
How do we generate this real-time high bandwidth signals with excellent signal fidelity? The key to
generate wideband RADAR waveforms is the Agilent M8190A arbitrary waveform generator. M8190A is
based on AdvancedTCA Extensions for Instrumentation and Test (AXIe) interface platform. This module
offers a Digital to Analog Converter (SAC) resolution of 14 bits up to 8 GS/s and 12 bits up to 12 GS/s.
This is the basis for excellent signal performance. A 2 GSa of waveform memory per channel allow you
to build long, realistic scenarios for RADAR simulations. The output path has a 3dB bandwidth of about 5
GHz. This allows you to use the AWG both as an I/Q baseband generator or as an IF generator. There are
three software selectable output paths available: direct DAC, DC, and AC. Each path is optimized for
various applications.
M8190A platform can help uses reduce test costs through realistic signal scenarios that minimize the
need for high-cost flight testing and flexibility to simulate signal scenario with best signal quality in the
desired frequency range for long playtimes. e units be connected for >2 channel synchronous
generation?
Further, to create mutiple emmitter scenario, several units can be synchronized via trigger and marker.
The 2 channels in one instrument can run synchronized wit heach other. The two channels of a module
have less than ± 20 ps skew. The delay of each channel is adjustable in 50 fs steps in a range of 0 to 30
ps. In addition 2 instruments can be synchronized.
The following example shows a 10GHz Linear FM Chirp (LFM Chirp) occupying a bandwidth of 2GHz. The
pulse is having a pulse width of 1µS.
Figure-4: Snapshot of the signal
Figure-4 shows the snapshot of the signal. You may notice a perfectly linear sweep and flat tops in the
frequency and time domain. A non-linear chirp or a modulated signal such as a barker code or IQ
modulation during the pulse using the standard pulse building software can be created with great
simplicity. Agilent Pulse building signal studio software accelerates signal creation process with a user
interface based on parameterized and graphical signal configuration and tree-style navigation. Using this
interface, engineers can create Agilent validated and performance optimized reference signals for
RADAR receiver and component test. Advanced option in tis software helps to produce pulse width
patterns with jitter, pulse repetition interval patterns with jitter and wobulation, and antenna scans for
RADAR receiver test.
Figure-5: Setup to generate 2GHz LFM chirp up to 44GHz carrier frequency
The M8190A can be used in varoius ways to genrate high wandwidth signals. In Figure-5 M8190A
generates differential I and Q data signals on its two channels. These are connected to Agilent PSG
(E8267D) Vector Signal Generator which is used as up-converter to upconvert the signal to the final RF
frequency. A marker output of the AWG may be connected to PSG to control its built-in pulse modulator
to achieve a better suppression of the carrier during the off-time of a pulsed signal. This setup allows
approximately 2GHz bandwidth right up to 44 GHz carrier frequency.
Figure-6: Setup to generate 5GHz LFM chirp
In figure-6 M8190A generates an IF or RF signal directly using digital up-conversion. In this case, a
frequency range up to 5 GHz can be covered directly out of the box.
These way designers can push thier RADAR designs farther with highly realistic signal scenarios.
Having generated such wide bandwidth signals with very high fidelity in microwave frequency range, the
next challenge which arises is how does engineers test such wide bandwidth (≥2GHz) and high frequency
signals (up to 44GHz)?
The figure-7 below shows a conceptual block diagram of an X Band transmitter.
FPGA/DSP
Lower Bandwidth
Oscilloscope
D/
A
External
Down-converter
Figure-7
Traditionally, analysis of such wideband signals is achieved using a down-converter and analyzing these
signals using a low bandwidth oscilloscope. The potential lowlights of this technique is that the downconversion hardware will introduce its own impairments which could be LO phase noise, mixer
spurs/noise/nonlinear impairments, inter-symbol interference (or ISI), group delay from the filters , and
amplifier nonlinearities such as gain and phase distortion. This will definitely make it difficult for the
designer to tell if the measurement results are true representation of the actual transmitter DUT, or if
the measurement results are instead a result of the down-conversion hardware and its related
impairments, or a combination of both the DUT and the down-conversion hardware.
A 63 GHz digital oscilloscope, such as the 90000 Q-Series oscilloscope enables you to perform
measurements up to 63 GHz directly at the transmitter‘s output– without the need for external
downconversion hardware. Going back to our simulated case study...here we‘re measuring the
simulated X-band (10GHz) band transmitter output directly without the simulated downconverter.
Figure-8: Setup to set transmitter output in Ka-band
Combined with Agilent W2650A Oscilloscope Signal Analyzer (OSA) software Agilent Infiniium Series
Oscilloscopes provide precise, fast and efficient RF analysis for pulsed and CW signals up to 63GHz. It
provides power and frequency, time and modulation domain analysis measurements for analysis of CW,
Pulsed RADAR systems. Pulse parameters such as Frequency, Amplitude, Pulse width (PW), Pulse
repetition interval (PRI), Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and Frequency Modulation on Pulse (FMOP).
Advanced analysis includes parameter histograms and time domain plots.
Further along with Agilent flagship software 89601B Vector Signal Analysis (VSA) software these
oscilloscopes can be real workhorse for RADAR signal analysis up to 63GHz. Using VSA software
engineers can perform various analysis of scalar and vector parameters of these complex RADAR signals.
Vector Measurements include: FM modulation (FM-Chirp), Phase modulation (Barker Codes), I-Q
modulation, Frequency pulling, Frequency hopping, Pulse-to-pulse phase stability, Channel-to-channel
phase, AM to PM distortion, Cross channel gain and phase whereas scalar parameter such as Pulse
power, Pulse flatness, Pulse overshoot, Pulse width (PW), Pulse repetition time (PRT/PRI), Rise time,
Missing pulses, Pulse-to-pulse amplitude stability, Multiple channel power can be analyzed with great
simplicity.
Conclusion: Modern RADAR system testing offers a lot of challenges which range from generating realworld signals for RADAR receiver and component testing and also for analyzing these signals. These
signals are wideband and are complex in nature with I-Q, phase or frequency modulation in a pulse.
Agilent Technologies offers solutions for generating proprietary wideband and complex RADAR signals
with up to 5GHz bandwidths. Agilent M8190A along with E8267D Vector signal generator and signal
creation software like pulse building signal studio offers solutions for real-world signal generation with a
bandwidth of up to 2GHz and up to carrier frequencies of 44GHz. Agilent’s Q series oscilloscopes along
with W2650A Oscilloscope Signal Analyzer and 89601B Vector Signal Analysis software provides test
tools for measuring the true performance of X, Ku, Ka-Band and mm-wave RADAR transmitter outputs
directly up to 63GHz.
References:
1. Agilent Application Note: 5989-7575EN - Agilent Radar Measurements
2. Agilent Application Note: 5990-8430EN- Creating a Radar Threat Simulator and Receiver
Calibrator with Precise Angle of Arrival
3. Agilent Application Note: 5988-9212EN- Radar Emitter Simulation Using The E8267C PSG Vector
Signal Generator
4. Agilent Datasheet: 5990-8183EN- Agilent W2650A Oscilloscope Signal Analyzer