rev. 28 November 2014
KEY STUDIES
• Leoci, R et al. 2014 (Italy): A dose-finding, long-term study on the use of calcium chloride in saline solution as a method of nonsurgical sterilization in dogs: evaluation of the most effective concentration with the lowest risk. 40 dogs plus controls. http://www.actavetscand.com/content/56/1/63
• Leoci, R et al. 2014 (Italy): Alcohol diluent provides the optimal formulation for calcium chloride non-surgical sterilization in dogs. 42 dogs plus controls. http://www.actavetscand.com/content/56/1/62
Long-term studies to determine best CaCl
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dosage and solution for dog sterilization. A 20% concentration was determined to be most effective with the fewest side effects; and in comparing a
20% concentration of CaCl in saline, alcohol or lidocaine, alcohol was determined to be the most effective solvent. Calcium chloride in alcohol resulted in complete azoospermia over the entire 12 month study, while CaCl in lidocaine was 100% effective for 6 months but saw return of a few sperm in 4 of 21 dogs by 12 months.
Testosterone levels remained low for the alcohol solution, but began to increase by the end of the study for the lidocaine solution. Sexual behavior disappeared with CaCl treatment. Conclusion: 20% CaCl in alcohol (now referred to as “Calchlorin”) is the most effective formulation for permanent effect. KEY STUDIES.
PREVIOUS PUBLISHED LITERATURE
(first two authors listed per publication)
• Koger, 1977 (USA): Calcium Chloride, Practical Necrotizing Agent. Am Soc An Sci Ann Mtg,
#451, p 180. The very first known publication on calcium chloride, explaining how the Washington
State University researchers got the idea, the results of their first pilot studies, and why they found an alcohol base to be better than a water/saline base.
• Koger, 1977 (USA): “Calcium Chloride, Practical Necrotizing Agent.” Bovine Practitioner.
Further details on the genesis of the idea and pilot studies in 45 bull calves.
• Bowman and Koger, 1978 (USA): “Blockage of sperm transport using intraepididymal calcium chloride injections in rams.” Journal of Animal Science.
Intrepididymal injections (as opposed to into the testicular tissue) resulted in sterilization without hormonal neuter.
• Koger, 1978 (USA): “Calcium chloride castration.” Modern Veterinary Practice.
First report of pilot results in dogs (in addition to more bull calves); photos. Fascinating, plain-English report of pilot studies. KEY PILOT STUDY
• Samanta and Jana team, 1998-2007 (India):
• 1998 – 60 dogs: first controlled study ever published. Indian J Anim Health
• 2002 – 60 rats: dose-finding, histology, and stress measures. Veterinary Res Comm
• 2005 – 6 goats: testosterone, stress measures, and histology. Animal Reproduction Science
• 2006 - rats, testosterone measurements and mating. Contraception
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• 2007 – 24 dogs plus controls: testosterone, stress measures, and histology. Contraception.
• Canpolat and Bulut, 2006 (Turkey): “An evaluation of the out come [sic] of bull castration by intra-testicular injection of ethanol and calcium chloride.” Poor results (scrotal abscesses and longer-lasting scrotal swelling, with inconsistent necrosis and minimal impact on serum testosterone) of calcium chloride in aqueous solution (water or saline, not clear which) in 12 young bulls, in fact poorer than ethanol alone. Includes photos. Concludes that calcium chloride injection in saline is not effective in bulls.
• Baran and Ozdas, 2010 (Turkey): “Pilot Study: Intratesticular Injection Induces Sterility in Male
Cats.” Poster at the Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs 4th International Symposium on Non-Surgical Contraceptive Methods of Pet Population Control, April 8-10, 2010, in Dallas,
Texas. Good safety and efficacy results at higher doses in 3 cats. ACC&D Link or alternate link
• Jana and Samanta, 2010 (India): “History of calcium chloride injectable sterilization in male dogs and first report of use in cats.” Poster at the Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs 4th
International Symposium on Non-Surgical Contraceptive Methods of Pet Population Control, April
8-10, 2010, in Dallas, Texas. In 6 cats each at 5%, 10%, or 20% CaCl in lidocaine, 20% was determined to be the optimal concentration, and had effects on behavior. Poster
• Jana and Samanta, 2011 (India): “Clinical Evaluation of Non-surgical Sterilization of Male Cats with Single Intra-testicular Injection of Calcium Chloride”): 18 cats plus controls (same study as poster above). Dose-finding, testosterone & stress measures; castration and histology at 2 months.
Although this was done with an older formulation (lidocaine) instead of the diluent now known to be optimal from 2014 dog publications (alcohol), this is the primary publication which indicated the promise of 20% CaCl in cats. Free full text KEY CAT STUDY
TESTOSTERONE AND BEHAVIOR
Three representative publications on castration and behavior (the summary: reducing testosterone is more effective at eliminating some behaviors than others): Hopkins 1976 dogs , Knol 1989 , Neilson
1997 dogs
REVIEW DOCUMENTS
• Full background information and overview videos available at Parsemus Foundation’s website, http://www.parsemusfoundation.org/calcium-chloride-for-males/
• Independent literature review available from the Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs, http://www.acc-d.org/research-innovation/products-under-development/calcium-chloride .
• Important tips and guidance for real-world use available at SpayFIRST!, http://www.spayfirst.org/programs/non-surgical-sterilization/
• Step-by-step guide to due diligence and preparations for use available at Calchlorin.org
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Committed to innovative and/or neglected medical research, with a focus on animal sterilants, contraceptive development, and breast cancer.
P. O. Box 2246, Berkeley, CA 94702 • (415) 839-6304 • www.ParsemusFoundation.org
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