Name______________________________
Agricultural Geography
Key Issue #2: Where are Agricultural regions in Less Developed Countries (PINGs)?
Shifting Cultivation
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Where???
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–
–
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Hallmarks
o
_______________________________ agriculture
o
Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil
nutrients are depleted and then leave it fallow (nothing planted) for many
years so the soil can recover.

The process:
o
Clear the dense vegetation
o
_______the debris
o
Prepare the fields by hand
o
Leave after about ______ years
o
Return in ____________ years
 Crops of Shifting cultivation
–
o
Vary according to local custom and taste
o
SE Asia – _____________
o
South America – __________
o
Africa – ___________ and ____________________
Ownership and Use of Land
o
People who use shifting cultivation tend to live in small villages and use the
surrounding land for agriculture.
o
The land is owned by the village as a whole,
_____________________________.
o
The chief or ruling council allocates the land to the people.
The Future of Shifting Cultivation
•
The use of shifting cultivation is decreasing by about ______ % each year.
•
________________, cattle ranching, and cultivation of cash crops are replacing it.
•
Effect on the rainforest?
Pastoral Nomadism
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Pastoral nomadism:
•
Adapted to dry climates such as ______________, the Middle East, and Central
Asia
•
There are only about 15 million pastoral nomads, but they occupy about 20% of
Earth’s land area.
Characteristics of Pastoral Nomadism
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Depend on __________________rather than crops for survival
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Animals provide milk and skins for clothes and tents
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The people primarily eat grain
•
Women and children plant crops
•
Size of the herd – source of power and protection during adverse conditions
Choice of Animals
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The type of animal and size of the herd is selected based upon the local culture and
physical characteristics
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The Middle East –
•
Central Asia –
Movement of Pastoral Nomads
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Pastoral nomads do not wander randomly; they have a sense of territoriality
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Every group controls a territory
•
Transhumance – seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowlands
pasture areas
•
Pasture –
The Future of Pastoral Nomadism
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Today, pastoral nomadism is declining, partially due to modern technology
•
In the future, pastoral nomadism will be confined to areas that cannot be irrigated
or that lack valuable raw materials
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
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Shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism exist in areas of low population density
•
Intensive subsistence agriculture:
Intensive Subsistence with Wet Rice Dominance
•
•
The term wet rice refers to the practice of :
The most important food source in:
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Southeast China
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East India
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Much of SE Asia
The process of “Wet rice”
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First, a farmer prepares a field for planting, using a plow drawn by buffalo or oxen
•
Then, the plowed field is flooded with water. The flooded field is called a
“___________.”
•
Rice plants are harvested by hand, usually with a knife
Double Cropping
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Double cropping –
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Common in places with warm winters
•
Usually involves wet rice in the summer and wheat, barley, or another dry crop in
the winter
Intensive Subsistence with Wet Rice not Dominant
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Interior India and Northeast China
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Wheat is the most important crop, followed by barley
•
Crop rotation –
Plantation Farming
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Plantation –
•
Generally found in PINGs, they are often operated by Europeans or North
Americans
•
The crops are often for sale PEDs
Crops of Plantation Farming
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________________, sugarcane, coffee, _______________, and tobacco
•
Before the Civil War, plantations were important in the U.S. South
•
After the war, the plantations were subdivided and sold to individual farmers or
worked by tenant farmers