Emily Melendi
Wolcott
ENC 1102
15 March 2013
Annotated Bibliography
This bibliography is aimed to figure out if there is any relation between
premature births and teenagers, the cost of neonatal units, and the risks of
teenagers having children. All of the information coming from a range of
resources, academic journals and peer reviewed articles from the year 1999 to
present day. The goal is to show people and maybe have them rethink their
decision of when to have a child and the risks that they put themselves and their
child in. It can be intended for people all ages and can be shared between other
doctors to get other information and ideas. Most of the people who are talking
about this and neonatal doctors and nurses. Everyone around the world is
interested in this, it is something that everyone has questions about and needs
further research. Interviews of the mother, father and nurses help give most of the
data along with measurements and evaluations of the baby. With this information
the doctors are trying to come to conclusions with premature births and teenagers.
BEECKMAN K, DE PUTTE S, PUTMAN K, FRED LOUCKX, et al. "Predictive Social
Factors In Relation To Preterm Birth In A Metropolitan Region." Acta Obstetricia
Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 88.7 (2009): 787-792. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 28 Feb. 2013. The authors, coming from the Department of Medical
Sociology and Health Sciences came together to see the social factors and how
the relate to the preterm births. In Ireland about 4.4% of births are preterm and
about 13.2% are preterm in the USA. In this article they found that most preterm
births were associated with infections, smoking, low body mass index and
previous preterm births. They also studied the how the stress of work and poor
living conditions relate to this and that single, lower educational woman without a
job are the most with preterm labor. For this study they used the birth certificate,
medical, information. The categories were, educational level, occupation, marital
status, age and ethnicity. With these categories they were able to separate the
women and look at them more to study maybe why they had a preterm labor.
With all of these there is a common theme of teens that are single, smoke, don’t
have a very high education and sometimes have a bad medical history.
Caldú, Xavier, Ana Narberhaus, Carme Junqué, Mónica Giménez, Pere Vendrell, Núria
Bargalló, Dolors Segarra, and Francesc Botet. "Corpus Callosum Size And
Neuropsychologic Impairment In Adolescents Who Were Born Preterm." Journal
Of Child Neurology 21.5 (2006): 406-410. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11
Mar. 2013. All authors having a PhD and MD studied if children born preterm
had different performance levels of the corpus callosum reductions and
neuropsychologist. It was recorded that the preterm children did worse in global
functioning, verbal memory and verbal frequency. It is known though that your
corpus callosum increases until adulthood and with time it will finally increase
later on with the children who were born premature.
Carmody, D. P., Bendersky, M., Dunn, S. M., DeMarco, J., Hegyi, T., Hiatt, M., &
Lewis, M. "Early Risk, Attention, And Brain Activation In Adolescents Born
Preterm." Child Development 77.2 (2006): 384-394. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 14 Mar. 2013. These authors came from the University of Medicine and
Dentistry, Rutgers University, University Radiology Group and Saint Peter’s
University Hospital to research the risks and brain activation in adolescents born
premature. Studies have shown that preterm infants have shown defects in school
achievement, some may not show any but the majorities do. “Preterm births
appears to affect the brain…they have shown abnormalities and reduces volumes
of the brain as young as 8 years old.” They took ten participant (15-16 years old)
all born premature. They went through a serious of test while data was collected.
They came to the conclusion that on attention tasks performance would be better
and usage of the left side of the brain is more. Throughout all ten participants
most of the results were the same and were easy to determine the conclusion.
Chen C, Tsai C, Sung F, Lee Y, Lu T, Ko M, et al. "Adverse Birth Outcomes Among
Pregnancies Of Teen Mothers: Age-Specific Analysis Of National Data In
Taiwan." Child: Care, Health & Development 36.2 (2010): 232-240. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. The authors from this article come from all
form of the medical area; from the College of Nursing, Public Health and
Medicine, Division of Health and Health Care and Department of Surgery came
together to study the birth outcomes of teen mothers. It was based in Taiwan in
the years 1985-1997. During that time 1,185,597 mothers gave birth in the age
between 24 years or less and 151,259 were 19 years or younger. Through the
study they came to the conclusion that there is no difference between the
ethnicities or nationalities of the girls. There were certain factors they looked at
such as, place of birth, gender, birth date, birth type, order, education and parental
marital status. Throughout the years the numbers of teen pregnancies were still
very high but a good number of them went down. When talking to the mothers
again they concluded that teen moms were less likely to have multiple children
than adult mothers. The study also shows that lower socioeconomic status and
lack of knowledge of reproductive health risk factors for the teen pregnancies.
The tables shown in the article show the result of all the factors they considered.
The researchers when describing separated the girls onto three age groups 10-14,
15-19, and 20-24. It was also found that teen mothers have a greater spouse age
difference and a less educated spouse.
"Clinical Digest. Women Aged Over 20 Have Safer Pregnancies Than Teenagers."
Nursing Standard 25.2 (2010): 17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
According to the Clinical Digest researchers in Cork and Manchester women over
the age of 20 have safer pregnancies than teenagers. They took women ranging in
age from 14-29 years and this being their first birth. Low birth weight and preterm
labor were both more common for the mothers who were between the ages of 1417. From their findings the authors want to make sure “pregnant teenagers have
appropriate antenatal care.”
da Silva, Antônio A. M., Vanda M. F. Simões, Marco A. Barbier, Heloisa Bettio,
Fernando Lamy-Fiiho, Liberata C. Coimbra, and Maria T. S. S. B. Alves. "Young
Maternal Age And Preterm Birth." Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology 17.4
(2003): 332. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. The authors coming
from the Department of Public Health and the Department of Pediatrics came
together to try and understand the relation between young maternal age and
preterm birth in Brazil. Most of the young maternal pregnancies have shown to
come from the developing countries. A lot of factors were considered in this study
such as, maternal age, marital status, education level, family income, occupations,
mode of delivery, health insurance, drug and alcohol use, and even maternal
stature. With the results it was proven that teenage mothers have higher rates of
preterm birth than adult mothers. A very high risk for mothers under the age of 18
“are that they are still growing while pregnant, a fact that can result in some
nutrient competition between mother and fetus” which is very dangerous for both.
In this study compared to one in the US it was found that even though the young
mothers had a low family income they had a higher level age of appropriate
education.
Escumalha M, Cunha M, Machado M, Gouveia C, Vale F. "Neonatal Morbidity And
Outcome Of Live Born Premature Babies After Attempted Illegal Abortion With
Misoprostol." Pediatric Nursing 31.3 (2005): 228-231. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 12 Mar. 2013. All authors; a neonatologist, resident and Professor of
Pharmacology came together to see the results of the attempted abortion with
Misoprostol. Misoprostol is an effective abortion drug when mixed with
mifepristone or methotrexate for an abortion, but most women were trying to take
misoprostol by itself, which was not successful and caused other problems with
the infants. Also it is only affective when performed medically and by someone
who knows what they are doing and has learned all the right steps to perform the
procedure. Mothers who took this drug were attributed to the low birth weight and
premature birth of infants. Most of the women who took this drug were younger,
under the age of 21, and “born outside of Portugal…and had less prenatal care
during pregnancy.”
Gilbert W, Jandial D, Field N, Bigelow P, Danielsen B. "Birth Outcomes In Teenage
Pregnancies." The Journal Of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine: The Official
Journal Of The European Association Of Perinatal Medicine, The Federation Of
Asia And Oceania Perinatal Societies, The International Society Of Perinatal
Obstetricians 16.5 (2004): 265-270. MEDLINE. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. The authors,
coming from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Center for
Health Services Research in Primary Care, and the Health Information Solutions
wanted to research the birth outcomes in teen pregnancies. In this study they
researched around 300,000 teens in California from 1992-1997. Some of the main
causes for the preterm labor include low body mass index, smoking and young
gynecological age (development of reproductive system). The women were
separated into three different age groups, 11-15, 16-19, 20-29, and by
race/ethnicity. With the results shown in the table Hispanics had the greater
percentage of preterm births and complications than anyone else. African
Americans have worse outcomes than whites too. Asians as they got older and to
the later category showed a high percentage of preterm labor than when younger.
Racial and ethnic differences played a big part in their research with teen
pregnancies.
Long S, Marquis M, Harrison E. "The Costs And Financing Of Perinatal Care In The
United States." American Journal Of Public Health 84.9 (1994): 1473-1478.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. With Long and Marquis having a
PhD and Harrison having a MA they studied the financial costs of perinatal care
in the United States. This study was conduct in the year 1989. They estimated the
cost by the household and provider surveys, third party claims and hospital
discharge data. After the research they completed a chart with the columns were
the type of service that was performed and the rows showed the expenditures by
payer. “The service categories classify this care by prenatal and post-delivery
care, delivery services, newborn care and infant care.” Trying to stop some of the
teenage births could help with the amount of money that is needed to keep up the
neonatal units. In the end of this study the cost for mother and infant care was
“$27.8 billion, or $6,850 per mother-infant pair.”
Nursing Standard. "Early Births Increase Likelihood Of Psychiatric Problems Later."
Nursing Standard 23.24 (2009): 17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar.
2013. This article came from the Nursing Standard. They stated that infants that
are born preterm are more likely to have psychiatric problems later in life. In
Sweden they investigated this and most of the hospital admissions were for
psychiatric disorders and alcohol/illicit drug use. Most of the preterm births were
greater in the households with low socioeconomic status. They only looked at
children born at 29-32 weeks gestation.
Partington S, Steber D, Blair K, Cisler R "Second Births To Teenage Mothers: Risk
Factors For Low Birth Weight And Preterm Birth." Perspectives On Sexual &
Reproductive Health 41.2 (2009): 101-109. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28
Feb. 2013. The authors, coming from the College of Health and Sciences, and
epidemiologist and a supervisor for the Center for Urban Population Health Care,
came together to study if there could be a relation between premature labors with
a second or third child. Lack of prenatal care or weight gain, smoking, alcohol
use, illicit drug use and sexual risk-taking are some of the major factors associated
with premature birth. Prenatal care in these situations cannot be stressed enough.
It was stated that in the studies it shows hat most teenage mothers come from
disadvantaged backgrounds, low education, poverty and usually raised in singlefamily homes. Although most mothers had completed 12 years of schooling at the
second birth than the first. Also from the time of the first to the second birth there
seemed to be an increase in smoking, drugs and alcohol use from the mothers.
Those can lead to some of the factors of the premature birth, low birth weight and
even death.
Sagili H, Pramya N, Prabhu K, Mascarenhas M, Reddi Rani P. "Are Teenage
Pregnancies At High Risk? A Comparison Study In A Developing Country."
Archives Of Gynecology & Obstetrics 285.3 (2012): 573-577. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. All authors coming from the Department if
Obstetrics and Gynecology compared the outcome of teen pregnancies and adult
pregnancies. “A total of 620 teenage pregnancies were compared with 14,878
non-teenage women.” There were many factors that went into the preterm birth
such as, drugs, alcohol use and little to if none prenatal care. Out of the 620
teenage births 539 of them were premature while 6,739 of 14,878 for adults.
Researchers have found an increase in anaemia, hypertensive disorders and
maternal deaths.
Zuckerman, B., Alpert, J. J., Dooling, E., Hingson, R., Kayne, H., Morelock, S., &
Oppenheimer, E. "Neonatal Outcome: Is Adolescent Pregnancy A Risk Factor?."
Pediatrics 71.4 (1983): 489. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. The
doctors from the Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, and
Departments of Pediatrics, Socio-Medical Sciences and Community Medicine all
came together to see if adolescent pregnancy is a risk factor. “Recent data suggest
that this poor outcome may be attributed to confounding health and social
characteristics of adolescent mothers.” In this study they did notice more cigarette
smoking, alcohol and drug use, and gonorrhea especially in the adolescent
mothers. After the delivery they infants were given a physical examination; but
within the first three days after delivery. The mothers were interviewed based on
“present and past medical problems, attitudes and support systems.” There were
many independent variables they used during the study. Such as drug use,
pregnancy weight, number of previous pregnancies, religious affiliation, race,
prior medical history, number of miscarriages and abortions, risk factors during
pregnancy, weight change during, time of first prenatal visit (first, second, or
third, or no prenatal care), daily coffee consumption, x-ray exposure during
pregnancy, cigarettes smoked, marijuana use, education, number of meals a day,
sex of infant, and alcohol consumption. There were a lot of things to consider
when coming to the conclusion of if adolescent pregnancy is a risk but with the
outcome the doctors had concluded that the “adolescent status was not
significantly related to the gestational age at birth, or birth size of the infants.”
With these results it counteracts all of my other articles.