Name: ___KEY_______________________________
Period: ____
Chp 9, 11, & 12 Vocabulary: Use the textbook glossary or textbook (where noted) to define the
following terms. Place your definitions on a separate sheet of paper or on flashcards in the order given
below when handing it in. Each chapter will be quizzed separately
CHAPTER 9-33 words at 2/3 point each = 22 points
1. Central nervous system -portion of the nervous system that consists of brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system-part of nervous system that lies outside the central nervous system,
consisting of nerves and ganglia
3. Nerve- cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated connective tissue
coursing together outside the central nervous system
4. Ganglia- (Ganglion) group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous system
5. Enteric plexuses- (textbook) extensive network of neurons in the walls of the organs of the GI
tract; help regulate digestive system
6. Sensory receptors- (textbook) either dendrites or sensory neurons or separate specialized cells
that monitor change in the internal and external environment
7. Afferent (sensory) neurons- (textbook) neurons that carry sensory information from cranial to
spinal nerves into brain and spinal cord or from a lower to higher level in the spinal cord and
brain
8. Interneurons- neurons whose axons extend for only a short distance and contact nearby
neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; they comprise the vast majority of neurons in
the body
9. Efferent (motor) neurons- (textbook) neurons that respond to integrative decisions; carry
information from the brain toward the spinal cord and out of the brain and spinal cord into
cranial and spinal nerves
10. Effectors- organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or
autonomic motor neurons
11. Autonomic nervous system- visceral sensory (afferent) and visceral motor (efferent) neurons.
Autonomic motor neurons, both sympathetic and parasympathetic, conduct nerve impulses
from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
12. Somatic nervous system- portion of the peripheral nervous system consisting of somatic sensory
(afferent) neurons and somatic motor (efferent) neurons
13. Enteric nervous system- part of the nervous system that is embedded in the submucosa and
muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract (GI); governs motility and secretions of the GI tract
14. Neurons- nerve cell, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
15. Neuroglia- cells of the nervous system that perform various supportive functions; also called
glial cells
16. Cell body- (textbook) one of the three parts of a neuron; includes a nucleus surrounded by
cytoplasm and typical organelles ; site where most cellular molecules needed for neuron
operation are synthesized
17. Dendrites- neuronal process that carries electrical signals toward the cell body
18. Axon- usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse toward the
axon terminal
19. Synapse- functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such
as muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical
20. Neurotransmitters- one of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into
the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse, and that change the membrane potential of
the postsynaptic neuron
21. Myelin sheath- multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and
oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons
22. Membrane potential- (textbook) difference in the amount of electrical charge on the inside
compared to the outside of the plasma membrane
23. Polarized- (textbook) cell that has membrane potential
24. Resting membrane potential- voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell
membrane when the cell is not responding to a stimulus; in many neurons and muscle fibers it is
-70mV to -90mV, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside
25. Threshold- (textbook) critical level of depolarization caused by a stimulus to the membrane that
leads to an action potential
26. Depolarizing phase- (depolarization) reduction of voltage across a plasma membrane; expressed
as a change toward less negative (more positive) voltages on the interior surface of the plasma
membrane
27. Repolarizing phase- (repolarization) restoration of a resting membrane potential after
depolarization
28. Refractory period- time period during which an excitable cell (neuron or muscle fiber) cannot
respond to a stimulus that is usually adequate to evoke an action potential
29. Synaptic transmission- (textbook) series of events through which synapses neurons
communicate with other neurons or with effectors
30. Presynaptic neuron- neuron that propagates nerve impulses toward a synapse
31. Postsynaptic neuron- nerve cell that is activated by release of a neurotransmitter from another
neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse
32. Synaptic cleft- narrow gap at a chemical synapse that separates the axon terminal of one neuron
from another neuron or muscle fiber (cell) and across which a neurotransmitter diffuses to
affect the postsynaptic cell
33. Neurotransmitter receptors- (textbook) receiver site of neurotransmitters that have diffused
across the synaptic cleft to postsynaptic neurons
CHAPTER 11- 15 words at 2/3 point each = 10 points
1. Autonomic sensory neuronsrves- (textbook) neurons associated with sensory receptors that
monitor internal conditions, such as blood CO2 level
2. Autonomic motor neurons- (textbook) regulate ongoing activities in their effector tissues, which
are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, by both excitation and inhibition
3. Preganglionic neuron- first autonomic motor neuron in an autonomic pathway, with its cell body
and dendrites in the brain or spinal cord and its myelinated axon ending at autonomic ganglion,
where it synapses with a postganglion neuron
4. Postganglionic neuron- second autonomic motor neuron in an autonomic pathway, having its
cell body and dendrites located in an autonomic ganglion and its unmyelinated axon ending at
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or a gland
5. Sympathetic division- one of the two subdivisions of the ANS, having cell bodies or preganglionic
neurons in the lateral gray columns of the thoracic segment and the first two or three lumbar
segments of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with processes involving the expenditure of
energy
6. Parasympathetic division- one of the two subdivisions of the ANS, having cell bodies or
preganglionic neurons in nuclei in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horn of the sacral
portion of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with activities that conserve and restore body
energy
7. Dual innervation- (textbook) receiving of impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic
neurons
8. Sympathetic trunk ganglia- cluster of cell bodies of sympathetic postganglionic neurons lateral
to the vertebral column, close to the body of a vertebra. These ganglia extend inferiorly through
the neck, thorax, and abdomen to the coccyx on both sides of the vertebral column and are
connected to one another to form a chain on each side of the vertebral column
9. Prevertebral ganglia- cluster of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons anterior to the
spinal column and close to large abdominal arteries
10. Adrenal medulla- (textbook) inner part of adrenal gland
11. Epinephrine- hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those
that result from sympathetic simulation
12. Terminal ganglia- (textbook) ganglia located close to or actually within the wall of their
innervated organ
13. Neurotransmitters- DUPLICATE OMIT..OOPS!!!
14. “Fight-or flight” response- effects produced upon stimulation of the sympathetic division of the
ANS
15. “Rest-and-digest” activities- (textbook) parasympathetic division enhances these activities;
support body functions that conserve and restore body energy during time of rest and recovery
CHAPTER 12- 28 words at ½ point each = 14 points
1. Special senses- (textbook) the five senses; smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance
2. General senses- (textbook) somatic senses and visceral senses
3. Somatic senses- (textbook) tactile sensations: touch, pressure, vibration, thermal sensations:
warm and cold, pain sensations, and proprioceptive sensations: joint and muscle position sense
and movement of limbs and head
4. Visceral senses- (textbook) provide information about conditions within body fluids and internal
organs
5. Sensation- state of awareness of external or internal conditions of the body
6. Perceptions- (textbook) conscious sensations integrated in cerebral cortex
7. Adaptation- adjustment of the pupil of the eye to changes in light intensity OR property by
which a sensory neuron relays a decreased frequency of action potentials from a receptor
8. Tactile sensations- (textbook) sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle
9. Itch- (textbook) sensation resulting from stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals,
such as bradykinin, often result of local inflammatory response
10. Tickle- (textbook) sensations associated with free nerve endings and lamellated corpuscles;
typically arises only when someone else touches you, not when you touch yourself
11. Thermoreceptors- sensory receptor that detects change in temperature
12. Nociceptors- free (naked) nerve ending that detects pain stimuli
13. Proprioceptors- receptor located in muscles, tendons, joints, or the internal ear (muscle
spindles, tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors, and hair cells of the vestibular apparatus)
that provide information about body position and movements
14. Kinesthesia- perception of the extent and direction of movement of body parts; this sense is
possible due to nerve impulses generated by proprioceptors
15. Olfaction- (textbook) sense of smell
16. Olfactory receptors- bipolar neuron with its cell body lying between supporting cells located in
the mucous membrane lining the superior portion of each nasal cavity; transduces odor into
neural signals
17. Gustation- (textbook) sense of taste
18. Gustatory receptor cells- (textbook) one of three cells of the taste buds; have a life span of
about 10 days; separate receptor cells that do not have an axon but rather synapse with
dendrites
19. Retina- deep coat of the posterior portion of the eyeball consisting of nervous tissue (where the
process of vision begins) and a pigmented layer of epithelial cells that contact the choroid
20. Rods- one of two types of photoreceptor in the retina of the eye; specialized for vision in dim
light
21. Cones- type of photoreceptor in the retina that is specialized for highly acute color vision in
bright light
22. Binocular vision- (textbook) both eyes focus on a single object or set of objects; allows for depth
perception and 3-D perception
23. Convergence- synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of several presynaptic
neurons terminate on one postsynaptic neuron OR medial movement of the two eyeballs so
that both are directed toward a near object being viewed in order to produce a single image
24. Photopigment- substance that can absorb light and undergo structural changes that can lead to
the development of a receptor potential
25. Rhodopsin- photopigment in the rods of the retina, consisting of glycoprotein called opsin and a
derivative of vitamin A called retinal
26. Equilibrium- (textbook) balance
27. Static equilibrium- maintenance of posture in response to changes in the orientation of the
body, mainly the head, relative to the ground
28. Dynamic equilibrium- maintenance of body position, mainly in the head, in response to sudden
movement such as rotation