1
1
Supplementary Table S1. Intestinal concentration of short-chain fatty acids in marine and
2
freshwater fishes compared to gut transit time. Diet categories are H herbivore, O omnivore,
3
D detritivore, C carnivore.
Species
Diet
SCFA
Gut transit
(mM)
time (h)
18
13
References
F. Cichlidae
1. Oreochromis mossambicus
O
Hofer & Schiemer (1981); Titus &
Ahearn (1988)
2. Oreochromis niloticus
O
20
12
Moriarty & Moriarty (1973);
Leenhouwers et al. (2007)
F. Clupeidae
3. Dorosoma cepedianum
D
4
4.4
H
4.83
8
Smith et al. (1996)
F. Cyprinidae
4. Campostoma anomalum
German (2009a); German et al.
(2010)
5. C. oligolepis
H
9.39
8
“
6. C. pauciradii
H
4.93
8
“
7. Ctenopharyngodon idella
H
7
8
Hickling (1966); Paris et al. (1977)
8. Cyprinus carpio
O
14
4.5
Hofer & Schiemer (1981); Smith et
al. (1996)
9. Nocomis micropogon
C
7.59
8
German (2009a); German et al.
2
(2010)
F. Girellidae
10. Girella tricuspidata
O
1.70
12.6
Clements & Choat (1997);
Raubenheimer et al. (2005)
F. Kyphosidae
11. Hermosilla azurea
H
21.64
36
Fidopiastis et al. 2006
12. Kyphosus sydneyanus
H
38
21
Rimmer & Wiebe (1987)
13. Odax pullus
H
36.95
20
Clements et al. (1994); Baker (2011)
14. Chlorurus microrhinos
D
7.47
6
Smith & Paulson (1974); Choat &
F. Labridae
Clements (1998)
F. Loricariidae
15. Hypostomus pyrineusi
D
3.20
4
German (2009b), German & Bittong
(2009)
16. Panaque nocturnus
D
1.94
4
“
17. P. cf. nigrolineatus
D
2.85
4
“
18. Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
D
3.50
4
“
H
29.0
18.9
F. Stichaeidae
19. Cebidichthys violaceus
Fris & Horn (1993); German
unpublished
4
3
5
Supplementary References
6
7
8
Baker EJC (2011) The nutritional ecology of Odax pullus (Odacidae). Unpublished MSc(Hons)
thesis, University of Auckland, 103pp.
9
Choat JH, Clements KD (1998) Vertebrate herbivores in marine and terrestrial environments:
10
a nutritional ecology perspective. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 375-
11
403.
12
13
14
15
Clements KD, Gleeson VP, Slaytor MB (1994) Short-chain fatty acid metabolism in temperate
marine herbivorous fish. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 164, 372-377.
Clements KD, Choat JH (1997) A comparison of herbivory in the closely-related marine fish
genera Girella and Kyphosus. Marine Biology, 127, 579-586.
16
Fidopiastis PM, Bezdek DJ, Horn MH et al. (2006) Characterizing the resident, fermentative
17
microbial consortium in the hindgut of the temperate-zone herbivorous fish, Hermosilla
18
azurea (Teleostei: Kyphosidae). Marine Biology, 148, 631-642.
19
Fris MB, Horn MH (1993) Effects of diets of different protein content on food consumption,
20
gut retention, protein conversion, and growth of Cebidichthys violaceus (Girard), and
21
herbivorous fish of temperate zone marine waters. Journal of Experimental Marine
22
Biology and Ecology, 166, 185-202.
23
German DP (2009a) Do herbivorous minnows have “plug-flow reactor” guts? Evidence from
24
digestive enzyme activities, gastrointestinal fermentation, and luminal nutrient
25
concentrations. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 179, 759-771.
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27
German DP (2009b) Inside the guts of wood-eating catfishes: can they digest wood? Journal
of Comparative Physiology B, 179, 1011-1023.
4
28
29
30
German DP, Bittong RA (2009) Digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal fermentation in woodeating catfishes. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 179, 1025-1042.
German DP, Nagle BC, Villeda JM et al. (2010) Evolution of herbivory in a carnivorous clade
31
of minnows (Teleostei: Cyprinidae): effects on gut size and digestive physiology.
32
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 83, 1-18.
33
34
35
36
37
Hickling CF (1966) On the feeding process in the White Amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella.
Journal of Zoology, 148, 408-419.
Hofer R, Schiemer F (1981) Proteolytic activity in the digestive tract of several species of fish
with different feeding habits. Oecologia, 48, 342-345.
Leenhouwers JI, Ortega RC, Verreth JAJ et al. (2007) Digesta charactersitics in relation to
38
nutrient digestibility and mineral absorption in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed
39
cereal grains of increasing viscosity. Aquaculture, 273, 556-565.
40
Moriarty CM, Moriarty DJW (1973) Quantitative estimation of the daily ingestion of
41
phytoplankton by Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinnis in Lake George, Uganda.
42
Journal of Zoology, 171, 15-23.
43
Paris H, Murat JC, Castilla C (1977) Etude des acides gras volatils dans l'intestin trois especes
44
de Poissons Teleosteens. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses
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Filiales, 171, 1297-1301.
46
Raubenheimer D, Zemke-White WL, Phillips RJ et al. (2005) Algal macronutrients and food
47
selection by the omnivorous marine fish Girella tricuspidata. Ecology, 86, 2601-2610.
48
49
Rimmer DW, Wiebe RJ (1987) Fermentative microbial digestion in herbivorous fishes. Journal
of Fish Biology, 31, 229-236.
5
50
51
52
Smith RL, Paulson AC (1974) Food transit times and gut pH in two Pacific parrotfishes.
Copeia, 1974, 796-799.
Smith TB, Wahl DH, Mackie RI (1996) Volatile fatty acids and anaerobic fermentation in
53
temperate piscivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 48, 829-
54
841.
55
56
57
Titus E, Ahearn GA (1988) Short-chain fatty acid transport in the intestine of a herbivorous
teleost. Journal of Experimental Biology, 135, 77-94.