Supporting Online Material for
Homogenization of fish assemblages in different lake depth strata at local
and regional scales
Rosemberg Fernandes Menezes*1,2,4, Finn Borchsenius3, Jens-Christian Svenning2,
Thomas A. Davidson1,2, Martin Søndergaard1,6, Torben L. Lauridsen1,6, Frank
Landkildehus4 and Erik Jeppesen1,5,6
1
Lake Ecology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25,
DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
2
Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus
University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
3
Science Museums, Aarhus University, Herbarium, Ole Worms Allé 1, Building 1137,
DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
4
Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
5
Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Box
570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
6
Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, China
*Corresponding author: Rosemberg Menezes, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho 3000,
Campus Universitário, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, 59056-000,
Natal – RN, Brazil. E-mail: rosembergmenezes@gmail.com, phone: +55 84 9600 9625.
This file contains
Tables S1 to S5
Figs. S1 to S4
Figure S1. Map of Lake Væng illustrating how the gill nets were set within each one of
the lakes sampled in this study. The lake was divided in 5 different sections with a total
of 20 nets. Each section was comprised of 4 different net types (1) littoral benthic
perpendicular and (2) parallel, and (3) offshore benthic and (*4) floating nets.
Electrofishing was also performed along the shore within the same sections (figure
modified from Mortensen 1990). *Due to the lack of data for some of the 53 lakes
selected in this study, the offshore floating nets were excluded from our analysis.
Table S1. Results of two-way PERMANOVA with 9999 permutations examining the
effects of mean depth (MD) and total phosphorus (TP) on the compositional
heterogeneity of littoral (EF, LBPAR, LBPER) and offshore benthic (OFFB) fish
assemblages in terms of individual mean body mass at among-lake scales.
df
Sum of squares
Mean square
F.Model
P
EF
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
48
51
0.28
0.37
0.68
12.98
14.32
0.283
0.370
0.684
0.270
1.045
1.370
2.530
0.381
0.202
0.018
LBPAR
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
49
52
0.21
0.18
0.24
11.38
12.00
0.206
0.179
0.240
0.232
0.889
0.771
1.035
0.504
0.609
0.396
LBPER
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
49
52
0.24
0.22
0.26
7.32
8.04
0.236
0.218
0.263
0.149
1.581
1.461
1.760
0.135
0.184
0.093
1.977
0.947
1.280
0.055
0.470
0.248
OFFB
MD
1
0.52
0.517
TP
1
0.25
0.248
MD x TP
1
0.33
0.335
Residuals
48
12.55
0.262
Total
51
13.65
Bold values are considered significant assuming α = 0.05.
Table S2. The model-averaged standardized regression parameter estimates for the
multivariate dispersion (MVD) within lakes as the response variable excluding P.
fluviatilis and R. rutilus from the species matrix for electrofishing (EF), littoral benthic
parallel (LBPAR), littoral benthic perpendicular (LBPER) and offshore benthic (OFFB)
nets for fish number (N), biomass (B), and individual mean body mass (IMBM) against
total phosphorus (TP), mean depth (MD), and lake area (LA).
TP (Log mg P L-1)
LA (Log km2)
MD (Log m)
Shallow lakes
EF (N)
EF (B)
EF (IMBM)
LBPAR (N)
LBPAR (B)
LBPAR (IMBM)
LBPER (N)
LBPER (B)
LBPER (IMBM)
OFFB (N)
OFFB (B)
OFFB (IMBM)
-0.200
0.283
-0.337
-0.492
-0.273
-0.436
-
-0.223
-0.141
-0.228
0.265
-0.127
-0.201
-0.118
-0.253
-0.216
-0.408
-0.139
-0.301
-0.301
0.263
0.318
-
Deep lakes
EF (N)
EF (B)
EF (IMBM)
LBPAR (N)
LBPAR (B)
LBPAR (IMBM)
LBPER (N)
LBPER (B)
LBPER (IMBM)
OFFB (N)
OFFB (B)
OFFB (IMBM)
-0.431
-0.508
-0.246
0.215
0.345
0.493
-
0.218
0.310
0.436
-
0.377
-0.265
-0.386
-0.301
-0.338
-
Figure S2. Simple linear regressions using the multivariate dispersion (MVD) values
calculated excluding P. fluviatilis and R. rutilus from the species matrix (in terms of
number) as the response variable for electrofishing (EF), littoral benthic parallel
(LBPAR) and perpendicular (LBPER), and offshore benthic (OFFB) nets, and total
phosphorus (TP), lake area (LA) and mean depth (MD) as the predictors in deep (closed
circles and full lines) and shallow (open circles and stippled lines) lakes.
Figure S3. Simple linear regressions using the multivariate dispersion (MVD) values
calculated excluding P. fluviatilis and R. rutilus from the species matrix (in terms of
biomass) as the response variable for electrofishing (EF), littoral benthic parallel
(LBPAR) and perpendicular (LBPER), and offshore benthic (OFFB) nets, and total
phosphorus (TP), lake area (LA) and mean depth (MD) as the predictors in deep (closed
circles and full lines) and shallow (open circles and stippled lines) lakes.
Table S3. Results of two-way PERMANOVA with 9999 permutations examining the
effects of mean depth (MD) and total phosphorus (TP) on the compositional
heterogeneity of littoral (EF, LBPAR, LBPER) and offshore benthic (OFFB) fish
assemblages in terms of numbers at among-lakes scales excluding P. fluviatilis and R.
rutilus from the species matrix.
df
Sum of squares
Mean square
F.Model
P
EF
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
48
51
0.061
0.094
0.486
9.173
9.815
0.061
0.094
0.486
0.191
0.319
0.494
2.543
0.957
0.875
0.011
LBPAR
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
49
52
0.654
0.509
0.109
10.727
11.998
0.654
0.509
0.109
0.219
2.986
2.323
0.497
0.007
0.031
0.860
LBPER
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
49
52
0.466
0.606
0.266
9.850
11.187
0.466
0.606
0.266
0.201
2.316
3.014
1.323
0.033
0.008
0.225
3.650
2.829
0.825
0.002
0.015
0.543
OFFB
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
0.834
0.834
1
0.646
0.646
1
0.188
0.188
48
10.965
0.228
51
12.634
Bold values are considered significant assuming α = 0.05.
Table S4. Results of two-way PERMANOVA with 9999 permutations examining the
effects of mean depth and total phosphorus on the compositional heterogeneity of
littoral (EF, LBPAR, LBPER) and offshore benthic (OFFB) fish assemblages in terms
of biomass at among-lakes scales excluding P. fluviatilis and R. rutilus from the species
matrix.
df
Sum of squares
Mean square
F.Model
P
EF
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
46
49
0.189
0.414
0.260
10.507
11.369
0.189
0.414
0.260
0.228
0.825
1.812
1.138
0.559
0.087
0.330
LBPAR
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
46
49
0.307
0.606
0.098
9.305
10.315
0.307
0.606
0.098
0.202
1.516
2.994
0.485
0.156
0.012
0.826
LBPER
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
1
1
46
49
0.295
0.654
0.321
8.185
9.455
0.295
0.654
0.321
0.178
1.659
3.676
1.806
0.115
0.004
0.087
2.139
3.526
1.147
0.044
0.003
0.317
OFFB
MD
TP
MD x TP
Residuals
Total
1
0.550
0.550
1
0.906
0.906
1
0.295
0.295
45
11.567
0.257
48
13.318
Bold values are considered significant assuming α = 0.05.
Figure S4. Multivariate dispersion (MVD) values calculated excluding P. fluviatilis and R. rutilus from the species matrix for littoral (EF =
electrofishing, LBPAR = littoral benthic nets parallel to the shore, LBPER = littoral benthic nets perpendicular to the shore) and offshore (OFFB
= offshore benthic nets) fish assemblages in terms of numbers (N), biomass (B) and individual mean body mass (IMBM) calculated at amonglake scales for the deep (solid bars) and shallow (open bars) lakes in each total phosphorus (TP) classes (class 1–4: < 0.05, 0.05–0.1, 0.1–0.2,
0.2–0.4 mg P.L-1). The error bars represent the standard deviation for each TP class.
TP classes
Table S5. Similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) for the total phosphorus (TP) classes
(class 1-4: < 0.05, 0.05-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4 mg P.L-1). The values in the table are the
contribution of individual species to the overall dissimilarity between each TP class. Values
in bold are for those species with the highest contribution in each pairwise comparison.
Species
EF
LBPAR
LBPER
OFFB
0.34
0.18
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.21
0.25
0.00
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.25
0.00
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.29
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.27
0.18
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.23
0.27
0.00
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.20
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.27
0.23
0.00
0.04
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.36
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.27
0.18
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.19
0.00
0.05
0.08
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.18
0.00
0.04
0.11
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.18
0.07
0.20
0.27
0.00
0.20
0.24
0.00
0.24
0.25
0.00
TP (1x2)
Rutilus rutilus
Perca fluviatilis
Anguilla anguilla
Gymnocephalus cernuus
Abramis brama
Alburnus alburnus
Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Esox lucius
Sander lucioperca
TP (1x3)
Rutilus rutilus
Perca fluviatilis
Anguilla anguilla
Gymnocephalus cernuus
Abramis brama
Alburnus alburnus
Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Esox lucius
Sander lucioperca
TP (1x4)
Rutilus rutilus
Perca fluviatilis
Anguilla anguilla
Gymnocephalus cernuus
Abramis brama
Alburnus alburnus
Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Esox lucius
Sander lucioperca
TP (2x3)
Rutilus rutilus
Perca fluviatilis
Anguilla anguilla
Gymnocephalus cernuus
Abramis brama
Alburnus alburnus
Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Esox lucius
Sander lucioperca
0.06
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.34
0.14
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.24
0.21
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.24
0.19
0.00
0.06
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.31
0.21
0.00
0.05
0.12
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.34
0.14
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.23
0.22
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.22
0.20
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.29
0.17
0.00
0.04
0.11
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
TP (2x4)
Rutilus rutilus
Perca fluviatilis
Anguilla anguilla
Gymnocephalus cernuus
Abramis brama
Alburnus alburnus
Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Esox lucius
Sander lucioperca
TP (3x4)
Rutilus rutilus
Perca fluviatilis
Anguilla anguilla
Gymnocephalus cernuus
Abramis brama
Alburnus alburnus
Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Esox lucius
Sander lucioperca