ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA
75th ANNUAL MEETING
OCTOBER 16 -18, 2015
BEST WESTERN BATTLEFIELD INN
10820 BALLS FORD ROAD
MANASSAS, VIRGINIA
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Welcome from ASV President
Dear ASV Members and Guests,
Welcome to Manassas and the Annual Meeting of the Archeological Society of Virginia,
which is celebrating its 75th Anniversary this year. With three days of papers and activities, the
event is quite a contrast to the first meeting of the Virginia Indian Relic Collectors Club, held at
the Valentine Museum in Richmond in January 1940, where eight people gathered to create an
organization whose purpose was to “encourage and foster archaeological research on the state of
Virginia.” If they could see us now: 16 chapters around the state, over 600 members, the
Quarterly Bulletin, the Certification Program, field/lab/archival projects, and a permanent home
at Kittiewan, our 700+-acre farm in Charles City County.
Our Mission Statement encapsulates the goals of the ASV:
 To promote the study of archeology and anthropology, especially but not limited to the
prehistoric and historic periods in Virginia
 To work for the proper conservation and exploration of archeological sites and materials
 To encourage the scientific study of archeological sites and materials and to discourage careless,
misdirected, or commercial collecting of artifacts
 To promote the spread of archeological knowledge through the media of publications, meetings,
lectures, exhibits, etc.
 To collaborate with other organizations and agencies that serve the same purposes as those of
this society
 To serve as a bond between individual members and as a link with similar organizations in other
states.
This weekend as you engage with friends and colleagues, learn from recent research, and
find out about ASV activities from around the state, I invite you to reflect on our
accomplishments and think about what the ASV means to you. Moving forward, let’s recommit
ourselves to this organization and see what the next 75 years will bring!
I extend thanks to the Northern Virginia Chapter, our sponsor for the meeting, whose
members have worked for over a year to make this meeting a reality.
Enjoy our meeting, and Happy Birthday, ASV!
Carole Nash, President
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Archeological Society of Virginia Officers
President: Carole L. Nash
(Massanutten Chapter)
Vice-President: Forrest Morgan
(Middle Peninsula Chapter)
Secretary: Stephanie Jacobe
(Northern Virginia Chapter)
Treasurer: Carl Fischer
(Middle Peninsula Chapter)
Quarterly Bulletin Editor: Thane Harpole
(Middle Peninsula Chapter)
Web Master: Lyle Browning
(Col Howard MacCord Chapter)
Newsletter Editor(s): E. Randolph Turner (Nansemond Chapter)
Laura Wedin (New River Chapter)
Arrangements Chairs: Diane Schug-O’Neill (Northern Virginia Chapter)
Program Chair: Mike Barber (DHR, Eastern Shore Chapter)
Hotel Logistics
Registration: Lobby
Book Room:
Meeting Rooms:
Banquet:
Note to Presenters and Moderators: Due to number of papers to be presented as well as the
general rules of civility, please closely adhere to the 20 minute limit on papers presentations. In
addition, please show up for the session at least 10 minutes prior to its onset in order to load
power points.
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ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA:
75th ANNUAL MEETING
OCTOBER 16-18, 2015
BEST WESTERN BATTLEFIELD INN,
MANASSAS, VIRGINIA
AGENDA
Friday morning, October 16, 2015
Room:
Welcome:
9:00 – 9:10
ASV President Carole L. Nash
Session 1: Historic Sites – Structures, Cemeteries, and Landscapes
(David Brown, Moderator)
9:10 – 9:30
Downer, Joseph A. (George Washington’s Mount Vernon)
Hallowed Ground, Sacred Place: The African-American Cemetery at
George Washington’s Mount Vernon and the Plantation Landscapes
of the Enslaved
9:30 – 9:50
White, Kellie (FCPA/CRM O.C.C.P.)
The Investigation of 44FX0704 – A Cemetery in Colchester Park: An
Examination of Field Methodology
9:50 – 10:10 Mullen, John (Thunderbird Archaeology/WSSI)
At Rest? The Archeological Recovery of Human Remains from a
Forlorn Cemetery in Prince William County, Virginia
10:10 – 10:30 Break
Session 1 (continued):
10:30 – 10:50 Ford, Benjamin, and Nick Harper (Rivanna Archaeological Services,
LLC)
James Monroe’s Ash Lawn – Highland – Recent Archaeological
Research
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10:50 – 11:10 Edwards, Kyle W. (University of Virginia)
Plantation Organization in the Early Republic: Preliminary
Investigations at James Monroe’s Ash Lawn-Highland
11:10 – 11:30 Brown, David, Thane Harpole, and Anna Hayden (The Fairfield
Foundation)
Adventures in Public Archaeology: Excavations at Toddsbury and
Sandwich on Virginia’s Middle Peninsula
Friday afternoon, October 16, 2015
Room:
Session 2: Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax Park Authority
(Organizer and Moderator – Christopher Sperling)
1:00 – 1:20
Mayes, Jonathon, and Alisa Pettitt (CRMPB-FCP)
Terrible Tools and Terrifying Ticks
1:20 – 1:40
Wells, Aimee (CRMPB-FCP)
Privileged Priorities: Archaeological Collections at a Crossroads
1:40 – 2:00
Parker, Alexandra (CRMPB-FCP)
Archaeology Collection Care Development at the Fairfax County
Park Authority
2:00 – 2:20
Sperling, Christopher (CRMPB-FCP)
Archaeology at the Old Colchester Park and Preserve, An Overview
2:20 – 2:40
Veness, Megan (CRMPB-FCP)
A Teardrop Shaped Foundation in Fairfax County, VA.
2:40 – 3:00
Koons, Sheila (CRMPB-FCP)
Lithic Analysis of Site 44FX1670/2409, Big Prehistoric
3:00 – 3:20 Break
Friday afternoon
Session 3: Historic Archaeology
(Patrick O’Neill, Moderator)
1:00 – 1:20
Haynes, John H. (US Army Corps of Engineers at Norfolk)
History and Archaeology at Fort Norfolk
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1:20 – 1:40
Chapman, Ellen (College of William and Mary)
The Virginia State Penitentiary Collection: Progress on its
Rehabilitation and Future Potential
1:40 – 2:00
Guercin, Richard J. (USDA – Forest Service)
Captive Industry: An Evolutionary Look at the Iron Making
Landscape
2:00 – 2:20
O’Neill, Patrick L. (Northern Virginia Chapter)
Bristoe Station Battlefield: ASV Success and NRHP Failure
2:20 – 2:40
Blanton, Dennis Blanton (James Madison University)
Recent Investigation of the Rear Yard of the Stone House, Stephens
City, Virginia
2:40 – 3:00
Geier, Clarence R., and Carole L. Nash (James Madison University)
The Claremont Slave Quarter from the Foundation Up
3:00 – 3:20
Break
Room:
Council of Virginia Archaeologists Membership Meeting (Jack Gary, President)
3:20 – 5:00
Room:
Council of Virginia Archaeologists – Public Education Forum
(ASV Members encouraged to attend)
Carole L. Nash (Organizer and Moderator)
7:00 – 7:50
Potter, Stephen R. (National Capital Region, National Park Service)
Tidelock to Terminus, Highlights from the Nine-Year Archeological
and Historical Study of the C&O Canal National Historical Park
7:50 – 8:30
Shephard, Christopher (William and Mary)
Powhatan Economics and Algonquian Perceptions of Value in the
Southern Middle Atlantic
8:30 – 9:00
Discussion
9:00 – 11:00 COVA Reception
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Saturday morning, October 17, 2015
Room:
Session 4: Underwater and Shoreline Archaeology
(Michael B. Barber, Moderator)
8:00 – 8:20
Barber, Michael B. (Virginia Department of Historic Resources)
Sea Level Rise, Catastrophic Storm Surge, and Tidal Erosion:
Archaeological Resource Management on Virginia’s Eastern Shore
8:20 – 8:40
Madden, Michael J. (USDA-Forest Service)
In Harm’s Way: The Hazards of Archaeological Field Work
Involving 20th Century Military Sites
8:40 – 9:00
Broadwater, John D. (Spritsail Enterprises)
Vessel Losses During the American Civil War: The Virginia
Shipwreck Database Project
9:00 – 9:20
Nusbaum, Charles “Mike” (Virginia Department of Education)
C.S.S. Richmond and the James River Squadron 1865 to Present
9:20 – 9:40
Break
ASV Chapter Presentations
ASV President Carole L. Nash (Moderator)
9:40 – 9:50
9:50 – 10:00
10:00 – 10:10
10:10 – 10:20
10:20 – 10:30
10:30 – 10:40
10:40 – 10:50
Upper James River (Hannah Short proxy)
Middle Peninsula (Thane Harpole)
Massanutten Chapter (Cindy Schroer)
Eastern Shore (Mike Clem)
Nansemond (Wayne Edward)
Northern Virginia (Diane Schug-Oneill)
COL MacCord Chapter (Bill Bjork)
10:50 – 12:00 ASV Membership Meeting (Carole L. Nash, President)
Saturday afternoon, October 17, 2015
Room:
Session 5: 3D Scanning
1:00 – 2:30
Displaying the 3D Printed Past: A Visualization and Exhibiting
Archaeology Workshop
(Bernard Means, Chair)
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2:30 – 5:00
Field Trip: Bristoe Station Battlefield Field Trip
Saturday evening, October 17, 2014
Banquet:
6:00 – 7:00 – Cash Bar Reception
7:00 – 10:00 – Banquet
Awards
Banquet Speaker: Dr. Dennis Stanford (Smithsonian Institution)
“Recent Paleoindian Studies on the Chesapeake Bay”
Sunday morning, October 18, 2015
Room:
Session 6: Virginia Prehistory
(Lyle E. Browning, Moderator)
8:40 – 9:00
Hranicky, Wm Jack (Northern Virginia Chapter)
From Quarry to the Clovis Point at the Thunderbird Site
9:00 – 9:20
Browning, Lyle E. (Browning & Associates, LTD)
Using GIS to Crowdsource Gurus
9:20 – 9:40
Lowery, Darrin (Chesapeake Watershed Archaeological Research)
Archaeological Investigations on the Virginia Eastern Shore:
Preliminary Results from the Hurricane Sandy Grant
9:40 – 10:00 Nash, Carole L. (James Madison University)
West Side Story: Topography and Territoriality in the Virginia
Uplands
10:00 – 10:20 Break
10:20 - 10:40 Stevenson, Christopher M. (Virginia Commonwealth University),
Mary Gurnick (Richard Bland College), David Hurst Thomas
(American Museum of Natural History), Anna Semon (American
Museum of Natural History), and Rachel Cajigas (University of
Arizona – Tempe)
Rehydroxylation Dating of Contact Period Ceramics: Closer and
Closer to a Quantitative Result
10:40 – 11:00 Bates, Brian, and Mary Farrell (Longwood University)
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A Crossroads of Culture? Mortuary Variability at the Wade Site
(44CH0062) and Selected Sites from the Region
11:00 – 11:20 Clem, Michael Virginia Department of Historic Resources)
Great Neck (44VB0007) Revisited: Salvage Efforts 2015
Room:
Session 7: Historic Archaeology II
(Randolph Linctenberger, Moderator)
8:50 – 9:10
Lickey, Hannah, Jesse Wallace, and Bernard Means (Virginia
Commonwealth University)
The Importance of Accurate Portrayals of Native Americans in the
Museum Setting
9:10 – 9:30
Linctenberger, Randolph (Hurt and Profitt)
Exploring Cabellsville, Amherst County’s First Courthouse Village
9:30 – 9:50
McGowan, Patrick, Megan Wamsley, and Arron Lovejoy
Over the Hill and Far Away: Landscape Archaeology of a
Shenandoah Valley Farm, Zook Site, Rockbridge County, Virginia
9:50 – 10:10 Siegel, Rebecca, and Benjamin Skolnik (Alexandria Archaeology)
Toward an Archaeology of Baseball
Session 8: Workshops
9:30 – 10:30
V-CRIS
Jolene Smith (Archaeology Inventory Manager – DHR)
10:30 – 11:30 Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology Overviews
Carole Nash (ASV President, James Madison University)
11:30 – 12:00 Committee Meetings
Room:
12:00 – 1:00 ASV Board Meeting
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Archaeological Society of Virginia
2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts
Banquet Speaker Abstract and Bio
Dr. Dennis Stanford (Smithsonian Institution)
Recent Paleoindian Studies on Chesapeake Bay
Abstract
This presentation will focus on the results of new research conducted on early Paleoindian
archaeological sites discovered on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Along with biface
and blade technologies, analysis of other unique artifacts from these sites suggest that the
Peopling of the Americas and maritime adaptation may have a much deeper history than
previously thought.
Biography
Dr. Dennis Stanford was born in Cherokee, Iowa, in 1943. He earned a BA from University of
Wyoming where he was mentored by the sole anthropologist teaching there, Dr. William T.
Mulloy. Stanford earned a MA and Ph.D. in Anthropology at the University of New Mexico in
Albuquerque. After receiving his doctorate, he began work at the Smithsonian Institution which
had just initiated a program in Paleoindian studies. He remains at the Smithsonian where he has
held positions of Curator, Head of the Division of Archaeology, and Chairman of the Department
of Anthropology. Stanford has implemented field work in Alaska, Chile, the Arctic, Siberia,
and, most recently, off the coast of Virginia. He and his colleague, Dr. Bruce Bradley at the
University of Exeter, have put forth the Solutrean Solution Model which hypothesizes a human
migration from the Iberian Peninsula along the North Atlantic ice sheet into North America ca.
21,000 – 16,000 BP. The large, well-made lanceolate Solutrean points are considered the
precursors of the fluted Clovis points several thousand years later. Stanford and Bradley have
documented their migration theory in the recently published Across the Atlantic Ice: The Origin
of America’s Clovis Culture (2012).
Bristoe Station Battlefield Field Trip
(Sponsored by Northern Virginia ASV Chapter)
The Northern Virginia Chapter (NVC) is sponsoring a 50-person bus tour of Bristoe Station
Battlefield, particularly the 10th Alabama Cemetery. Bus (with toilet!) will leave the front of the
hotel at the first afternoon break (2:30 pm) and return no later than 5:30 pm. In 2003, Patrick
O’Neill, aided by the NVC and Bull Run Civil War Round Table, led an independent survey of
the battlefield to find graves of the fallen. This also led to a detailed map of over 70 graves of a
cemetery used by the Confederate Camp Jones after the first Battle of Manassas. Donations for
the bus cost will be accepted. ASV Members may also follow the bus or drive to the site for the
tour!
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Session & Workshop Abstracts
Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax County Park
Authority Session
(Christopher Sperling, Chair)
The Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax County Park
Authority serves as the office of the county archaeologist. As such, the CRMPB performs
numerous functions. Among other things, it represents the interests of the county regarding
cultural resources for all federal and state projects, acts as the repository for collections from
archaeological sites in Fairfax County, reviews rezoning applications, and conducts
archaeological investigations. The following session highlights some of the activities of the
CRMPB. Topics include ongoing investigations on the Sully Woodlands tracts in the western
portion of the county, the archaeology of colonial period sites at Colchester in the southern
portion of the county, elevating collections standards to meet American Alliance of Museum
standards, and the complexities of managing archaeological collections.
Displaying the 3D Printed Past: A Visualization and Exhibiting
Archaeology Workshop
(Bernard Means, Chair)
Undergraduate anthropology students at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) were
recently afforded the opportunity by Dr. Elizabeth Moore of Virginia Museum of Natural History
(VMNH) to design elements of a new archaeology exhibit opening at the VMNH in September
2015. The dozen students, who are junior authors of this paper, were enrolled in the new course
designed by the lead author to teach them how to visualize and exhibit anthropological concepts,
entitled, appropriately enough, Visualizing and Exhibiting Anthropology. The goal of the course
was to capitalize on the hundreds of artifacts and ecofacts from all over the world 3D scanned
and 3D printed in the Virtual Curation Laboratory, and provide my students with additional skills
that would aid them in future studies and careers. With Dr. Moore’s generous offer, students
enrolled in the Visualizing course were able to design and contribute elements to an actual
exhibit, rather than an imaginary museum. After some discussion, Dr. Moore and I focused on
creating over a dozen panels that featured text and incorporated images provided largely by the
students themselves. The 3D printed past, in the form of artifacts and ecofacts, is incorporated
into the panels – and accompanying activities - to add a tactile as well as visual component to the
exhibit panel. Designing actual exhibit elements taught the students how to present archaeology
to the public. Probably the biggest challenge for most students was formulating text that could
be readily understood not just by a middle school audience, but people of all ages.
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Poster Abstracts
Moore, Elizabeth (Virginia Museum of Natural History)
Glass Trade Beads from the Hurt Power Plant Site: A Reconsideration of Types
The Hurt Power Plant site, located in Pittsylvania County, Virginia is a large contact period
village, a portion of which was excavated as part of a mitigation project in 1992 under the
direction of Michael Barber. The excavations yielded a variety of trade goods including glass
beads, copper and some small iron fragments. Barber et al described 243 glass beads from 14
types defined by Kidd and Kidd. In 2010 The Hurt Power Plant site assemblage was transferred
to the Virginia Museum of Natural History. As part of the curation and rehousing of that
assemblage, volunteers and technicians sorted approximately 75% of previously unsorted wetscreened and flotation samples. The ongoing sorting efforts have yielded additional trade goods
and in 2014 a project was begun to photograph all of the beads from this site at a relatively high
resolution using affordable and easily accessible magnification and photographic tools. During
the photography of the beads, we have identified some additional types not previously identified.
In particular, we have observed that some beads appear to be two colors with the naked eye have
a very thin middle layer that can be seen with magnification. We have also identified several
beads that illustrate various stages of damage or degradation including cores with the outer layer
missing, outer layers with core missing, striped beads with the core eroding leaving strips
partially intact, and more. This poster will present these preliminary findings and how they
compare to other bead assemblages recovered in the region.
Council of Virginia Archaeologists Education Session
Abstracts
Potter, Stephen R. (National Capital Region, National Park Service)
Tidelock to Terminus, Highlights from the Nine-Year Archeological and Historical Study
of the C&O Canal National Historical Park
As the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park winds its way westward for 184.5
miles, alongside the Potomac River, it cuts through three major physiographic provinces. From
2002 to 2010, archeologists from The Louis Berger Group, Inc., under contract to the National
Park Service, conducted an archeological and historical study of lands within the park. Given the
magnitude of the undertaking, the project was divided into three segments of three-years each
that roughly corresponds to the three physiographic provinces: the Piedmont or lower segment,
from Rock Creek in Washington, DC, to Sandy Hook, MD (Mile Markers 0-59); the Great
Valley or middle segment, from Sandy Hook to Hancock, MD (Mile Markers 59-123); and the
Appalachian Ridge and Valley or upper segment, from Hancock to Cumberland, MD (Mile
Markers 123-184.5). During the course of the fieldwork, 3,391 acres were surveyed, 105 new
archeological sites were recorded, and 79 previously known sites were revisited. With the
addition of the new sites discovered by Berger, a total of 285 archeological sites were recorded
for the park at the conclusion of the study.
As a result, much new information has come to light and new interpretations developed,
especially in regard to the park’s prehistory and early history, prior to the construction of the
canal that began in 1828. Numerous stratified prehistoric sites were found, including one with an
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11,000-year sequence of occupations. In addition, intensive historical and archeological research
was directed toward finding the early eighteenth-century Shawnee village known as King
Opessa’s Town, with some unexpected results. In the same vicinity, we believe we have located
the site of the fort or blockhouse of eighteenth-century frontiersman, Thomas Cresap. Other
challenges facing the archeologists were identifying the faint archeological footprints of frontier
squatters and settlers, and the “shanties” of canal laborers. It is these prehistoric and early
historic sites and the people who created them that will be the main focus of this presentation.
Shephard, Christopher (William and Mary)
Powhatan Economics and Algonquian Perceptions of Value in the Southern Middle
Atlantic
Powhatan authority was structured around the acquisition and socialization of “foreign”
materials. In the centuries preceding the arrival of Europeans, shell beads and copper –
dangerous and unpredictable objects – were introduced into the Virginia Algonquian world from
sources beyond the Chesapeake by chiefs and priests. Typically stored away from settled areas,
these objects were intermittently brought into circulation during feasting and commemorative
events aimed at mediating relationships of authority and subjection. As outsiders, Europeans and
the objects that they possessed represented a danger that also needed to be socialized. In the
well-known divination of John Smith, for example, priests performed a ceremony aimed at
indigenizing Smith and his compatriots, making them no longer tassantasses (strangers) but
Powhatans and subjects of the paramount chief.
During this talk, I will present archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic evidence which
suggests that the most valuable objects exchanged, displayed, and retained among coastal
Algonquians did not simply reflect underlying notions of prestige or power. Instead, I argue that
these objects embodied Algonquian perceptions of Manitou – an active and animate class of
persons, objects, and practices that independently influenced the world. Patterns of consumption
and discard of copper and shell beads at native archaeological sites throughout the region provide
clues as to the changing relationship between people, things, the rise of chiefly societies, and the
origin of intercultural conflict during the early colonial period.
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Paper Abstracts
Barber, Michael B. (Virginia Department of Historic Resources)
Sea Level Rise, Catastrophic Storm Surge, and Tidal Erosion: Archaeological Resource
Management on Virginia’s Eastern Shore
Virginia’s Department of Historic Resources has developed a strategy to address the challenges
faced on Virginia’s Eastern Shore with regard to sea level rise, catastrophic storm surge, and
associated erosion of archaeological resources. Current estimates indicate that a full 10% of
Virginia’s recorded archaeological resources are threatened by sea level rise with many located
on the Commonwealth’s portion of Delmarva. The various strategies, including state and federal
grants, volunteerism, public education, limited excavations, partnerships, focused survey, and
evolving central coordination, will be presented.
Bates, Brian, and Mary Farrell (Longwood University)
A Crossroads of Culture? Mortuary Variability at the Wade Site (44CH0062) and Selected
Sites from the Region
Mortuary practices observed through in situ examination of human burials at the Wade site
(44CH0062) suggest non-local cultural influences. This paper will discuss the mortuary
practices that, in the opinion of the authors, may represent these non-local cultural influences.
The steps that are being undertaken by the team to test the hypothesis that the Wade site
occupants were engaged in long-distance cultural exchange networks will also be presented.
Blanton, Dennis Blanton (James Madison University)
Recent Investigation of the Rear Yard of the Stone House, Stephens City, Virginia
On behalf of the Stone House Foundation in Stephens City, James Madison University students
completed an archaeological evaluation of the rear yard of the Stone House property during the
spring semester 2015. The leading objective of the work was documentation of surviving
architectural evidence. Numerous features were identified and a large sample of associated
material culture was recovered. The results contribute to the plans of the Stone House
Foundation and the Newtown History Center to interpret both the architectural history of the
building and the day-to-day existence of its residents between the close of the eighteenth century
and throughout the nineteenth century.
Broadwater, John D. (Spritsail Enterprises)
Vessel Losses During the American Civil War: The Virginia Shipwreck Database
Project
During 2014 data recovered from a stalled research project were digitized and analyzed, thanks
to funding from the Threatened Sites Program at the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
The data consisted of a group of approximately 2000 handwritten coding sheets generated in
1980 during a VDHR-funded literature search for shipwrecks in Virginia waters. The subject of
the 2014 study was the data subset from 1861-1865, the period of the American Civil War. The
resulting 166 digitized records reveal a number of interesting facts about shipping losses during
this significant period in Virginia’s history a century and a half ago.
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Brown, David, Thane Harpole, and Anna Hayden (The Fairfield Foundation)
Adventures in Public Archaeology: Excavations at Toddsbury and Sandwich on Virginia’s
Middle Peninsula
In 2014 and 2015 The Fairfield Foundation initiated research projects at two locally well-known
plantation sites on Virginia’s Middle Peninsula. Toddsbury, which is situated along the west
bank of the North River in Gloucester County, dates to the seventeenth century, but is best
known for its iconic colonial house, interior paneling, and colonial revival gardens. Sandwich,
located within the town of Urbanna in Middlesex County, covers several colonial town lots and
includes the eighteenth-century customs house and remarkable colonial revival grounds. These
contemporary properties, today owned by members of the same family, challenge how we view
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the lens of colonial revival landscapes in both
rural and urban (for Virginia) settings. They also challenge how we involve the public in
rediscovering the lost elements of these landscapes, confronting their complicated histories
involving slavery and race, while communicating the value of sharing the process of discovery
with the greater public.
Browning, Lyle E. (Browning & Associates, LTD)
Using GIS to Crowdsource Gurus
Using QGIS (Open-Source GIS Software), a map of presence/absence map by county of
prehistoric pottery was prepared. Shapefiles were downloaded for the map component. Pottery
gurus were consulted for information about ware type presence for their areas of expertise. The
resulting map series shows where pottery types have been identified and where there are gaps.
The gaps are either anomalies that bear research or survey anomalies that can be infilled by
certification students.
Chapman, Ellen (College of William and Mary)
The Virginia State Penitentiary Collection: Progress on its Rehabilitation and Future
Potential
Although underrepresented in histories of American penal institutions, the Virginia State
Penitentiary (constructed 1798-1800) is by some reckonings the nation’s first moral reform
penitentiary and was located on the corner of Belvidere and Byrd Streets in Richmond. During
1991-1992, the penitentiary was the subject of a testing phase and two data recovery
investigations led by Katherine Beidleman and Ed Otter. Fieldwork recorded eighteenth-century
foundations for several rooms in the penitentiary and recovered at least 110 burial features
containing both single interments and comingled deposits. This paper will describe recent efforts
to improve the understanding of and access to this collection, which is housed at the Virginia
Department of Historic Resources and the Smithsonian Institution. This collection has unusual
potential for research into eighteenth and nineteenth century institutions, health of the
incarcerated in the late nineteenth century, and possibly also the use of the site prior to
penitentiary construction.
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Clem, Michael Virginia Department of Historic Resources)
Great Neck (44VB0007) Revisited: Salvage Efforts 2015
During the late 1970s and into the 80s archaeologists with the VDHR and others conducted
extensive salvage archaeology operations at the Great Neck site (44VB0007) in Virginia Beach.
The site was threatened with residential development and Floyd Painter and James Pritchard
were first to test the area prior to DHR. The site is a Middle through Late Woodland period
village with various pit features, multiple human burials and numerous post features representing
both domestic structures and a palisade. Several reports were produced including one by Chris
Egghart and another by Ester White. In the early 1990s Mary Ellen Hodges produced the major
comprehensive report for the site. The list of people who assisted on the project reads like a
Who’s Who of Virginia Archaeology. The DHR is again involved in excavations at the site.
The owner has plans to develop the last three lots available there. The work being conducted is
again a salvage operation, which began in late August of this year. This paper will include a
preliminary report on the excavations to date.
Downer, Joseph A. (George Washington’s Mount Vernon)
Hallowed Ground, Sacred Place: The African-American Cemetery at George Washington’s
Mount Vernon and the Plantation Landscapes of the Enslaved
This paper discusses the ongoing archaeological survey of the African-American Cemetery
at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Ultimately, this project was designed to bring about
a better understanding of this space on the plantation landscape and to honor those
unknown who call this spot their final resting place. Through the use of this space, it is
believed that a portion of Mount Vernon’s enslaved population was able to culturally resist
their imposed social position through the reinforcement of their human identities, as
expressed in communal gatherings and the practice of funerary rites. This project seeks to
rediscover the locations of these long-forgotten burial plots, and by extension reveal the
organization, layout, demographic make-up, and boundaries of the site. With this
information, we can begin to study the ways in which this spot of land was transformed by
Mount Vernon’s enslaved population into a sacred place endowed with exclusive and
nuanced meaning.
Edwards, Kyle W. (University of Virginia)
Plantation Organization in the Early Republic: Preliminary Investigations at James
Monroe’s Ash Lawn-Highland
Previous research at Ash Lawn-Highland has focused on understanding and interpreting existing
historic structures, but only limited archaeological survey has been conducted to locate outlying
plantation spaces. These spaces, though not visible on the present landscape, were significant for
the economic functioning of the plantation as well as the experience of the individuals who lived
and worked there, most notably the enslaved population. This project relies on existing
archaeological research along with new phase I and phase II excavations to begin identifying
areas significant to the operation of the plantation during James Monroe’s ownership from 1794
until 1823. By identifying these areas and their relationship to Monroe’s domestic structures, it
will be possible to piece together the planation landscape during the economically turbulent
Early Republic. This research promises to reveal Monroe’s economic strategies and how changes
in production reshaped plantation organization.
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Ford, Benjamin, and Nick Harper (Rivanna Archaeological Pervices, LLC)
James Monroe’s Ash Lawn – Highland – Recent Archaeological Research
Phase I archaeological investigations at Ash Lawn – Highland was conducted by Rivanna
Archaeological Services in late 2014 with a goal of identifying archaeological resources in the
broader landscape north and east of the historic domestic core. Following up on these findings in
early 2015, Phase II testing identified a substantial buried masonry foundation with partial
basement east of and adjacent to the 1870s wing of the extant domicile. Associated material
culture suggests the structure dates to the first quarter of the nineteenth century. In addition, the
projected architectural footprint broadly conforms with Monroe-era insurance policy
descriptions. Current and future research on this early nineteenth-century structure may offer a
revised understanding of the Monroe domestic complex.
Geier, Clarence R., and Carole L. Nash (James Madison University)
The Claremont Slave Quarter from the Foundation Up
The study of the life and material culture of enslaved African Americans has become well
established in the historical archaeology of the Commonwealth. Such studies are rare in the
Shenandoah Valley, however. During the summer of 2015, with the help of members of the
Archeological Society of Virginia, researchers from James Madison University had the
opportunity to examine the foundation and adjoining landscape of a still standing quarter on the
property of Claremont Farm in Clarke County, Virginia, that dates to the second quarter of the
19th century. The field work was completed immediately before the beginning of a restoration
project conducted by HistoriCorps. The timing of these projects provided a unique opportunity
to compare one strategy of foundation construction and design for these important, but
ephemeral, support structures to a preserved, contemporary superstructure. This paper
summarizes the work conducted on the quarter and contributes one more alternative foundation
plan to the growing list of examples of slave housing..
Guercin, Richard J. (USDA – Forest Service)
Captive Industry: An Evolutionary Look at the Iron Making Landscape
Initial site formation of the iron making landscape was limited to an isolated geographic location.
Within this space all elements necessary for production was contained. This concept is the core
of the captive industry model. However, this model required modification as demands on
resources increased and fuel shifted from charcoal to coke. Evolution was not linear, however,
and two models prevailed. One was dispersed captive industry and the second was production
specialization with free market resource acquisition. This paper with discuss this change and how
it applies to industrial archaeological sites.
Haynes, John H. (US Army Corps of Engineers at Norfolk)
History and Archaeology at Fort Norfolk
Tucked away on the Norfolk, Virginia waterfront between a high rise condominium and a
modern office building stands, largely unchanged, one of the earliest fortifications built for the
United States Army. Fort Norfolk is not well known, overshadowed by events like the Battle of
Craney Island in 1813, or more imposing works like Fort Monroe; but it has had a long and
varied career serving the needs of the Nation’s armed forces. This paper traces that history from
the initial construction at the fort in 1794 to the present day, and then briefly outlines the results
of archaeological investigations there from 1977 to 2015.
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Hranicky, Wm Jack (Northern Virginia Chapter)
From Quarry to the Clovis Point at the Thunderbird Site
This paper discusses the manufacturing process for the Clovis point at the Thunderbird site in
Warren County, Virginia. The principal stone is jasper which the Paleoindians made into points
and numerous other tools. Their blade/spall manufacturing processes (stages) are discussed and
contrasted to the differing biface technology used at the Williamson paleosite in Dinwiddie
County. This approach for Thunderbird was first suggested by Errertt Callahan in the 1970s.
Based on the Thunderbird one technique, a spall production method is argued as indicating that
Thunderbird is earlier than William Gardner’s late paleo assessment. And, Thunderbird is older
than the Williamson site. Included are photographs of the 1971-73 excavations as well as
discussion of two radiocarbon dates by Gardner from the site. Paper also discusses the
morphology and distribution of the “true” Clovis point. The basic fluting technique at
Thunderbird is argued at the True Clovis which is found across the southern U.S.
Koons, Sheila (Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax County
Park)
Lithic Analysis of Site 44FX1670/2409, Big Prehistoric
The focus of this paper is to refine the understanding of the prehistoric cultural environment of
the 44FX1670/2409 site located on the Old Colchester Park and Preserve. The lithic analysis of
stone tools and debitage recovered from excavations at the site provides temporospatial evidence
for discrete activities including biface production and tool maintenance. The diversity of
projectile point types suggests multiple occupation phases. In addition, the test units along the
Occoquan riverfront yielded several types of projectile point preforms as well as exhausted
finished points of the same type. This is particularly the case with the Piscataway point type. The
broad range of technological strategies employed by the prehistoric inhabitants across the site
will provide new information regarding larger settlement patterns, land use, and site function in
the vicinity of Old Colchester and the Occoquan River.
Linctenberger, Randolph (Hurt and Profitt)
Exploring Cabellsville, Amherst County’s First Courthouse Village
The first Amherst County Courthouse was built in 1762 near the geographic center of the county
on a low ridge along a north-south running stage road. Other administrative buildings were soon
added, including a jail and lawyers’ offices. The young town bustled with activity throughout
the late 18th century and was officially chartered as Cabellsville in 1803. The timing was
unfortunate, as Nelson County was divided from Amherst in 1807 and the county seat moved
once again, taking Cabellsville’s economy with it. The town land was absorbed into a plantation
and today lies within a 90-acre farm. With support from two VDHR Threatened Sites grants,
archaeologists from Hurt & Proffitt, Inc. have spent the past 2-plus years surveying the farm in
search of the courthouse village. The survey has identified approximately five acres of
continuous cultural deposits and several building locations, including the likely courthouse and
jail ruins. This paper will review the survey results and discuss continuing research at the site of
the jail including trenching and non-invasive testing.
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Lowery, Darrin (Chesapeake Watershed Archaeological Research)
Archaeological Investigations on the Virginia Eastern Shore: Preliminary Results from the
Hurricane Sandy Grant
In February 2015, archaeological investigations were initiated along the coastline of both
Accomack and Northampton counties. Funding was provided by the National Park Service and
the Virginia Department of Historic Resources via a Hurricane Sandy grant. The goal of this
project was to re-examine both the Chesapeake and Atlantic coastlines of both counties for
newly exposed archaeological sites/features and assess the condition of all previously recorded
coastal archaeological sites. Many of the archaeological sites documented during the earlier
systematic surveys conducted in 1999 and 2001 have eroded away. Approximately 30
previously unrecorded archaeological sites and features have been exposed by relentless erosion
over the past 15 years. The results of these investigations clearly illustrate the value of continued
and episodic follow-up archaeological surveys along actively eroded coastlines.
Madden, Michael J. (USDA-Forest Service)
In Harm’s Way: The Hazards of Archaeological Field Work involving 20th Century
Military Sites
Starting in 1910 and continuing throughout the 1940s the United States army and navy embarked
on a massive program to combat the threats of world war and invasion aimed at our shores. To
match this threat the US military started large construction projects fortifying the coasts, creating
training areas, producing munitions and a plethora of other military related undertakings. Since
the end of WW2 the majority of these sites have been dismantled, buried or just ignored and
forgotten. The remains of these activity areas are something that archaeologists have to come to
terms with as our coast lines become increasing disturbed, as development intrudes into these
areas of militarization and, as the public turn to us to define what the history of these places are
located along these lonely beaches, forests and grasslands. Resultant of this, archaeologists are
now presented with the hazards linked to military sites. We may dwell on the idea of
unexploded ordnance or perhaps how dangerous a crumbling fortress, tunnel, or bunker may be
or, whether it’s actually safe to work in that edifice abandoned all these years. These hazards
are real and quite tangible. However, they are not the only ones with which archaeologists have
to deal. Many times it’s that which we don’t see or necessarily think about that can be our
undoing. In this presentation I will discuss several sites which have obvious and non-obvious
threats with which we may have to contend and, perhaps save ourselves unnecessary grief when
dealing with sites resultant of the 20th century’s military industrial complex.
Mayes, Jonathon, and Alisa Pettitt (Cultural Resource Management and Protection
Branch, Fairfax County Park)
Terrible Tools and Terrifying Ticks
For the last few years, a subset of the Fairfax County Park Authority (FCPA) Cultural Resource
Management and Protection Branch (CRMPB), self-named the Sully Woodlands Archaeological
Team (SWAT), has been working to identify and evaluate cultural resources on parkland in the
western region of Fairfax County. This research is triggered by The Park Authority Planning &
Development Division. The goal of this research is to locate and evaluate sites in order to lessen
development impacts on significant cultural resources. This paper focuses on SWAT’s field and
laboratory methodologies, on Phase I survey and Phase II evaluations of two sites, 44FX3172
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and 44FX3711, highlighting in particular, site formation, diagnostic artifacts, lithic artifact
material types recovered and site integrity.
McGowan, Patrick, Megan Wamsley, and Arron Lovejoy
Over the Hill and Far Away: Landscape Archaeology of a Shenandoah Valley Farm, Zook
Site, Rockbridge County, Virginia
The Zook Site is (what [18th-20th c. farm] & where [Rockingham County]). This presentation
summarizes the results of a multifaceted, archaeological analysis of landscape use at the site.
Through innovative analysis of stratigraphy, artifact distributions, surface features, and historical
records we discover heavy alteration of the natural environment over the course of the site’s
evolution. Working at the invitation of the landowner, the project engages the local and
university communities in the interest of historical archaeology, expanding knowledge of the
archaeological record in the Shenandoah Valley. The results will guide future work on the site by
JMU students and provide a foundation for further archaeological interpretation.
Mullen, John (Thunderbird Archaeology/WSSI)
At Rest? The Archeological Recovery of Human Remains from a Forlorn Cemetery in
Prince William County, Virginia
Archeological investigations were completed prior to planning the construction of the 12th High
School in Prince William County; however, the discovery of an unmarked cemetery late in the
development planning process, led ultimately to the decision to archeologically recover and
relocate the human remains. The legal disinterment proceeded under a permit issued by the
Virginia Department of Historic Resources and the individuals were reburied nearby on the
property. A direct outcome of our work was stronger legislation regarding avoidance of adverse
impacts to abandoned cemeteries and requirements for more robust public notification efforts for
both local governments and private landowners.
Nash, Carole L. (James Madison University)
West Side Story: Topography and Territoriality in the Virginia Uplands
The western slopes of the Virginia Blue Ridge contain limited evidence of prehistoric activity, in
stark contrast to the eastern slopes where prolific sites model seasonal upland mobility patterns
for the southern Middle Atlantic. On the west, fewer than 80 sites are documented for the 115
miles from the Maryland border south to Afton Mountain. Of these, 75% are identified as small
lithic scatters bereft of diagnostic artifacts. Attributed to differences in structural geology,
topography, soils, hydrology, and ecological communities, the lack of western sites is contrasted
with a rich regional archaeological record that demonstrates the regular movement of tool stone
in the form of quartzite and chert from the Shenandoah Valley eastward into the Piedmont. This
presentation examines the distribution of known western Blue Ridge sites and proposes a more
structured use of this region by mobile foragers.
Nusbaum, Charles “Mike” (Virginia Department of Education)
C.S.S. Richmond and the James River Squadron 1865 to Present
In the early morning hours of April 4, 1865, the vessels of the James River Fleet were scuttled at
Drewry’s Bluff and at Chaffin’s Bluff, near Richmond Virginia. These vessels, which included
three ironclads and numerous wooden military and support vessels, had been one of the primary
defenses on the James River defenses protecting the water approach to Richmond. Their
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destruction was a result of General R.E. Lee’s Army evacuation of Richmond and the possible
capture of these vessels by the advancing Union forces, both naval and land. After the war, the
vessels of the Squadron, to a large extent, were salvaged or destroyed in order to open up the
James River for safe river commerce and trade. By the 1870s, this salvage and clearing effort
had been completed, and the wreckage of those vessels that had not been completely removed
disappeared into the riverbed of the James River. In 1982, the National Underwater Marine
Agency (NUMA), founded by Mr. Clive Cussler,
in conjunction with Underwater
Archaeological Joint Ventures (UAJV), a Virginia based archaeological research firm, conducted
a survey in the James River.to determine the location of the vessels of the James River Squadron.
During this investigation, remote sensing and diver reconnaissance identified wreckage of
several wooden vessels associated with the James River Squadron and its three ironclads. In
1993 and 1998, Dr. Gordon Watts, under contract with Tidewater Atlantic Research, Inc. (TAR)
and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, carried out more extensive remote sensing investigations
and diver reconnaissance of identified targets located in the vicinity of Chaffin’s and Drewry’s
Bluffs. The TAR effort expanded and affirmed much of the NUMA findings of the wreckage
associated with Drewry’s Bluff and performed a more substantial survey of the wreckage which
was possibly identified as that of the C.S. S. Richmond or C.S.S. Virginia II. In 2012, Mike
Nusbaum and several volunteers began environmental site surveys of the wreckage sites at
Drewry’s and Chaffin’s Bluffs. Since that time, the focus of this survey has shifted to the
wreckage site of the C.S.S. Richmond, located in the vicinity of Chaffin’s Bluff. In cooperation
with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, a side scan survey was conducted of the
James River Squadron wreckage sites in April, 2015, and a magnetometer scan is scheduled to
be conducted in the fall of 2015. It is the purpose of this presentation to present the results of the
C.S.S. Richmond site survey and others as applicable as of the date of the presentation.
O’Neill, Patrick L. (Northern Virginia Chapter)
Bristoe Station Battlefield: ASV Success and NRHP Failure
Bristoe Station Battlefield was accepted to the NRHP in the early 1990s, but removed because of
landowner complaint. In the early 2000s, development threatened the entire battlefield, and an
independent archaeological survey by Patrick O’Neill and the Northern Virginia Chapter
searched for the battlefield dead. While finding the remnants of soldiers camps and recording
72+ graves in an Alabama Soldier Cemetery, graves from the battlefield were not found. The
Alabama Cemetery has been restored, much of the remaining battlefield is a Virginia State
Landmark, still trying to regain standing on the NRHP. This paper will discuss the pathway to
the NRHP of the battlefield.
Parker, Alexandra (Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax
County Park Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax County
Park)
Archaeology Collection Care Development at the Fairfax County Park Authority
The Fairfax County Park Authority’s collection standards and use of technology has changed
over the years and we are currently reevaluating and improving our archaeology collections care,
specifically with the goal of achieving American Alliance of Museum accreditation in 2016. This
work involves improving our collection storage, implementing new policies such as Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) and environmental monitoring, inventorying and accessioning our
collection, as well as other projects. The changes we are making will allow us to prevent
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potential problems as well as utilize the collection better in the future. My discussion will
address the developments we are making and how this relates to properly caring for Fairfax
County Park Authority’s archaeology collection now and in the future.
Siegel, Rebecca, and Benjamin Skolnik (Alexandria Archaeology)
Toward an Archaeology of Baseball
Despite being “America’s Pastime” for more than 150 years, archaeologists have contributed
very little to the rich history of baseball. Perhaps, this should not come as a surprise given that
despite requiring a large amount of land, no permanent infrastructure is needed to play the game
and few pieces of material culture required to play leave little in the archaeological record. In
Alexandria, Virginia, archaeologists have identified the locations of more than twenty baseball
fields not from archaeological remains but from an early 20th century aerial survey, Sanborn fire
insurance maps, and oral histories. In this paper, we survey existing archaeology related to
baseball, view features and we examine these ephemeral remains as historic resources in a
management context.
Sperling, Christopher Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax
County Park)
Archaeology at the Old Colchester Park and Preserve, An Overview
Since 2010, the Colchester Archaeological Research Team (CART) has been conducting
investigations at the Old Colchester Park and Preserve. This ongoing project has enabled
CRMPB to test new methods in the field and lab, engage the public in new ways, and has been
critical to planning the future of the park. This paper provides an overview of the project, its
methods and its achievements including the methods devised for archaeological investigations at
the park, the archaeology of sites ranging from the Early Archaic through colonial periods, and
the use of new media and traditional outreach to share our findings.
Stevenson, Christopher M. (Virginia Commonwealth University), Mary Gurnick (Richard
Bland College), David Hurst Thomas (American Museum of Natural History), Anna
Semon (American Museum of Natural History), and Rachel Cajigas (University of Arizona
– Tempe)
Rehydroxylation Dating of Contact Period Ceramics: Closer and Closer to a Quantitative
Result
The ceramic rehydroxylation dating method begins with the measurement of the the total gain of
a water species (e.g. hydroxyl [OH]) within a sherd starting from the time it was fired. It then
converts that accumulated moisture to an absolute date using an experimentally developed rate of
absorption (diffusion coefficient). Previous experiments have used weight gain to track the
diffusion of water in English bricks and pottery with good results. We present our experimental
design which uses infrared diffuse reflectance to track the gain in water for ceramics hydrated at
temperatures between 30-60oC at 30% relative humidity; from which the activation energy of
water diffusion is calculated. We use our experimental parameters to calculate the age of a
Mission Period ceramic recovered from a radiocarbon dated feature on St. Catherines Island,
Georgia.
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Veness, Megan (Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax County
Park)
A Teardrop Shaped Foundation in Fairfax County, VA.
Among the numerous sites investigated at the Old Colchester Park and Preserve, a considerable
effort has been expended at site 44FX0704, a mid-eighteenth century site located approximately
one quarter mile from the colonial port town of Colchester. Systematic and targeted testing over
the past four years by Colchester Archaeology Research Team (CART) has yielded numerous
artifacts and features. Current investigations have focused on a brick chimney base and wall.
Artifacts ranging from hand painted tin glazed coarse earthenware, to hand wrought nails and
absence of pearlware or later ceramics, date this feature to no later than the mid-eighteenth
century. Although artifacts clearly indicate a domestic occupation, the peculiar brick work
allows for alternate interpretation such as an early “cottage” industry, a mystery which only
further archaeological research could answer.
Lickey,Hannah, Jesse Wallace, and Bernard Means
The Importance of Accurate Portrayals of Native Americans in the Museum Setting
Education about native peoples in Virginia is often very narrow view of a prehistoric lifestyle
that abruptly ends after the establishment of Jamestowne. Many people may not have knowledge
of Native American influence and history past the first Thanksgiving. Even Virginia SOL’s
provide limited curriculum for students on Native American subjects. Education about Native
Peoples can be improved upon through well-crafted Museum exhibits. Public interaction with
local museum exhibits of the Native past and present can help individuals better understand the
First Peoples. Our aim with this project is to inform Anthropologists, Archaeologists and those
working within School Systems and Museums different ways to accurately represent native
peoples past and contemporary lifestyles, through their history, culture and stories. Through
qualitative research involving surveys and interviews we attempt to voice the concerns of native
people on how they are represented in a museum setting. We also hope to offer educational
solutions for how best to teach the general public about Native culture through history and today.
Wells, Aimee (Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax County
Park Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Fairfax County Park)
Privileged Priorities: Archaeological Collections at a Crossroads
The privileging of fieldwork over laboratory and curation work has been recognized as an issue
in archaeology for decades. Archaeologists are rightfully dismayed when a site is looted and
destroyed, but the hue and cry has been limited when archaeologists are asked to be reflective in
their own responsibility to preserve excavation records, photographs, reports, and artifacts
themselves. The Fairfax County Park Authority has, in recent years, attempted to place greater
importance in collections care and curation in an attempt to improve its stewardship of
archaeological information as well as comply with current museum standards. This paper will
address procedural and policy issues that repositories must confront in order to stabilize older
collections as well as to protect archaeological collections for future researchers.
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White, Kellie (FCPA/CRM O.C.C.P.)
The Investigation of 44FX0704 – A Cemetery in Colchester Park: An Examination of Field
Methodology
The focus of this brief report chronicles the artifacts found across site 44FX0704 in Lorton,
Virginia near the former port town of Old Colchester. The cemetery site is located in the
Colchester Park and Preserve, the site contains brick foundations of an unknown and
undocumented building that only creates more interpretative issues as it is steadily revealed
through excavations. As extensive archeological and lab investments continue to further the
project, it is important to examine the different types of results that are acquired from multiple
levels and forms of data collection. This examination includes a comparison of artifacts found in
¼ inch screens in the field-- to those that are found later, through the process of water screening
through window mesh and then picked in the lab. The artifacts include lead shot, a mystifying
piece of pearlware, creamware, straightpins, snail shell, and a paste gem and brooch. A
secondary aspect to this project is chronicling the methods and learning processes taken place for
an intern in their first experience of the completion of an archeological report. Understanding the
ways in which artifacts proceed through processing in a lab and in the field, the collection of
data, and the paperwork itself- all three of which are valuable to gaining hands on experience in
report writing, cataloging, and the continued cognizance of many other important archeological
processes.
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