Additional File 1: A list of Search Terms used and the Test Library
1. Search Terms
A list of search terms was compiled for the population and intervention elements that construct the research question. Search terms
included ‘synonyms’ (and closely-related concepts) for alternative livelihoods (Table 1), examples of specific types of alternative
livelihoods interventions (such as beekeeping or cane rat farming) (Table 2) and terms related to biodiversity or conservation (Table 3).
This list was developed iteratively as more terms were identified from the literature and suggestions were received from stakeholders.
Table 1. Search Terms for Scoping the Literature - Alternative Livelihoods Synonyms
additional livelihood
alternative strateg*
livelihood diversif*
alternative activity/activities
alternative wage
livelihood enhanc*
alternative economic
opportunity/opportunities
alternative work
livelihood* interven*
alternative employment
benefit sharing
livelihood improvement
alternative enterprise(s)
biodiversity-based livelihood(s)/
biodiversity based livelihood(s)
livelihood loan
alternative food(s)
community development
livelihood* need(s)
alternative gear(s)
complement* livelihood(s)
livelihood opportuniti*
alternative income
development project
livelihood option
AIG(s)
development program
livelihood project
alternative job(s)
diversification/diversify/diversified
livelihood program*
alternative livelihood(s)
eco-development project(s) / eco
resource substit*
development project(s)
alternative occupation(s)
household income
poverty alleviat*
alternative opportunity
income-generating activit*/ income
generating activit*/ IGA(s)
poverty reduc*
alternative option(s)
income substit*
resource supplement
alternative product(s)
livelihood alternative(s)
rural development
alternative protein
livelihood activit*
supplement* income
alternative regenerative livelihood(s)
livelihood* assess*
sustainable alternative(s)
alternative resource(s)
livelihood (based) approach(es)
supplement* livelihood(s)
alternative rural wage
livelihood* benefit(s)
sustainable livelihood(s)
alternative skill(s)
livelihood choice(s)
alternative source(s)
livelihood* develop*
Table 2. Search Terms for Scoping the Literature – Specific Alternative Livelihoods Activities
agoforestry
fish coop*
ranger
agro-processing/ agroprocessing
fish farm*
rattan (collect* / harvest*)
alternative farming (system)
fish gear
recycle
aquaculture (pond aquaculture)
fish ponds
replanting
aquaponics
flower farm*
rice-fish culture
basket mak*
forest guard / patrol
tree nurser*
beekeeping/ bee keeping
fuel efficient stove
safari hunt*
bike vend*
fuel* substitute
pelagic fish*
boat build*/repair*
game meat (rear*/ farm*)
physical investment
brickmak*
grasscutter / grass cutter (rear*/ farm*)
sea cucumber (collect* / harvest* / farm*)
bushmeat / bush meat (rear*/ farm*)
guinea pigs (rear*/ farm*)
sea cucumber farm*
butterfly farm*
Handicraft / handycraft
seaweed ( collect*/ harvest*/ farm*)
canerats / cane rat (rear*/ farm*)
home /kitchen/ peri-urban garden
silk (culture / farm*)
capital invest*
horticulture
shell (collect* / harvest*)
carpentry
lobster fattening
shrimp (farm* / nurser*)
carver
macro algal culture
small business develop*
carpentry
mangrove (collect / harvest*)
snail (farm* / rear*)
cassava /gari (process*)
mariculture
soap mak*
cloth mak*
market garden
sport fish*
caterpillar utilization / utilization
market integration
tailor
cocoa farm*
mat weav*
thatch (collect*/ harvest*/ mak*)
coffee farm*
micro-enterprise(s) (development)
tour guid*
cooperative
micro-finance
tourism
cook*
mushroom
farm/production/cultivat*mariculture
trophy hunt*
concrete block mak*
non farm employment/ non-farm
employment
vegetable(farm* / grow*)
crab fattening
non wood forest products/ NWFPs
weaving
crop diversif*
non timber forest products/ NTFPs
wildlife based enterprise(s)
dye produc*
off farm employment/ off-farm
employment
wildlife farm*
duck farm*
off forest activit*/ off-forest activit*
wild meat
domestication
oyster farm*
wood substitute*
ecoguide/ eco guide
palm wine (making)
ecotourism /eco tourism
palm oil
energy substi*
pelagic fish*
enterprise
physical investment
entrepreneur
pig (rear*/ farm*)
fish aggregating device(s) / FAD(s)
pottery
fishing (alternative(s))
poultry farm*
Table 3. Search Terms for Scoping the Literature – Biodiversity & Conservation Synonyms
abundance
indigenous species
sustainable management
biodiver*
management measure
threatened species
bufferzone/ buffer zone
marine(park / reserve)
wilderness areas
coastal resources (management /
protection)
national(park / reserve)
wildlife(park / manag*)
conserv*
native species
ecosystem (management)
natural capital
ecosystem (services / goods)
natural resources
endangered species
nature reserve
endemic species
no-take zone/ no take zone
environmental protection
protect* (area / species)
environmental services
protection forests
forest (management / reserve)
resource manag*
fish (population / stock)
species (richness)
2. Key Papers in the Test Library
Final search terms from tables 1-3 were selected based on the number of search results they generated and the presence of
publications from a test library of 15 relevant studies. The key papers are detailed in table 4.This is an evolving list: further relevant
papers will be added as they satisfy our primary inclusion criteria.
Table 4. Key Papers in the Test Library
Number
Reference
1
Abbot, J., Thomas, D., Gardener, A., Neba, A. and Khen, M. (2001) Understanding the Links Between Conservation and
Development in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon. World Development, Vol. 29, pp. 1115 - 1136
2
Attum, O., Baha El Din, M., Bahar El Din, S. and Habinan, S. (2007) Egyptian Tortoise Conservation: A Community-Based, Field
Research Program Developed from a Study on a Captive Population. Technical Report. Zoo Biology, Vol. 26, pp. 397 - 406
3
GEF (2006) The role of Local Benefits in Global Environmental Programs. Global Environment Facility Evaluation Office. Evaluation
Report No. 30. pp. 1- 158
4
Gordon, I. and Washington, A. (2003) Harnessing Butterfly Biodiversity for Improving Livelihoods and Forest Conservation: The
Kipepeo Project. The Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 12, pp. 28 – 98.
5
Haque, C., Deb, A., and Medeiros, D. (2009) Integrating Conservation with Livelihood Improvement for Sustainable Development:
The Experiment of an Oyster Producers’ Cooperative in Southeast Brazil. Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 22, pp. 554 - 570
6
Hill, N., Rowcliffe, M., Koldewey, H., and Milner-Guiland, E.J. (2011) The Interaction between Seaweed Farming as an Alternative
Occupation and Fisher Numbers in the Central Philippines. Conservation Biology, Vol. 26, pp. 324 - 334
7
8
Ireland, C. (2004) Alternative Sustainable Livelihoods for Coastal Communities – A Review of Experience and Guide to Best
Practice. The IDL Group, Somerset, UK.
Islam, K., Rahman, GM., Fujiwara, T. and Sato, N. (2013) People's Participation in Forest Conservation and Livelihoods
Improvement: Experience from a Forestry Project in Bangladesh. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services
and Management Vol. 9, pp. 30 - 43
9
Langholz, J. (1999) Exploring the effects of Alternative Income Opportunities on Rainforest Use: Insights from Guatemala’s Maya
Biosphere Reserve. Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 139 - 149
10
Liu, M., and Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y. (2008) Profile of a Fishery Collapse: Why Mariculture Failed to Save the Large Yellow
Croaker. Fish and Fisheries, Vol. 9, pp. 219 - 242
11
Mishra, B., Badola, R. and Bhardwaj, A. (2009) Social Issues and Concerns in Biodiversity Conservation: Experiences from Wildlife
Protected areas in India. Tropical Ecology, Vol. 50, 147 - 161
12
Novriyanto, Wibowo, J.T., Iskandar, W., Campbell-Smith., G. and Linkie, M. (2012) Linking coastal community livelihoods to
marine conservation in Aceh, Indonesia. Fauna & Flora International. Oryx, Vol. 46, pp. 508 - 51
13
O’Garra, T. (2007) Supplementary Livelihood Options for Pacific Island Communities: A Review of Experiences. Prepared for the
Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International (FSPI).
14
Sievanen, L., Crawford, B., Pollnac, R. and Lowe, C. (2005) Weeding Through Assumptions of Livelihood Approaches in ICM:
Seaeed Farming in the Philippines and Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 48, pp. 297 - 313
15
Triet, T. (2010) Combining Biodiversity Conservation with Poverty Alleviation: a Case Study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquatic
Ecosystem health & Management, Vol. 13, pp. 41 - 46