Author
Genetic
Simon
Denny,
Terry
Fleming
Peter
Watson
Benjamin L.
Hankin
Home Environment
Self-criticism
Neuroticism
Interpersonal
Dependency
Dysfunctional
Attitude
The stress
generation
hypothesis
suggests that some
individuals,
because of
personality
characteristics or
behaviours, such
as being
depressed,
generate stressful
circumstances and
additional events
for themselves and
these can then lead
to further
increases in
depression.
Four cognitive
Neuroticism, or negative
emotionality, reflects the
extent to which an individual
perceives and experiences the
world as threatening or
distressing.
Some researchers have
argued that cognitive
vulnerability to depression
emerges only during the
transition from late childhood
to early adolescence when
the child acquires the ability
to engage in abstract
reasoning and formal
operational thought.
According to this
“developmental hypothesis”,
children lack the cognitive
capacities to think abstractly
Interpersonal
dependency is an
exaggerated need for
relatedness and a
desire to be in direct,
immediate contact
with close
others(e.g. parents,
peers)
Four cognitive
vulnerability
factors have
received the
most attention:
2.dysfunctional
attitude
For example, the
dysfunctional
attitude
characterized by
the statement
“I’m worthless
unless I’m
perfect” may be
activated if an
individual does
not excel in
class.
Family connection,
parental presence and
neighbourhood and
peer connections
were all protective
against depression.
Indicators of
socioeconomic
hardship, witnessing
violence at home,
physical and sexual
abuse and
experiencing bullying
at school
Almost all individuals
with depressive disorder
will have encountered at
least one significant
negative life event in the
month prior to the onset of
depression.
Having a parent with a
history of major
depression is one of the
strongest predictors of
depression in youth.
Evidence from twin
research also suggests that
depressive symptoms are
heritable starting in
adolescence(after age 11)
and continuing throughout
adulthood, whereas shared
common family
environment, but not
genetic factors, is linked
with depression in
childhood(before age 11).
The liability to experience
negative events is partially
heritable.
Research has also revealed
gene-environment
interactions: some
individuals are more likely
to become depressed in the
face of certain
environmental risks
because of genetic liability
Lawrence
P.Riso
Ronald
K.Miyatake
Michael E.
Thase
Under biological factor,
genetically is stated
Development factors:
The role of early
home environment.
History of trauma or
maltreatment.
History of sexual or
physical abuse or
parental indifference
Psychosocial
stressors:
Death or illness in
spouses and close
relatives
vulnerability
factors have
received the most
attention:
4.self-criticism
Such individuals
are prone to view
themselves as a
failure as well as
feel guilty and
experience
decrease in selfesteem when not
meeting
expectations or
goals
Cognitive factors:
Use more
emotion-focused
coping compared
to normal controls
about their self and future,
but once stable individual
differences in personality
traits, styles of thinking and
self-views emerge in
adolescence, these negative
cognitions can interact with
environmental stressors to
contribute to depression.
Prior to middle adolescence,
youth have not yet developed
stable, fraitlike ways of
viewing their selves and
world in negative,
depressogenic ways.
Heightened stress reactivityreflected in high levels of
neuroticism, abnormal
immune response to stress,
increased rates of anxiety
disorders.
Comorbid disorders:
Among the comorbid anxiety
disorders, social phobia is the
most common.
Chronic depression and
physical illness can be
difficult to study
Personality and
personality
disorders:
Personality
disturbance.
Other personality
dimensions failed to
predict chronicity,
including
interpersonal
dependency and
introversion/extraver
sion