Name: __________ Key _____________________________________
1) What period do we currently live in? ___ Quaternary _________
2) The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is referred to as the ___ half-life _____________________.
3) The Earth formed approximately ____ 4.6
___________ years ago.
4) The Law of Superposition states that the oldest layer is on the ____ bottom _________.
5) Why was the Mid-Atlantic Oceanic Ridge an important discovery for continental drift?
The Mid-Atlantic Oceanic Ridge is a divergent tectonic boundary, which means, at that particular boundary the Earth’s crust is expanding and the two plates are moving away from each other. This helped to prove the Theory of Plate Tectonics.
6) During the Jurassic Period, __ Pangea _________ broke up into Gondwana and Laurasia.
7) What famous event began the Triassic Period? __
A mass extinction that wiped out approx..
90% of all the life on Earth
____
8) What occurred at the end of the Permian period?
A mass extinction that wiped out approx.. 90% of all the life on Earth
9) What material was created/deposited during the Permian? ______________________
10) Explain how the evolution of vascular plants near the water’s edge led to a great change in the
Silurian Period?
This signifies the transition that organisms made from water to land
11) What is the “Cambrian Explosion?”
This signifies the transition that organisms made from water to land
12) What effect did cyanobacteria have on the Precambrian Period?
They produced Oxygen
13) Potassium-41 is used to detect the presence of cancerous tumors. The half-life of Potassium-41 is
4 days. If a hospital receives a shipment of 400 g of Potassium-41, how much Potassium-41 would remain after 24 days?
6.25g

14) Why do muscle cells require so many mitochondria?
Mitochondria produce ATP, which is energy. Muscle cells use a lot of energy so they will need a lot of ATP.
15) Where are proteins made?
Proteins are made in the Ribosomes.
16) What are the three parts of the Cell Theory? a.
_ Cells come from existing cells ________________________________________ b.
_ A cell is the basic unit of life _________________________________________ c.
_ All living things are made up of cells ___________________________________
17) Explain the term “homeostasis.”
Homeostasis means to be able to maintain an internal stable condition.
18) List and describe the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Plants have Chloroplasts, cell wall, and a large central vacuole
19) An animal cell has membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, and DNA in chromosomes.
A bacteria cell has no organelles, no nucleus, but it does have a cell wall.
*Which cell is the prokaryote? _ Bacterial Cell ____
20) Place the following terms in the correct hierarchy of organization (a.k.a. place them in the correct order from smallest and largest) for a multicellular organism.
System
Cell  Tissue 
Tissue
Organ 
Cell
Organ System
Organ
21) What are the subunits called that make up DNA and RNA? _ Nucleotides ___________
*Each subunit has 3 parts. What are they and what is each used for?
Sugar – Makes up the backbone of the double helix
Phosphate – Makes up the backbone of the double helix
Nitrogen Containing Base (A,T,G,C) – Located on the inside of the double helix, as the “rungs” of the ladder. This is where the genetic information is located.
22) Explain the base-pairing rule.
A pairs with T, G pairs with C (in DNA)
A pairs with U, G pairs with C (in RNA)

23) What would be the complimentary DNA to the following original strand:
A T C C G T G A G C T C G G A T T G
T A G G C A C T C G A G C C T A A C
24) What would be the complimentary RNA strand to the following original DNA strand:
A T C C G T G A G C T C G G A T T G
U A G G C A C U C G A G C C U A A C
25) Using the RNA strand from the above question 22 and your codon chart, identify the amino acids associated with the codons (3-letter "RNA words").
_______ Stop _______________, _______ Alanine ______________, _______ Leucine _________,
_______ Arginine ___________, __________ Proline ____________, _______ Asparagine _______
26) Where are the hydrogen bonds located on the DNA strand and why are they important?
The hydrogen bonds are located between the bases on the inside (rungs). They are important because the help keep the double helical structure of DNA. They are also easily broken when the
DNA goes to copy itself.
27) What are the three main enzymes of DNA replication and what are their roles?
Helicase – Used to split the hydrogen bonds between the bases so the DNA can replicate itself
DNA Polymerase – Used to add the new nucleotides to the DNA sequence (helps build the new strand of DNA)
Ligase – Used to glue the new DNA strands together on the lagging strand.
28) Where is RNA made and why do you need RNA (what does it do)?
RNA is made in the Nucleus through a process called Transcription. RNA is important because it is small enough to leave the nucleus. RNA is the code necessary to creat a protein that is needed by the cell or the body.
29) List the three ways RNA and DNA are different.
DNA has Deoxyribose as the sugar
DNA is a double helix
DNA has the base Thymine
RNA has Ribose
RNA is single stranded
RNA has the base Uracil
30) Explain the difference between a positive feedback and a negative feedback.
Positive feedback will move the body away from the normal state (Homeostasis)
Negative feedback moves the body toward the normal state (Homeostasis)

31) List the order in which protein synthesis occurs and describe the difference between a codon and an anticodon.
DNA  Transcription  RNA  Translation  Protein
32) Summarize the functions of the following body systems:
Digestive
Endocrine
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Respiratory
Immune
Circulatory
33) Draw out the phases of mitosis.
34) What happens during interphase?
The DNA copies itself

Match the terms with the correct definitions for #35-39.
a. Process of getting energy from food (glucose) 35) ATP (D)
36) Heterotroph (C) b. Light energy is converted to chemical energy
37) Autotroph (E) c. An organism that consumes food to get energy
38) Cellular Respiration (A) d. Can both store energy and provide it for cell metabolism
39) Photosynthesis (B) e. An organism that uses sunlight to make its food
40) When this gas is available, aerobic respiration can occur. __ Oxygen ________________
41) When oxygen is not available, what type of respiration occurs? __ Anaerobic _________
42) What is the main light absorbing molecule in plants? ___ Chlorophyll ________________
43) What happens when cells break down food molecules? a.
Some energy is released as heat b.
Some energy is stored as ATP c.
More energy is stored in the presence of oxygen d.
All of the above
44) Usually, when ATP releases energy, a.
ADP is formed from ATP b.
ATP stays the same c.
AMP is formed from ATP d.
All of the above
45) Which molecule is called the cell’s universal energy currency? a.
ADP b. ATP c. H
2
O d. CO
2
46) Write out the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration and label each part.
Photosynthesis: 6𝐶𝑂
2
+ 6𝐻
Respiration: 𝐶
6
𝐻
12
𝑂
6
2
𝑂 → 𝐶
6
+ 6𝑂
2
𝐻
12
𝑂
6
→ 6𝐶𝑂
2
+ 6𝑂
+ 6𝐻
2
2
𝑂
47) During anaerobic respiration, yeast produces _ Carbon Dioxide ________________ and
_______ Alcohol _________.
48) Another name/term for anaerobic respiration is __ fermentation _________________.

49) How does lactic acid relate to your body?
Builds up in your cells and can cause cramps/burning
50) Glycolysis occurs in which organelle?
Cytoplasm
51) The Krebs Cycle occurs in which organelle?
Mitochondria
52) What is the purpose of glycolysis?
To split glucose into 2 molecules of Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid)
53) What are the electron carriers for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis
NADPH
Respiration
NADH
FADH
2
54) What is the purpose of secondary/accessory pigments?
To photosynthesize (go through photosynthesis) using different wavelengths of light
55) Photosynthesis occurs in which part of the plant? __ Chloroplast ________________
Use the following terms to complete the statements below (56-58). a. anaerobic respiration b. photosynthesis c. sun
56) Light energy is converted into chemical energy through a process called _ Photosynthesi ____.
57) The ultimate source of energy for all living things on Earth is the _ Sun __________________.
58) The type of respiration that occurs without oxygen is _ Anaerobic Respiration ___________.
59) Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular respiration (This is made more clear by writing out the equations for both, you will notice that the photosynthesis equation is the reverse of the cellular respiration equation.
0
60) Why do our cells perform mitosis?
To replace cells and to grow
61) Why do our cells perform meiosis?
To create more sex cells (sperm and egg)

62) How are mitosis and meiosis different? How are they similar?
One produces sex cells the other produces somatic cells.
They both are a form of cellular division with similar steps.
63) What are the types of genetic mutations that we discussed? What are the characteristics of each?
Point: A change in a single nucleotide (base)
Substitution: the change codes for a new amino acid
Silent: the change does not code for a new amino acid
Missense: is another term for substitution
Nonsense: causes a premature stop of the protein production
Frameshift: A removal or addition of a nucleotide (base) causing all codons after that to shift
Insertion: The addition of a nucleotide
Deletion: The removal of a nucleotide
64) Explain the difference between genotypes and phenotypes.
Genotypes are the actual alleles that an organism has for a trait. The phenotype is the physical trait.
65) If someone was HETEROZYGOUS for eye color, what is her genotype? _____ Bb ________
66) Using the key B = black fur and b = gray fur, complete the following cross:
Homozygous recessive gray bear mates with a heterozygous black bear. b
B Bb b
Bb b bb bb
Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios
Bb:bb Black hair:Gray hair
1:1 1:1
67) If B = brown hair, b = blonde hair, and C = curly, and c = straight, what type of hair does a person with the genotype BbCC have?
A - Brown and Curly C - Brown and Straight
B - Blonde and Curly D - Blonde and Straight
68) A body cell of an organism has 18 chromosomes. What is the chromosome number of a SPERM cell? a. 72 b. 36 c. 9 d. 18

69) In humans, how many chromosomes would be found in each cell after mitosis? a. 23 b. 46 c. 92 d. none of the above
70) Sometimes genetic material is exchanged between maternal and paternal pairs of chromosomes. This is called: ______________ Crossing over (Synapsis) _____________________________
71) Explain the differences between Crossing Over and the Law of Independent Assortment.
This pedigree charts a sex-linked gene for hairy ears. Hairy ears are dominant and non-hairy ears are recessive. Use the following pedigree to answer questions #72-75.
72) What is the gender of person II-3? _____ Male ________
73) How many children do II-5 and II-6 have? _____ 2 _______
74) How many individuals in this family have hairy ears? _____ 12 ______
75) How many chromosomes should a human have in all body cells? _ 46 _ In sex cells? _ 23 _
76) What is a karyotype, and why do doctors use them?
A photograph of all the chromosome of an organism. To detect chromosomal anomalies.

77) Explain what is wrong with the following karyotype: ____ Three chromosomes at 21 _______
78) What disease/disorder does this karyotype show? _______ Down’s Syndrome ____________
Match the definition with the correct word provided below (#79-82). a. Independent Assortment d. Ovum b. Spermatogenesis e. Meiosis c. Crossing Over f. Sexual Reproduction
___ b ___ 79) The gamete producing process that occurs in male reproductive organs.
___ f ___ 80) The kind of reproduction where a male gamete and a female gamete are needed to produce offspring.
___ d ___ 81) The female gamete.
___ c ___ 82) A process that increases genetic variation by allowing two chromosomes to exchange pieces.
___ e ___ 83) A type of cell division used to form sex cells.
___ a ___ 84) Homologous chromosomes in meiosis are randomly distributed because of this.
Match the definition with the correct word provided below (#79-84). a. Oogensis d. Fertilization b. Life Cycle e. Sperm
___ d ___ 85) The process in most animals that produces diploid zygotes. c. Clone f. Asexual
___ c ___ 86) An organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and is genetically identical to its parent.

___ f ___ 87) A type of reproduction in which a single parent passes copies of all its genes to its offspring.
___ b ___ 88) A cycle that spans from one generation to the next.
___ e ___ 89) A male gamete.
___ a ___ 90) The process of forming ova.
91) What are the differences between sex-linked (dominant/recessive) and autosomal
(dominant/recessive)?
In sex-linked it is only on the X or Y not both, so males can only have one copy of the gene whereas females have two copies if it’s on the X and none if it’s on the Y.
In autosomal everyone has two copies.
92) Circle the correct word that matches the description.
Body cells (somatic) are called [circle] haploid/ diploid because they have two sets of chromosomes, and sex cells (gametes) are called [circle] haploid /diploid because they have one set of chromosomes.
93) Explain the difference between a gene and an allele.
A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait. An allele is the specific type of trait.
94) If someone is heterozygous for a recessive disease, they will show physical signs of the disease.
Circle: TRUE or FALSE
95) XX = ____ Female _____ XY = _____ Male _______