Name________________________________________Period______________ Date ______________________ Points ________/20
Unit 2 Study Guide (-Water Review) Read and Complete on a Separate sheet
1. Chemistry review:
a. What is an atom? An atom is the smallest unit of matter that maintains the properties of an individual
element. It is made up of subatomic particles the electrons which are located in the electron cloud and
the protons and neutrons located in the nucleus
b. On a separate piece of paper, compare the particles that make up an atom, in terms of their charge,
location, mass, and how they relate to the atomic number and atomic mass.
Electrons have a negative charge are located in the electron cloud they have no mass
Protons have a positive charge, are located in the nucleus, are the same in number as the atomic number and have a
mass of one
Neutrons have no charge, a mass of one, and are found in the nucleus. The atomic mass= protons + neutrons
c. An atom with 6 protons is ___carbon____________, 7 protons is ___nitrogen_______.
d. How many protons neutrons and electrons in: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen?
Carbon 6P, 6N 6E Hydrogen 1P,0N,1E Oxygen 8P, 8N, 8E Nitrogen 7P, 7N, 7E
e. What are valence electrons? Electrons in the outermost shell of the electron could
f. True or false: Valence e- are the only e- involved with making of covalent or ionic bonds.
g. How many covalent bonds could carbon make? __4__oxygen? __2___nitrogen? __3__
h. Which of the following properly describes water (H2O), circle all that apply:
i. is an atom, is a molecule, is a compound, is a charged molecule, shares electrons unevenly
ii. Draw a water molecule. Label type of bond. Draw 4 other water molecules bonded to it with hydrogen bonds. label
and show how they are different.
Mickey mouse ears, covalent bonds between H-O, hydrogen bonding between water molecules
2. List the 4 types of macromolecules._ Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
3. Circle the 3 macromolecules that are polymers made of monomers.
4. Why isn’t a lipid a polymer?
Fats have two parts a glycerol and a fatty acid, Steriods and other large lipids don’t have a defined shape but
are classified as lipids because they are non-polar
5. Explain how monomers combine to make polymers.
Monomers combine together by dehydration synthesis making long chains of a repeated structure. For Example
a monosaccride such as glucose will link together to form a polymer like starch. A slight change in the linkage
will make cellulose
6. What molecule is released in a dehydration reaction? ______ water
7. The elements in a carbohydrate include:________________________________ HOC
8. The elements in a protein include:________________________________CHONS what molecule is needed for a
hydrolysis reaction? _______water when would this occur? _____ breaking down proteins via digestion or for
growth
Name________________________________________Period______________ Date ______________________ Points ________/20
9. For each macromolecule complete the table:
Nucleic Acids
lipids
Protein
Carbohydrate
Macromolecule
Nucleotide
Na: list 2 parts:Glycerol
and Fatty acids
Amino Acid
Monosaccharide
Monomer
Adenine
Na
Valine
Glucose
Monomer ex.
DNA and RNA
Na:
Protein Polypetide
Polysaccharide
Polymer
tRNA
Na: just give ex. Fat
steroids
Hemoglobin
Cellulose
Polymer ex
CHONP
CHO
CHONS
CHO
types of atoms
Store, Transfer,
Express Genetic
Info
Long Term Energy
Cell membrane
Hormones and
other important
signaling molecules
Parts of Body
Enzymes
Catalyst
Quick Energy
Structure
function
10. What molecule do plants use to store carbohydrates? Starch What molecule do animals use to store
carbohydrates? glycogen
11. What type of bonds hold the atoms together in carbohydrates? Covalent carbon carbon bonds These bonds are
where the energy is stored. When the bonds are broken, energy is transferred and available for use in a different
molecule. The more bonds between Carbons...the more energy!
12. The images below are monomers or parts of a macromolecule. Below each one. List all of the elements in the
molecule. Then write the name of the monomer or the part.
C6H12O6 Monosaccharide
C6H12O6 Carb Monosaccharide
C3H7O2NS Amino
13. Compare a disaccharide and a dipeptide.
A disaccharide Dimer of a carbohydrate with a bond between
carbon oxygen and another carbon. A dipetide is a protein with a
bond between Carbon and Nitrogen bothe produced via removal of water
Top Left: Fatty acid
Top Right Nucletid
Bottom right Nucletide
Bottom Left Amino Acid
14. Why is the shape of a protein important. Give examples of how the shape of a protein could be affected by
conditions in a human body.
Your explaination should include the idea that structure determines function, enzymes have a specific lock and
key method if that shape changes the purpose changes
15. What does DNA stand for Deoxyribonucleic acid what is the shape of this molecule? _double helix
a. Where is DNA in a eukaryotic cell? Nucleus prokaryotic cell? _ cytoplasm
16. What are the 4 nucleotides and how do they bond? A-T C-G
17. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Name________________________________________Period______________ Date ______________________ Points ________/20
a. Draw 3 nucleotides bonding to one another.
18. What kind of bonds form across nucleotides to make the rungs of the DNA ladder? Hydrogen bonds
1. An Enzyme is what type of macromolecule? protein
2. What is a chemical reaction? One set of chemicals changes into another set of chemicals
3. Use the following terms in one or more sentence to show you know what they mean and how they are related:
reactants, products, reaction, activation energy
In order for a reaction to occur where the chemical bonds of a reactant change into the chemical bonds of a protein
the reaction must absorb a certain amount of activation energy
4. What is the activation energy? The energy required to begin to rearrange the bonds in a chemical reaction
5. What does an enzyme do to the activation energy? Reduces the amount
6. An substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site of the substrate.
7. What does it mean if a protein or an enzyme is denatured?
The enzyme changes shape and will not work as well if it works at all
8. What could cause an enzyme to denature?_a change in pH or temperature
9. How does heat usually affect the speed of a reaction? Heat increase the rate of a reaction
by allowing for the reaction to absorb external energy to much heat could denature an
enzyme what could too much heat do to the reaction?
10. What is a catalyst?
A specific enzyme that increases the rate a reaction can occur at
11. Graph #1 shows the enzyme activity for an enzyme in two different species, X and Y. At about what temp does
the enzyme work best for X?__40___ for Y?__80___ At what temp do they
work about the same? _____ Which species do you think is a human, X or Y?
12. Graph #2 shows two different reactions A and B on the same graph. Which
reaction (A or B) do you think is one where an enzyme was added? Justify
your answer.
B the amount of activation energy is much less than an A. An enzyme will lower the
amount of energy needed to start the reaction and while not participating in the
reaction.