EKSIKA JOINT EVALUATION EXAM
GEOGRAPHY - PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
1. a) Rotation of the earth is the movement of the earth on its own axis in an anti-clockwise
direction from west to east, while revolution of the earth is the movement of the round the
sun on its own orbit and it takes 3621/2 days.
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b) Season marked X
i)
– Summer
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rd
ii)
- Date marked A – September 23
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iii)
Characteristics of summer solstice
- Day time is longer than night time at latitudes beyond the equator
½ mk
- The hours of day time increase from the tropics towards the poles
½ mk
2. a) How a maximum thermometer works
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- When temperature rises the mercury in the bulb is heated and expands. √½
- The mercury flows towards the bulb, as it moves forward; it pushes the metallic
index in the capillary tube. √½
- When the highest temperature of the day is reached and it begins to cool, the
mercury contracts and withdraws towards√1/2 the bulb. The metallic index is
left at the position it was pushed to.
- The point of the index which was in√ ½ contact with the mercury indicates the
highest temperature reached during the day.
- After the reading is taken, the index is set by placing a magnet on the glass√ ½
and gently moves it towards the bulb. The index is dragged until it touches the
mercury.
2mks
b) i)
Why Stevenson screen is painted white
So that it can reflect direct heat from the sun.
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ii)
Has Louvers
- To allow free flow of air in and out of it.
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- In order to obtain room temperature
3. a) Conditions which lead to glacial deposition in Lowlands
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- Flat gentle gradient to allow for accumulation of large quantities of ice and
subsequent fluvio – glacial depositional materials.
- Stagnation of glacier followed by accumulation leads to pressure building at the
base of glacier resulting in melting and deposition.
- Friction between the moving ice and the ground over which it is passing leads to
deposition of the heavy materials.
A – Tail√
B - crag√
4. a) Two features resulting from river erosion
- Stream – cut valleys
- Gorges
- Waterfalls
- Pot holes
- Interlocking spurs
b)
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1mk
2mks
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b) Factors influencing the rate of river erosion
- The volume of water in a river: - The larger the volume of water in a river, the
larger the amount of load it can carry. The smaller the river the limited amount of
load it carries.
- Gradient of the river channel: - The steeper the gradient the higher the water
velocity and the faster the river erodes.
- The nature of the bed rock: - The less resistant the rock is , the faster it the rate of
erosion by process such as corrosion, solution etc.
- Nature of the load: - Large and hard rock materials carried by the river facilitate the
rate of erosion than light materials.
- The amount of load: - A river carrying a large load will erode more than the one
carrying a small load.
Any 3 points- 3x1 3mks
Students must explain to score full marks
5. A) X – stalactite
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Y – Limestone pillar
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W – cave
1mk
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b) How feature marked V is formed
V is a stalagmite
- Water on the surface percolates through the rocks of the roof of a limestone cave√
- The water which is a solution of sodium bicarbonate √½ drips slowly from the roof
of the cave to the floor.
- The water spreads out and begins to evaporate
- Crystals of sodium carbonate are deposited on the floor
- Each drop which falls on the floor spreads out and evaporates
- More crystals form on top of the previous ones
- The accumulation of the crystals builds a structure upwards called stalagmite
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SECTION B
MAPWORK
6. a) i)
Declination of the map as at January 1992
0
- 01 ,09’
ii)
Longitudinal and latitudinal extent of the mapped area: - Longitudinal – 370 00’ East and 370 15’ East
- Latitudinal - 00 15’ South and 00 30’ South
2x 1= 2mks
b) i)A part from contours name one other method used to show relief in the mapped area
- Trigonometrical station
- Spot heights
1mk
ii) Calculate the area of Mt. Kenya forest reserve within Kirinyaga District shown in
the map. Give your answer in square kilometers
- Complete squares =
19
- Incomplete squares =
35
- Area = Complete square + ( incomplete squares)
2
=
(19 + 17.5)
=
36.5 ± 1
Award 35.5, 36.5, 37.5km2.
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c) i) Apart from houses , name two human made features in grid square 8755
- Weather loose surface road
- Track / foot path
- A bridge
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ii) Assume that four people live in each house in grid square 8755. Calculate the
population density
Population density = (14 x 4)
1km2
=
56 = 56 persons per square kilometer
1
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d)
Description of the flow of River Sagana;
-
From Mt. Kenya forest, river sagana flows south- west wards to Chieni area
From Chieni, the river flows southwards through the remaining parts of the mapped area
From the Northern parts to Chieni the river course is fairly straight
From chieni southwards, it flows through a meandering course
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e) i)
Using evidence from the map, identify two farming activities taking place in the
mapped area
-
ii)
Cattle rearing / livestock keeping evidenced by cattle dips, slaughter house
Matuto salt lick
Coffee growing / evidenced by coffee factories
Tea growing evidenced by tea centre
Fish farming evidenced by the presence of fish research centers in Gs8560 and fisheries
department in Katarina town.
Plantation farming by plantation within Mt. Kenya forest
2 x 1 = 2mks
Explain three factors which have influenced any on e of the farming activities in
e(i) above
-
Thicket, scrub, scattered trees indicate availability of pasture for livestock
Numerous rivers/ streams and dams provide water for the animals
Provision of veterinary services evidenced by cattle dip/ veterinary station in Karatina
Town ensures the cattle are kept healthy
Cool temperature due to high altitude make the are conducive for rearing exotic/ cross
breed animals
High demand suggested by dense settlement provide ready market for livestock products
3x 2 = 6mks
Coffe/ Tea growing
-
High rainfall evidenced by forest vegetation, high density of permanent rivers enables
growing of coffee /tea
Cool temperatures due to high altitude provides ideal conditions for growing coffee/tea
High density of settlements likely suggests availability of labour in the coffee/tea farms
Many coffee factories /tea centres provide market to the coffee farmers
Good network of roads enable harvested tea leaves/coffee berries to reach the markets/
processing centres
Fish farming
-
Numerous rivers and streams provide water for the fish ponds
Fisheries departments in Karatina town provide extension services/technical service
Cool temperatures evidenced by forests/ high altitude provide suitable conditions for
rearing fish especially tilapia and trout species
High populations likely suggested by high density of settlements provide ready market
for fish.
f) i)
Briefly explain how the following factors have influenced the distribution
of settlements in the mapped area:
Forest reserve
-
Vast areas in the northern/ north western part of the mapped area have no settlements
Rivers
- Many river valleys have no/few settlements
- They are steep , deep and narrow
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7. a)i)Plutonic rocks are intrusive igneous rocks which are formed deep on the earth’s
crust while volcanic rocks are rocks which are formed on the surface of the earth
when lava cools and solidifies.
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ii) Types of plutonic rocks
-
Granite
Diorite
Peridotite
Gabro
Syenite
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
b)
Characteristics of minerals
i)
ii)
iii)
c)
-
Lustre – refers to surface appearance of minerals as it reflects light.
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Colour – minerals have specific colours for example gold is yellow and
Copper is brown.
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Hardness – the measure of degree of resistance of a mineral to disintegration
Some minerals such as diamond have a high resistance while others
such as Talc are soft.
2mks
2 x 3 = 6mks
Ways in which sedimentary rocks are significant to the Kenyan Economy.
Sedimentary rocks found in the lowland parts of Kenya have weathered to produce
suitable soils for growing cotton, sugarcane (Agriculture hence boosts the economy)
Sedimentary rocks are associated with valuable minerals, oil and gas, these fuel are used
in industries and homes. (Industrial and domestic users)
-
-
Various salts are obtained from rocks e.g sodaash from L. Magadi which is used in
various industries homes.
Sedimentary rocks are used for building purpose for example limestone is a raw material
for manufacture of cement.(builders of stones are used in building and construction
industries as raw materials.
Sedimentary rocks offer good sceneric features for tourists who bring in foreign
exchange to a country.
d) i) Major rocks they are likely to study;
-
Igneous rocks (granite)
ii) Two objectives for their field study
-
To find out the types of rocks found in Kisumu county
To investigate the importance of rocks in Kisumu county
And any other relevant point –
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iii)Three secondary sources they would use
-
Text books
Library books
Atlases
News papers
Journals
Internet services
And any other relevant iv)
Hammer – breaking the rocks
- Route map – help them locate the area of study
- Working schedule – help them to locate the area of study
- Effective coverage of the area
- To manage time properly
- Helps in evaluating the study
8. a) What is a coast?
- A strip of land bordering a sea.
3 x 1 = 3mks
1mk
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ii) A coast line and shore line
-
A coastline is the point where the highest storm waves reach the land
while a shore line is a point where the shore and water meet.
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b) Name the features labeled PQR
P – Cliff
Q – Bay
R – Head land
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ii) Describe how blow hole and geos are formed
Blow hole:
-
It is a vertical hole that forms on the land ward sides
The land opens into the roof of a cave
It forms as a result of enlargement of a weak joint in the rocks by weathering
and erosion.
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Geos’
-
c) i)
-
At high tides, the breaking waves may force water against the cliff face and water
emerges through the blow whole
When roof of a cave tunnel collapses a narrow inlet is formed thus a geo.
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Three features resulting from the process of long shore drift
Beaches
Spits
Bars e.g Bay bars, offshore bars, tombolo
Cuspate forelands
Dune belts
ii) With the aid of sketch diagram explain the process of the long shore drift
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-
It involves the swash and the backwash. The materials are pushed and dragged of
material up and down the shore.
Therefore the long shore drift is a product of swash and back wash continuously.2mks
Diagram
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Texts
2mks
Total 3mks
d) i) Objectives of their study
-
To find out features formed by waves
To investigate the effects of wave erosion along the coast
To find out features of wave deposition
To investigate the scenery created by wave erosion and deposition.
2 x1 = 2mks
ii) Evidence to prove that the coast of Kenya is partly as a result of coastal
emergence
-
Raised cliffs
Raised beaches
Raised wave cut platforms
iii)Give 3 methods they used to record data
-
Note taking
Drawing sketches
Photographing
Filling in questionnaire
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
9. A)i)Name two district types of glacier
- Valley glacier
- Piedmont glacier
2 x 1 =2mks
ii) State four factors that influence the rate of glacial erosion
-
Resistance of the underlying rocks
Speed of the glacier
Thickness and width of the glacier
Amount of rock /carried materials responsible for the most of the abrasion.
4 x 1 =4mks
b) Use the diagram below to answer the following questions
i) Name the parts labeled P,Q and R
P – Pyramidal peak
1mk
Q – A rete
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R – Cirque or corrie
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b)i) Explain the formation of the part marked Q
-
c) -
It is a knife – edged ridge which is formed when the steep rocky slopes meet
between glaciers.
Glaciers accumulate on both sides of the mountain side
Depression are formed by erosional action of glaciers that cause back cutting (receding)
Removal bedrock on both sides of mountain slopes leaving a sharp ridge called an arête
2 x 1 = 2mks
Provide beautiful sceneries e.g pyramidal peaks , hanging valleys, arête attract
tourist hence earn foreign exchange.
-
Ice caps and valley glaciers for feed rivers with melt water useful for irrigation domestic
and industrial uses
Water falls resulting from hanging valleys are conducive for HEP production
Some till and out wash plains are part of the rich agricultural land for farming
Some glacial lakes act as natural routes ways e,g the great lake North America
Glacial erosion exposes minerals making mining easier
Floras provide good fishing grounds and natural habours.
Any 4 x 2 = 8mks
d) i) - To establish their main features found on the glacial landscape
-
To examine significance of glaciations on human activities
Mark any other relevant
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ii) -Taking photographs
-
Sketching the land scape
Taking notes
Mapping
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Award any other relevant
10. a)i)- It is thin/ loose top layer of the earth surface consisting of rock and mineral
particles mixed with decayed organic matter.
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or layer of the earth on which plants grow.
ii)- Climate
-
Parent material
Topography
Time
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
b) i) - Mineral particles
- Humus
- Water
- Air
- Living organism/ micro organism
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
ii)-
Formation of soil through weathering
Formation of soil through decomposition of organic matter
Formation of soil through leaching process
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c) i) – Supply plants with food and minerals like nitrogen, calcium etc
-
The dead materials are major source of food for the micro organisms in the soil hence
influence the formation of high quality soils
Decomposition yields various acids which constitutes to weathering of rock materials
Humus have high water holding capacity promote the development of soil structure.4mks
ii) - Soil profile – the vertical arrangement of various soil layers.
-
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Cateria – the arrangement of soil on a mountain slope from top to bottom.
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iii) Draw a well labeled diagram of soil cateria
Drawing /diagram
4mks
1mk
Labeling of parts correctly 3mks
d) i) –Gulley
-
Sheet
-
Splash
-
Rill
-
Wind
Any 2mks
ii) –A hoe
-
For breaking the soil particles / digging soil particles
Polythene bag – for carrying soil samples for back to school for testing
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