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Science Goals
1. Characterize the relative abilities of space-based W, Ku-,
and Ka-band radars and microwave imagers and sounders
to detect light.

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What are the detection limits of each instrument?
Can rainfall probabilities be assigned to Z and TB signatures?
2. Evaluate retrievals of rainfall intensity in shallow freezing
level environments.
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How does the ratio of cloud-rain impact PIA and PMW TBs?
How does the vertical structure of precipitation impact
emission/attenuation-based algorithms?
What are the impacts of other algorithm assumptions including DSD
and melting layer properties on rainrate estimates?
How do well are FOV-dependent factors such as beamfilling and
multiple-scattering represented?
3. Determine the properties of the local environment that
influence the characteristics of precipitation in this region.
7-Apr-15
LPVEx 2010
2
Ground Instrumentation
 Ground Sensors
 Disdrometers: 2DVD (2) and Parsivel (6-10)
 10+ rain gauges
 5 SWE probes
 ADMIRARI Radiometer (total LWP)
 3 C-band Doppler radars (fully adaptable scanning geometry)
 Still looking for Ka- and or X-band radar
 2 Precipitation Occurrence Sensing Systems (POSS)
 UHF Wind Profiler
 3 Micro Rain Radars (MRR)
 SMEAR aerosol/flux tower
 6 Ceilometers
 Sounding system and expendables at Jarvenpaa (+ twice daily
soundings from St. Petersburg, Tallinn, and Jokioinen)
7-Apr-15
LPVEx 2010
3
Aircraft & Research Vessel
Z
DSD/PSD
 Wyoming King Air
RH and LWP
 W-band cloud radar
T and z
 Water content: DMT, Gerber, Nevzorov
 Microphysics: 2D-P, CIP, CDP (FSSP/2D-C)
 Aerosol: PCASP-100X, UWYO CCNC-100A
 Ancillary: RH, T, altitude, wind speed
 RV Aranda
 Weather mast with disdrometers installed
 Vaisala sounding system
 Oceanographic measurements (conductivity, temperature, depth,
Accoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), etc.)
7-Apr-15
LPVEx 2010
4
Layout
Green = FMI Wx Stn
 = Enhanced Obs.
= Spiral
= Stacked
flight tracks
 = Vaisala WxTs (inc. rain)
Gray circles = 20 km radar range rings
Järvenpää
Turku
Kerava
Emasalo
Kumpula


Harmaja
Spiral S1
 Kalbadaglund
Physical Validation Strategy
Direct Evaluation
Coordinated airborne W-band radar with in situ ground-based,
and ship-based μ-physics, precip., and thermodynamics.

Measurement
Observable Simulators
In situ observations constrain DSD retrievals within C-band
radar volumes. These 3D fields provide input to PMW and
Ka/Ku-band simulators.

Cloud Resolving Models & Satellite Simulators
Cloud resolving model simulations with both GCE and RAMS
provide another source of input to simulators.
