AP Human Geography – Coach Clendenin
Name_____________________________________________
Unit Two: Migration
Chapter 3: Migration (page 82-83)
1. Explain the difference between immigration and emigration:_immigration is migration to a location
and emigration is migration from a location_________________________________________________
2. Compare circulation and migration:_Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a___
regular basis such as daily, monthly, or annually (eg; home to work, school, shops, church, etc.)________
2. Explain how migration affects globalization:_People can participate in the globalization of culture___
and economy regardless of place of residence, but still migrate in large numbers. Place is still important_
to an individual’s cultural identity and economic prospects. Therefore, people migrate to escape cultural
domination by other groups or to reunite with people of similar cultures creating pockets of diversity___
(ex; Chinatown in San Francisco or Puerto Rican neighborhoods in New York)______________________
Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? (page 83-88)
3. List E. G. Ravenstein’s three main elements of migration:
3.a._Reasons why migrants move__________________________________________________________
3.b._The distance migrants typically move___________________________________________________
3.c._The characteristics of migrants________________________________________________________
4. Compare push to pull factors:_A push factor induces people to move out of their present location,__
and a pull factor induces people to move into a new location____________________________________
5. Name and describe three main types of push and pull factors for migration:
5.a._Economic—most people migrate for economic reasons (ex; jobs)_(form of voluntary migration)___
5.b._Cultural—forced migration such as the slave trade in the southern United States or refugees (ex;__
Palestinians in Middle East or Darfur in Africa________________________________________________
5.c_Environmental—To mountains, seasides, and warm climates (Sunbelt). People with bronchitis,____
asthma, and allergies to dry climates like the deserts in Arizona. To escape drought (Dust Bowl),_______
Hurricanes (Katrina), or floods____________________________________________________________
5. Define intervening obstacle:_Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration (ex; mountains
and deserts, or immigration laws requiring passports to leave a country and visas to legally immigrate to
an area_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Compare internal migration to international migration:_International migration is permanent______
movement from one country to another. Internal migration is permanent movement within the same__
country_______________________________________________________________________________
7. List and explain the two types of internal migration:
7.a_Interregional migration – is movement from region of a country to another____________________
7.b._Intraregional migration is movement within one region____________________________________
8. List and explain the two types of international migration:
8.a. _Voluntary migration – implies the migrant has chosen to move for economic reasons____________
8.b._Forced migration –means the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors_________
9. Describe Wilbur Zelinsky’s migration transition model:
_A society in stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) (high birth (CBR) and death rates____
(CDR) and low natural increase rate (NIR)) is unlikely to migrate permanently to a new location, but does
have high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food__________________________________________
_ According to migration transition theory, societies in stages 3 and 4 are the destinations of the______
international migrants leaving the stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities._____________
_ Internal migration within countries in stages 3 and 4 of the demographic transition is intraregional,___
from cities to surrounding suburbs.________________________________________________________
10. What changes did Ravenstein observe about gender and migration?_Males were more likely than_
females to migrate long distances to other countries searching for work and were more likely to be____
employed, but since 1990 the trend has reversed and women make up 54% of U.S. immigrants. This____
trend is also true of undocumented immigrants from Mexico. Reasons include the changing role of_____
women in Mexico. Some come to join husbands and brothers already in the U.S., but most come for___
jobs because of poor economic conditions in Mexico__________________________________________
11. What changes did Ravenstein observe about family status and migration?_He believed that most__
long-distance migrants were young adults seeking work, rather than children or elderly people. This is__
still true about 55% of U.S. immigrants are between 18 and 44. Only 5% of immigrants are over age____
65._An increasing number of immigrants are children under age 17, because children tend to travel with
their mothers__________________________________________________________________________
12. Why do undocumented residents (illegal immigrants) have little trouble finding jobs in the U.S.?__
Because employers can pay them lower wages and do not have to provide health care or retirement__
plans and other benefits. They can also be threatened with deportation if they don’t work hard______
Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? (page 88-96)
13. Describe three characteristics of global migration patterns:
13.a. _Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out-migration___________________________________
13.b._North America, Europe, and Oceania have net in-migration________________________________
13.c._The three largest flows of migrants are to Europe from Asia; to North America from Latin America
and Asia; and also from Europe to North America and Asia to Oceania____________________________
14. What percentage of the following countries’ populations is made up of immigrants?
Country
Percentage of population made up of immigrants
United States
10%
Canada
15%
Germany
6%
United Kingdom
6%
France
10%
United Arab Emirates
90%
Kuwait
70%
15. Describe who came to the U.S. and why in each of the following three eras:
15.a. Colonial Immigration (1600s to 1800)_90% from Great Britain with some from other European___
countries_____________________________________________________________________________
15.b. Nineteenth Century Immigration
A. First Peak (1840s & 1850s)_90% from Northern and western Europe___________________________
B. Second Peak (1880s)_ 3/4ths from Northern and Western Europe_____________________________
C. Third Peak (1890s)_ 3/4ths from Southern and Eastern Europe_______________________________
*Populations of Countries of Northern and Western Europe grew rapidly during the first and second___
peak and in Southern and Eastern Europe during the third peak due to industrialization, improvements_
in medicine and sanitation and a decline in the CDR. With these countries entering stage 2 workers____
started looking for economic opportunity (jobs) abroad (international migration)___________________
15.c. Recent Immigration From LDCs
A. Asian (1970s - _Leading source of immigration between late 1970’s and 1980’s. Most were from____
China, Philippines, and Vietnam in 1990’s. Through the 20th Century most were from China (including___
Taiwan) and India______________________________________________________________________
B. Latin American (1980s - ) _Replaced Asian countries as the largest source of immigration. The largest
number of immigrants in the 1990’s came from Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and El Salvador. The__
1986 Immigration Reform Act granted legal visas to several hundred thousand undocumented________
wokers_______________________________________________________________________________
16. In a sentence, summarize how immigration patterns to the U.S. have changed:_Early immigrants__
came from Northern and Western Europe and later Southern and Eastern Europe, but recent_________
immigration has been from Asia and Latin America____________________________________________
17. How did the demographic transition affect Europe’s emigration?_
18. Describe the impact of European emigration on world culture:______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
19. What have been the main destinations of recent immigrants into the U.S.?_California (Mexico,____
Philippines, Vietnam, and China)), Texas (Mexico), New York and New Jersey (Dominican Republic),____
Florida (Cuba), and Illinois (Mexicans and Poles). Proximity plays a part in some destinations like_______
Mexicans to Texas and California and Cubans to Florida________________________________________
20. Define chain migration:_Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of_
the same nationality migrated there_______________________________________________________
21. What is an undocumented immigrant and how do they get into the U.S.? _illegal immigrants who_
slip across the U.S. border without showing a passport or visa, or who enter as students and tourists and
then remain after they are supposed to leave________________________________________________
Key Issue 3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? (page 96-102)
22. What are the two main difficulties faced by migrants to a new country today?
22.a. _Gaining permission to enter a new country_____________________________________________
22.b._Hostile attitudes of citizens in the new country__________________________________________
23. What was the primary goal of the Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924?_To____
assure that most immigrants were European and that most Asians were excluded___________________
24. How did U.S. immigration policy change in 1968 and 1978?_Quotas for countries were eliminated
and replaced with hemisphere quotas and in 1978 a global quota_______________________________
25. Who gets preference for legal migration to the U.S.?_1. Spouses, children, and parents of U.S._____
citizens have no quota. 2. Spouses or unmarried children of noncitizens already living in the U.S. (also a_
hand full of brothers, sisters, and relatives of noncitizens), 3. skilled workers and professionals, and____
citizens from countries that have historically sent few immigrants to the U.S. (diversity category)______
26. How are refugees treated under U.S. law?_Quotas do not apply to refugees who are admitted if___
they are judged genuine refugees__________________________________________________________
27. Define brain drain:_A large scale emigration by talented people______________________________
28. Compare and contrast guest workers to time-contract workers:_Citizens of poor countries who___
obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle east are guest workers. They are protected by minimum_
wage laws and take jobs many Western Europeans don’t want, but still make much more than they____
would at home. Millions of Asians migrated in the nineteenth century as time-contract workers to work_
for a fixed amount of time on plantations and in mines. When their contract expired many would settle_
permanently in their new country. (Japanese to Hawaii, Chinese to California (transcontinental railroad))
29. Compare and contrast the U.S. attitude towards immigrants to that of other countries toward
their guest workers:_Many citizens of the U.S. are suspicious of immigrants. Racism, prejudice, fear of
unknown groups (nativism), economic fears, and anti-immigrant sentiments exist. As a result many
immigrants face hostility from citizens. Guest workers are seen as temporary workers by their hst
countries and themselves, but many workers remain indefinitely. Many Europeans oppose expanding
benefits for guest workers or improving their conditions. There have been efforts to limit immigration
and guest worker programs in many European countries and some countries are paying the workers to
return home.
30. Explain how the U.S. treats people leaving the following locations coming to the U.S.:
Country
U.S. treatment of emigrants from that country
Cuba
Political Refugees since 1959 when Fidel Castro came to power
Haiti
U.S. Immigration said the Haitians were economic exiles and not political exiles like
the Cubans, so they were not allowed to remain in the U.S. The Haitians filed a
lawsuit and won the right to stay
Vietnam
Boat people after the Vietnam War were considered political refugees, but today
immigrate primarily for economic reasons
Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? (page
102-107)
31. Name and describe two main types of internal migration:
31.a._Interregional – primary type is between rural and urban areas_____________________________
31.b._Intraregional – from older cities to suburbs_____________________________________________
32. What is the “center of population gravity?”_Average location of everyone in the country as_______
computed by the U.S. Census Bureau_______________________________________________________
33. List three reasons it took so long for the “center of population gravity” to move away from the
coast:
33.a. Reason 1:_Colonists depended on shipping links with Europe______________________________
33.b. Reason 2:_Intervening obstacles like the Appalachian Mountains____________________________
33.c. Reason 3:_Hostile Indians in the interior________________________________________________
34. What two factors fueled the western movement between 1790 & 1830?
34.a. Factor 1:_Opportunity to obtain large tracts of land at a low price___________________________
34.b. Factor 2:_Transportation improvements (canal building especially the Erie Canal connecting the__
Great Lakes to the east coast_____________________________________________________________
35. What role did the 98th meridian play in the western expansion of the US?_Marked the beginning_
of the Great Plains which stretched to the Rocky Mountains and received very little rainfall making it___
unfit for farming at the time. Today it is one of the World’s richest farming areas___________________
36. State two reasons the western movement of the “center of population gravity” slowed after 1880:
36.a._Large numbers of immigrants that came from Europe and settled on the East Coast____________
36.b._Pioneers and farmers started settling the Great Plains with the construction of the_____________
transcontinental railroad and not continuing on to the west coast________________________________
37. List the 2 reasons for the movement of people from the North & East to the South& West:
37.a._New Jobs________________________________________________________________________
37.b._Environmental reasons (“Sunbelt”)___________________________________________________
38. Explain why interregional migration has occurred in Russia, Brazil, and Indonesia:
38.a. Russia:_Soviet government initially forced workers to migrate to work in remote factories, steel__
mills, hydroelectric plants, and mines located near resources rather than population centers. Later they_
offered incentives such as higher wages and early retirement for people to relocate_________________
37.b. Brazil:_The government moved it’s capital city from Rio on the coast to a brand new city called___
Brasilia in the interior (called a forward capital)_ to encourage economic development of the countries_
interior_______________________________________________________________________________
37.c. Indonesia:_Nearly 2/3 of it’s citizens live on the island of Java. The government is giving away 5___
acres of land, materials to build a house, seeds, pesticides, and food to encourage them to move to less_
populated islands_______________________________________________________________________
38. How does intraregional migration patterns differ between MDCs and LDCs?_In MDC most________
intraregional migration is urban (central city) to suburban. Whereas; in LDC intraregional migration is___
primarily rural to urban__________________________________________________________________
39. What is a favela?_squatter settlements located on the outside of large cities occupied by people___
who can’t find or can’t afford housing. They may lack electricity, running water, and paved streets (see_
chapter 13)____________________________________________________________________________
40. What are the attractions of the suburbs over urban areas?_lifestyle changes like living in a________
detached house with a garage and a driveway rather than an apartment, having a yard, safety of______
children, and better schools all made possible by the automobile. NOT for economic opportunity or jobs
like most migration patterns______________________________________________________________
41. What is counterurbanization?_Net migration from urban to rural areas_______________________
42. Why is counterurbanization no longer a factor in .the USA?_Poor economic conditions in many____
rural areas; many factories in rural areas have closed because they are being undersold by Asian_______
competitors. Many small farmers are going bankrupt because of the high cost of farming_____________