National research university “Higher School of Economics”
Faculty of Psychology
For the students of the MSc program “Applied social psychology” (specialization 03300.68
“Psychology”)
Course syllabus for the discipline
“Cross-cultural psychology”
Author: Nadezhda M. Lebedeva, PhD, professor of the Department of
Organizational Psychology, nlebedeva@hse.ru
Endorsed by the Department of Organizational Psychology «___»_________ 20
Head of the department V.A.Stroh ______________________
Recommended by the Educational and Methodical Council (section «Psychology»)
«___»____________ 20
Chair V.A.Stroh ________________________
Approved by the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Psychology «___»_______20
Scientific secretary E.B.Starovoytenko ________________________
Moscow, 2013
The given syllabus cannot be used by other departments of HSE or other
universities without the allowance of the author
1. Scope of application and reference to regulatory documents
This syllabus establishes the requirements for the knowledge and skills of the
students, and defines the content of the course and the forms of evaluation.
The syllabus is designed for the teachers, teaching assistants, and the students of
the MSc program «Applied social psychology».
The program is designed in accordance with:
 Educational standard of HSE;
 Educational program for the specialization 030300.68 Master of Psychology;
 The curriculum of the university for the program «Applied social psychology».
2. Course objectives
The main objectives of the course are:
1) to introduce the main theories and researches in cultural and cross-cultural
psychology;
2) to develop an interest, motivation and skills of primary analysis of cultural
specifics of individual and group behavior.
3. Student’s competences after the course
General competencies
Specific competencies
Student has profound knowledge in the
The student is capable to define
field of modern theoretical and applied
theoretical and applied aspects of cross-
social psychology
cultural psychology
The student knows main theoretical
approaches, fundamental questions and
concepts of cross-cultural psychology.
Student owns the system of main
The student is capable to give definitions
categories of social psychology and
of the main categories and to estimate
methods of research
methods of psychological research in
cross-cultural psychology.
Students know different theoretical
approach and methods of culture’s
measurements
Is able to work and do research in the
Student is capable to apply the
international environment
knowledge of cultural specifics in verbal
and nonverbal communication in
international working settings
Student is able to present the results of
Student knows the international
his/her work in the reports and
standards of presenting the results of the
presentations in English, both in public
cross-cultural research in English in
and individual communication
written and verbal forms.
Student has the skills of presentation of
different home tasks in English.
Student is able to use the specific
Student knows the criteria of good cross-
concepts, models, and methods to solve
cultural study;
the complex problems in governmental,
Student has the skills to reveal and
social and business organizations,
explain the cultural differences
administration bodies, and in the areas
Student is capable to develop programs
of research and consulting
of intercultural migrants’ adaptation in
Russian society, programs of
multicultural training in various working
and educational settings.
4. Place of the course in the structure of the educational program
The discipline is basic (obligatory) for all 1st year master students of the MSc
program “Applied social psychology”
The discipline builds on the previously learned general theories within the courses:
 General psychology;
 Social psychology;
 Ethnic psychology.
The knowledge and skills built within this course will be needed to study the
following disciplines:
 Cross-cultural psychology of organizational behavior;
 Methodology of cross-cultural research;
 Research seminar «Cross-cultural psychology».
5. Course schedule
Total
№
Theme
number of
hours
1
Introduction to cross-
Class hours
lectures seminars
Individual
work
20
4
4
12
30
4
4
22
cultural psychology
2
Measuring and mapping
cultures
3
Culture and cognition
20
4
4
12
4
Personality across cultures
30
4
4
22
5
Communication and culture
40
8
8
24
6.
Psychology of migration
40
8
8
24
180
32
32
116
and acculturation
Total
6. Course content
1. Introduction to cross-cultural psychology
Increase in scientific interest in cross-cultural psychology of the last decades:
globalization and migration. What is cross-cultural psychology? Fundamental
questions of cross-cultural psychology. Cultural psychology. Indigenous
psychology. Relationships between culture and human behaviour. Absolutism,
Relativism, Universalism. How to study the relationships between culture and
behaviour? Varieties of comparative psychological research.
Levels of observation and analysis in comparative psychological research.
Ecocultural
Framework.
Transmission
Variables.
Cultural
Transmission
Framework. Equivalence and Comparability. Functional Equivalence. Conceptual
Equivalence. Metric Equivalence. Emics and Etics. Topical categories including
cultural coverage.
Literature:
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Segall, M.N. & Dasen P.R. (2002).Cross-cultural
psychology: Research and applications, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press.
Bock P.(1980) Continuties in Psychological Anthropology. San-Francisco, CA:
Freeman.
Triandis H.C. (1994) Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Van de Vijver,F.J.R., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A (Eds.) (2011) Fundamental
Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology, Cambridge University Press.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology, Units 1-3: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol1/
2. Measuring and mapping cultures
Definitions of culture. Theoretical framework for studying ecology, culture and
behavior. How to “measure” a culture? Cultural Syndromes (Triandis): Cultural
complexity, Tightness-looseness, Individualism-Collectivism. Hofstede’s cultural
dimensions: Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Masculinity.
World Values Survey (Inglehart): Traditional versus Secular-Rational values,
Survival versus Self-Expression values. Cultural Value Orientations (Schwartz):
Embeddedness – Autonomy, Egalitarianism – Hierarchy, Mastery – Harmony.
Social axioms (Bond, Leung).
Literature:
Cohen, D. (2001). Cultural variation: Considerations and implications.
Psychological Bulletin, V. 127, p.451-471.
Gelfand, M.J. et al. (2011). Differences between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33Nation Study. Science, V. 332, p.1100-1104.
Hofstede G. (1980) Culture's consequences: international differences in workrelated values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Inglehart, R. & Baker, W. (2000). Modernization, cultural change and the
persistence of traditional values, American Sociological Review, № 65, p.19–51.
Schwartz, S. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and
applications, Comparative Sociology, V. 5, p. 137-182.
Schwartz, S. H. (2011). Values: Cultural and individual. In S. M. Breugelmans, A.
Chasiotis, & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Fundamental questions in cross-cultural
psychology, p. 463-493. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Triandis H.C. (1994) Culture and Social Behavior. McGrow-Hill, Inc.
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. (2010). Values, agency, and well-being: A human
development model. Social Indicators Research, V. 97, p.43-63.
Welzel, C., Inglehart, R. & Klingemann, H. (2003). The theory of human
development: A cross-cultural analysis, European Journal of Political Research, V.
42, р.341-379.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Dianne A. van Hemert. Cross-Cultural Meta-Analyses.
Fons, J. R. van de Vijver Types of Comparative Studies in Cross-Cultural
Psychology.
Realo A. and Jüri Allik. The Nature and Scope of Intra-Cultural Variation on
Psychological Dimensions.
Smith, P.B. Levels of Analysis in Cross-Cultural Psychology.
Triandis, H.C. Subjective Culture.
3. Culture and Cognition
Perception and culture. Historical roots (Rivers’ experiments). Sensory functions.
Perception of patterns and pictures. Visual illusions (Segall’s experiments).
Theories of explanation of visual illusions. Depth perception (Hudson’s
experiments). Face recognition across ethnic groups. Cultural patterns of drawing.
Perception of color. Perception of time. Culture and Intelligence. General
intelligence. Ethnic differences in IQ scores and its’ explanation. Intelligence and
intelligent behavior. Contributions of biological and socio-economic factors.
Cultural values of Cognition. Cognitive styles.
Literature:
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.6-9).
Shiryaev, E., Levy D. Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical
Thinking and Contemporary Applications.Allyn and Bacon, 2010.(ch.4-5).
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Altarriba J., Basnight, D.M., and Canary, T.M. Emotion Representation and
Perception Across Cultures.
Altarriba J. Bilingualism: Language, Memory and Applied Issues.
Chi-yue Chiu. Language and Culture.
Fleith, D.S. Creativity in the Brazilian Culture.
Guess, C.D. Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures.
Guess, C.D. Planning in Brazil, India and Germany.
Hofer J., Chasiotis A. Implicit Motives Across Cultures.
Mpofu E. Indigenization of the Psychology of Human Intelligence in Sub-Saharan
Africa.
Sternberg, R.J. Cultural Explorations of Human Intelligence Around the World.
Strohschneider S. Cultural Factors in Complex Decision Making.
4. Personality and Culture
How culture shapes personality? Climate’s influence on Personality. ‘Culture and
Personality’ School (М.Мead, R. Benedict, R.Linton, A.Kardiner). The Basic
Personality Structure. Modal Personality Theory. National character. Problems
with the early studies of Personality. Five Factor Theory (McCrae and Costa).
Universality of genetic structure. Age trends in Personality. NEO-P-R Tests of
Universability, Personality Profiles of Cultures. The Russian Character and
Personality Survey. Self in Social Context. Sex Differences in Personality. Social
Roles Explanation. Evolutionary Explanation. Environment Stress Explanation.
Some non-western concepts. African Personality. Indian concepts of personality.
Amae in Japan.
Literature
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.3,5).
Gudykunst W. et al. (1988) Culture and interpersonal communication. - Beverly
Hills, СA: Sage.
Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for
cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, V. 98, p.224-253.
Allik, J. et al. (2011). Personality profiles and the "Russian Soul:" Literary and
scholarly views evaluated, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, V. 42, p. 372–
389.
Realo, A., Allik, J.et al., (2009). Mechanisms of the national character stereotype:
How people in six neighboring countries of Russia describe themselves and the
typical Russian, European Journal of Personality, V. 23, p.229–249.
Terracciano, A. et al., (2005). National character in 49 cultures: Perceived and
assessed personality traits, Science, V. 310, p.96-100.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective
well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life, Annual Review of
Psychology, V. 54, p.403–425.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Cheung, F.M. and Cheung S.F.Measuring Personality and Values Across Cultures:
Imported Versus Indigenous Measures.
Church, A.T. and Katigbak, M.S. Studying Personality Traits Across Cultures:
Philippine Examples.
Eyetsemitan F. Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Midlife and Later Years in
Western and Non-Western Societies.
Hills, M.D. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory.
McCrae, R.R. Cross-Cultural Research on the Five-Factor Model of Personality.
Schmitt, D.P. Are Sexual Promiscuity and Relationship Infidelity Linked to
Different Personality Traits Across Cultures? Findings from the International
Sexuality Description Project.
Suh, E.M. and Oishi S. Subjective Well-Being Across Cultures.
Trommsdorff G. An Eco-Cultural and Interpersonal Relations Approach to
Development over the Life Span.
5. Communication and culture
Factors of communication and culture. Triandis’ model of culture and
communication. Cultural values (Кlackhorn, Schwartz). Cultural norms, rules,
roles in communication. Culture and verbal communication. Cultural-conditioned
styles of verbal communication: direct and indirect styles of verbal
communication, personal and situational styles, instrumental and affective styles.
Culture and nonverbal communication. Proxemics in the context of culture. Tactile
interaction. Communicative competence and ways of its improvement in crosscultural communication. Intergroup (inter-ethnic communication. Theories of
intergroup interaction. The concept of inter-ethnic tension and its psychological
indicators. Ethnic stereotypes and prejudice. Modern theories of the origin of
prejudice. Psychological paradigm of intercultural interaction. Perceived
discrimination and inter-ethnic relations. Cross-cultural studies of ingroup
favoritism. Interpersonal relations in intercultural communication.
Literature
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.4,14).
Gudykunst W. et al. (1988) Culture and interpersonal communication, Beverly
Hills. CA: Sage.
Hofstede G. (1980) Culture's consequences: international differences in workrelated values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Le-Vine R.A., Campbell D.T. (1972) Ethnocentrism: theories of conflict, ethnic
attitudes and group behavior. NY: John Willey.
Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Les valeurs de base de la personne: Théorie, mesures et
applications //Basic human values: Theory, measurement, and applications,. Revue
Française de Sociologie, V. 47, p. 249-288.
Schwartz, S. H. (2011). Values: Cultural and individual. In S. M. Breugelmans, A.
Chasiotis, & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Fundamental questions in cross-cultural
psychology, p. 463-493. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Adamopoulos J. Perception of Interpersonal Behaviors Across Cultures.
Khan, S.R. Stereotyping from the Perspective of Perceivers and Targets.
Kornadt, H.-J.Social Motives and Their Development in Cultural Context.
Levine, R.V. Measuring Helping Behavior Across Cultures.
Liu, J.H. A Cultural Perspective on Intergroup Relations and Social Identity.
Segall, M.H. Why is There Still Racism if There is No Such Thing as "Race"?
T. West and Levy S. R. Background Belief Systems and Prejudice.
6. Psychology of migration and acculturation
The concepts of migration, emigration and immigration. Psychological problems
of migration. The motivation for emigration (push - pull theory, neo-classical
theory). The hypothesis of «cultural shock». The concept of cultural distance.
Model of cultural learning. Stress of acculturation, strategies of acculturation
(Berry). Socio-cultural, psychological, economic adaptation of migrants.
Psychological adaptation to new geographical environment Migration and
psychological health of migrants. The consequences of intercultural contacts
(genocide, segregation, assimilation, integration). Benefits of multiculturalism.
Ethnic identity and tolerance. Socio-psychological factors of ethnic tolerance intolerance. Applied research of cross-cultural psychology in the field of
adaptation of migrants. MIRIPS project. Study of acculturation of migrants in
Russia and the CIS. Programs for improvement of intercultural relations.
Intercultural training. Cultural assimilator.
Literature
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.13).
Furnham A., Bochner S. (1986). Culture Shock: Psychological reactions to
unfamiliar environments, NY: Methuen.
Kaplan S.(1983) A model of person-environment compatibility .Environment
behavior, V.15, p.1390-1400.
Padilla, A. M. (2008). Social cognition, ethnic identity, and ethnic specific
strategies for coping with threat due to prejudice and discrimination. In C. WillisEsqueda (Ed.), Motivational aspects of prejudice and racism. Springer: The
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Series.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact
theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, V. 90(5), p.751–783.
Tartakovsky, E., & Schwartz, S. H. (2001). Motivation for emigration, value
priorities, psychological well-being, and cultural identifications among young
Russian Jews. International Journal of Psychology, V. 36(2), p.88-99.
Tartakovsky, E. (2009). The psychological well-being of unaccompanied minors: a
longitudinal study of adolescents immigrating from Russia and Ukraine to Israel
without parents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, V. 19(2), p.177-204.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Bochner S. Culture Shock Due to Contact with Unfamiliar Cultures.
Gannon M. J. Cultural Metaphors: Their Use in Management Practice as a Method
for Understanding Cultures.
Nippoda Y. Japanese Students' Experience of Adaptation and Acculturation of the
United Kingdom
Rudmin, F.W Acculturation, Acculturative Change, and Assimilation: A Research
Bibliography With URL Links.
Rudmin, F.W Catalogue of Acculturation Constructs: Descriptions of 126
Taxonomies, 1918-2003
Sam, D.L. and Oppedal B. Acculturation as a Developmental Pathway.
Schönpflug U. Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, and Coping.
Schultz, P.W. Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors Across Cultures.
Sussman, N.M. Sojourners to Another Country: The Psychological Roller-Coaster
of Cultural Transitions.
Tyler, F.B. Transcultural Ethnic Validity Model and Intracultural Competence.
Wang J. Knowing the True Face of a Mountain: Understanding Communication
and Cultural Competence.
7. Education technologies
The interactive forms of teaching are used in the course: group discussion, case
analysis (life stories, book or video materials). Recognized and well-known
professors in the field of cross-cultural psychology are invited to give «master
classes».
8. Forms of evaluation for the current assessment and attestation
Form of the assessment
Criteria
Presentations on specific topics from
1) Depth and thoroughness of material
advanced cross-cultural psychology on
analysis
seminars (are intended to familiarize the
2) Clear structure of report (critical
audience with the modern achievements
parts
in cross-cultural psychology, which are
problem, method, substantial results
beyond the lecture course). Students
and conclusion)
work in small groups (2-3 per each) and
3) Consistency and logical structure of
prepare presentations on articles from
report
portal
in
4) Quality of answers to the questions
Psychology and Culture. International
from audience (complete and detailed
Association
answers)
“The
Online
for
and
Psychology”
Readings
Cross-Cultural
HSE
of
presentation:
research
electronic
resources.
Homework (2). Home tasks allow more
1) Feasibility
detailed and thorough study of particular
conclusions and main theses of project
topics that are not fully covered during
2) Ability to apply the theories of
lectures and seminars.
social and cross-cultural psychology to
Homework should be done in a field
the analysed problems. References to
study
the theories used are required.
format.
arbitrary
interaction
Students
situation
from
of
choose
an
cross-cultural
their
previous
and
validity
of
3) Ability to apply practical aspects of
theories used in the analysis to the
experience and write an analytical
analyzed problems.
formally structured essay where they
4) Absence of elements of everyday
analyze the chosen situation in terms of
psychological
several socio-psychological theories.
journalisms.
a) Choice and analysis of cross-cultural
5) Practice-oriented recommendations.
situation for homework № 1 should be
6) Consistency and logical structure of
related to the topic “Measuring and
verbal and written report.
mapping cultures”.
7) Quality of answers to the questions
knowledge
and
b) The homework №2 is performed on
from audience
the topic “Psychology of migration and
acculturation”
and
facilitates
development of critical thinking and
analysis of literature. The task also
demands the development of student’s
own view of the problem, along with
suggestions on its practical aspect.
Students work in small groups of 2-3
people. The task should be done as
analytical essay and oral presentation
with use of PowerPoint.
The final examination.
1) depth and completeness of answers
Students are to write answers to two on 2 theoretical questions;
theoretical questions and one practical 2) correct,
deep
and
complete
case. The exam requires demonstration implementation of case
of broad theoretical knowledge along
with ability to apply this knowledge to
the practical problems in hand.
10-value scale is used to rate all forms
of control.
9. Forms of knowledge assessment and grading procedures
Knowledge should be assessed in 10-point scale. Grades on the following forms of
knowledge assessment constitute the final grade:
Gclass – the grade for participating in the classes and being active during the
dicussions
Gindividual – the grade for individual work, including grades for intermediate tests
and for preparing presentations for the seminars
Gcurrent – the grade for homeworks = 0.5*homework1 + 0.5*homework2
Gcumulative = 0.4*Gcurrent + 0.3*Gclass + 0.3*Gindividual
Gexam – the grade for the final examination
Gfinal = 0,6 Gcumulative + 0,4*Gexam
10.
Learning aids
Course book
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press
Basic literature
Allik, J. et al. (2011). Personality profiles and the "Russian Soul:" Literary and
scholarly views evaluated, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, V. 42, p.
372–389.
Bock P.(1980) Continuties in Psychological Anthropology. San-Francisco, CA:
Freeman.
Cohen, D. (2001). Cultural variation: Considerations and implications.
Psychological Bulletin, V. 127, p.451-471.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective
well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life, Annual Review of
Psychology, V. 54, p.403–425.
Furnham A., Bochner S. (1986). Culture Shock: Psychological reactions to
unfamiliar environments, NY: Methuen.
Gelfand, M.J. et al. (2011). Differences between Tight and Loose Cultures: A
33-Nation Study. Science, V. 332, p.1100-1104.
Gudykunst W. et al. (1988) Culture and interpersonal communication, Beverly
Hills. CA: Sage.
Hofstede G. (1980) Culture's consequences: international differences in workrelated values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Inglehart, R. & Baker, W. (2000). Modernization, cultural change and the
persistence of traditional values, American Sociological Review, № 65, p.19–
51.
Kaplan S.(1983) A model of person-environment compatibility .Environment
behavior, V.15, p.1390-1400.
Le-Vine R.A., Campbell D.T. (1972) Ethnocentrism: theories of conflict, ethnic
attitudes and group behavior. NY: John Willey.
Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for
cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, V. 98, p.224-253.
Padilla, A. M. (2008). Social cognition, ethnic identity, and ethnic specific
strategies for coping with threat due to prejudice and discrimination. In C.
Willis-Esqueda (Ed.), Motivational aspects of prejudice and racism. Springer:
The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Series.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup
contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, V. 90(5), p.751–
783.
Realo, A., Allik, J.et al., (2009). Mechanisms of the national character
stereotype: How people in six neighboring countries of Russia describe
themselves and the typical Russian, European Journal of Personality, V. 23,
p.229–249.
Schwartz, S. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and
applications, Comparative Sociology, V. 5, p. 137-182.
Shiryaev, E., Levy D. Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical
Thinking and Contemporary Applications.Allyn and Bacon, 2010.(ch.4-5).
Tartakovsky, E. (2009). The psychological well-being of unaccompanied
minors: a longitudinal study of adolescents immigrating from Russia and
Ukraine to Israel without parents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, V.
19(2), p.177-204.
Tartakovsky, E., & Schwartz, S. H. (2001). Motivation for emigration, value
priorities, psychological well-being, and cultural identifications among young
Russian Jews. International Journal of Psychology, V. 36(2), p.88-99.
Terracciano, A. et al., (2005). National character in 49 cultures: Perceived and
assessed personality traits, Science, V. 310, p.96-100.
Triandis H.C. (1994) Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Van de Vijver,F.J.R., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A (Eds.) (2011)
Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology, Cambridge University
Press.
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. (2010). Values, agency, and well-being: A human
development model. Social Indicators Research, V. 97, p.43-63.
Welzel, C., Inglehart, R. & Klingemann, H. (2003). The theory of human
development: A cross-cultural analysis, European Journal of Political Research,
V. 42, р.341-379.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/