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Electronic Supplementary Material (on-line archive) accompanying: Index of Alien Impact (IAI): A method for evaluating potential ecological impact of alien plant species Appendix 1. Ecological Traits for 61 Alien and 2 Cryptogenic Species. Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 1 Appendix 1. Ecological Traits for 61 Alien and 2 Cryptogenic Species. Table A1 References documenting which of 24 ecological traits (listed in Table 1 in the journal article) were present for each of 61 alien and 2 cryptogenic* species found along 35 wadeable streams of the John Day River basin. Taxonomy follows the PLANTS database (USDA and NRCS 2007). References are listed by first author and publication year; full citations are listed alphabetically following this table. For detailed descriptions of ecological traits, see Table 1 in the journal article. Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Cranston 2002, CWMA 2002, Hickman 1993, Parker 1972, Prather 2002, SAFRR 2000, Taylor 1990, UNR 2002, Watson 1980, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2001a Carpenter 1998a, Watson 1980, Zouhar 2001a Small seeds/fruits Drought tolerant Carpenter 1998a, Hickman 1993, Parker 1972, SAFRR 2000, Watson 1980, Zouhar 2001a Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Taylor 1990, Watson 1980 Wide moisture regime Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, CWMA 2002, Parker 1972, Taylor 1990, UNR 2002, Zouhar 2001a Flooding/saturation tolerant Alkaline or saline tolerant Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, CWMA 2002, Parker 1972, UNR 2002, Zouhar 2001a Beck 2002, Zouhar 2001a Carpenter 1998a, Parker 1972, Zouhar 2001a Carpenter 1998a, Zouhar 2001a Excretes salts or toxins Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Stermitz 2003, Watson 1980, Zouhar 2001a Forms monocultures or near monocultures Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Cranston 2002, SAFRR 2000, UNR 2002, Watson 1980, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2001a Invades in absence of human disturbance Carpenter 1998a Agrostis capillaris L. Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Clampitt 1987, Cook 1998, Hickman 1993, Hill (no date), Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Boedeltje 2003, Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004 Grime 1981, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005 Dispersal over time Grime 1979, Pakeman 1998, Peat 2005, Thompson 1993, Xiong 2001 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 2 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Batson 1998, Cook 1998, Grime 1979, Hitchcock 1969, USDANRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Cook 1998, Jackson 1982 Cook 1998, USDA-NRCS 2004 Flooding/saturation tolerant Alkaline or saline tolerant Batson 1998, Hill (no date), Taylor 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004 Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004 Wide nutrient or soil texture ranges Cook 1998, Hill (no date), Tilman 1999, Weber 2003 Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Grime 1975, Grime 1979, Hill (no date), Hellström 2003, Valassis 1957 USDA-NRCS 2004, Wilson 1999 Weber 2003 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Hill (no date), Jackson 1982, Tilman 1999, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Clampitt 1987, Jackson 1982 Agrostis gigantea Roth Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Plasticity Wide moisture regime Carey 1995, Casler 2003, Hickman 1993, Peat 2005, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2002a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004 Grime 1981, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2002a Carey 1995, Oosting 1940, Peat 2005 Casler 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 Carey 1995, USDA-NRCS 2002a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Carey 1995, Frenkel 1978, Leege 1981, USDA-NRCS 2004 Carey 1995 Casler 2003, Frenkel 1978 Carey 1995, USDA-NRCS 2002a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Carey 1995, Clary 1995, Leege 1981 Carey 1995, Swan 1970, USDA-NRCS 2004 Carey 1995, Casler 2003, USDA-NRCS 2002a Forms monocultures or near monocultures Carey 1995 Invades in absence of human disturbance Frenkel 1978 Alopecurus pratensis L. Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 3 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Crowe 1997, Hitchcock 1969, PU 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Boedeltje 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 Hitchcock 1969, PU 2002 PU 2002 Morisawa 1999, PU 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Morisawa 1999, PU 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Clary 1995, Hitchcock 1969, Morisawa 1999, PU 2002 Morisawa 1999, PU 2002 Morisawa 1999, PU 2002 Morisawa 1999, PU 2002 Clary 1995, Morisawa 1999 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Small seeds/fruits Animal dispersal Drought tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture PU 2002 Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005 Peat 2005 Hitchcock 1969, Whitson 1999 Peat 2005 Anthriscus caucalis Bieb. Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Animal dispersal Plasticity Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Hawkes 1989, Hickman 1993, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005 Peat 2005 Hawkes 1989, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005, Whitson 1999 Hawkes 1989, Hitchcock 1969 Hickman 1993 Wilson 1999 Arctium minus Bernh. Gross 1980 Hickman 1993 Gross 1980, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999 Gross 1980 Gross 1980 Gross 1980 Gross 1980 Gross 1980 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Gross 1980 Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Animal dispersal Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Increases post-fire Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 4 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Specialized dispersal Water dispersal Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& K. Presl Wilson 1998, Wilson 2001 Boedeltje 2003, Grime 1979, USDA-NRCS 2004 Weber 2003, Weiller 1995Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Boedeltje 2003 Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability FAO 2005, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003, Wilson 2001 FAO 2005, Weiller 1995USDA-NRCS 2004 FAO 2005, USDA-NRCS 2002b, USDA-NRCS 2004 Grime 1979 USDA-NRCS 2004 Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2002b, Weber 2003 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Weber 2003, Wilson 1998, Wilson 2001 Invades in absence of human disturbance Drought tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Large propagule crop Animal dispersal Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters hydrology Alters nutrient cycling Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Animal dispersal Weber 2003, Wilson 2001 Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Robocker 1973, USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 Hitchcock 1969, Taylor 1990 Bromus racemosus L. Howard 1994 Howard 1994 FAO 2005, Howard 1994, Howard 1998 Howard 1994 Howard 1994 FAO 2005, Howard 1994, Howard 1998 Green 1995, Howard 1994, Howard 1998 Howard 1998 Howard 1994 Howard 1994 Bromus inermis Leyss. ssp. inermis Bush 2002a, Hickman 1993, Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004 Sather 1987 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 5 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Plasticity Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Alkaline or saline tolerant Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Bush 2002a, Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004 Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004 Howard 1996, Sather 1987 Howard 1996, Sather 1987, Weber 2003 Howard 1996 Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004 Bush 2002a, Hickman 1993, Howard 1996 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Large propagule crop Dispersal over time Animal dispersal Plasticity Bush 2002a, Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Bromus sterilis L. Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004, Kon 1988 Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004 Clapham 1987, Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004 Kleeman 2004, Kon 1988 Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters hydrology Alters nutrient cycling Clapham 1987, Cooper 2000, Kie 1988, Kleeman 2004, PFAF 1997-2001, YCRCD 1997-2004 UCIPM 2004 Theaker 1995 Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004, PFAF 1997-2001 Grime 1979 Kleeman 2004 Cooper 2000, Dastgheib 2003, Kleeman 2004 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Clapham 1987, Kie 1988 Bromus tectorum L. Large propagule crop Dispersal over time Wind dispersal Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a Pellant 1996 APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000 Animal dispersal APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Neese 2000, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000 Plasticity Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003 Drought tolerant APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Young 2000 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 6 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Wide nutrient or soil texture APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Upadhyaya 1986, Zouhar 2003a Grazing tolerant or increaser Carpenter 1999, Neese 2000, Taylor 1990, Upadhyaya 1986, Zouhar 2003a Increases post-fire APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a Alters hydrology Alters nutrient cycling APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996 Alters fire regime Alters soil stability Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a Carpenter 1999, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a Invades in absence of human disturbance Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003 Centaurea solstitialis L. Large propagule crop DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a Small seeds/fruits DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Hickman 1993, Prather 2002, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a Dispersal over time DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Zouhar 2002a Wind dispersal DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a Animal dispersal Plasticity DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Sheley 1999, Zouhar 2002a Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a Drought tolerant Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire DiTomaso 1999, DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Prather 2002, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000 DiTomaso 1999, DiTomaso 2001, Zouhar 2002a Alters hydrology Alters fire regime DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a Zouhar 2002a Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 7 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Excretes salts or toxins Zouhar 2002a Forms monocultures or near monocultures DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a Invades in absence of human disturbance Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Invades in absence of human disturbance DiTomaso 1999, DiTomaso 2001, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a Centaurea L. Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005, Taylor 1990 Boedeltje 2003, Peat 2005 Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005 Peat 2005 Hitchcock 1969 Peat 2005 Peat 2005 Hickman 1993 Peat 2005 Hellström 2003, Pakeman 2004 Ryan 2003 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Strongly clonal APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Crowe 1997, Hickman 1993, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Stritzke (no date), Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2001b Large propagule crop APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Hickman 1993, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997 Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Andersen 1995, APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Hickman 1993, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b Andersen 1995 Water dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Boedeltje 2003, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Zouhar 2001b Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Weber 2003 APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Prather 2002 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 8 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Wide moisture regime APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Zouhar 2001b Flooding/saturation tolerant Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters hydrology Alters nutrient cycling Excretes salts or toxins APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b APRS 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997 APRS 2000, Nuzzo 1997, Zouhar 2001b Bayer 2000, Crowe 1997, Nuzzo 1997, Zouhar 2001b Zouhar 2001b Bayer 2000, Moore 1975 Bayer 2000, Moore 1975 APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Large propagule crop APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Nuzzo 1997, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. APRS 2000, Beck 1999, Randall 2000, Zouhar 2002b Small seeds/fruits Beck 1999, Hickman 1993, Randall 2000, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Water dispersal Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture APRS 2000, Beck 1999, Hickman 1993, Randall 2000, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b Beck 1999 Beck 1999, Weber 2003 Beck 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b Beck 1999, Zouhar 2002b Randall 2000, Zouhar 2002b Beck 1999, Zouhar 2002b Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters hydrology Alters nutrient cycling Beck 1999, Bullock 1994, Randall 2000, Medlin (no date), Zouhar 2002b Zouhar 2002b, Zouhar 2002c Randall 2000 Randall 2000, Zouhar 2002b Forms monocultures or near monocultures Randall 2000, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Large propagule crop Randall 2000, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b Cynoglossum officinale L. APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 9 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Specialized dispersal Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c Animal dispersal Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters hydrology Alters nutrient cycling APRS 2000, Taylor 1990, Upadhyaya 1988, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2002c APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c Zouhar 2002c Zouhar 2002c Upadhyaya 1988 APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988 APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988 Forms monocultures or near monocultures APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c Invades in absence of human disturbance Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Water dispersal Zouhar 2002c Dactylis glomerata L. Hickman 1993, Sullivan 1992a Boedeltje 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Weber 2003 Weber 2003 Weber 2003 Boedeltje 2003, Weber 2003 Plasticity Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Grime 1979, Haubensak 1999a, Sullivan 1992a, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Bush 2000, Bush 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 Weber 2003 Sullivan 1992a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Haubensak 1999a Grime 1979, Lacey 2002, Sullivan 1992a Sullivan 1992a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Sullivan 1992a Forms monocultures or near monocultures Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Specialized dispersal Water dispersal Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Weber 2003 Dipsacus fullonum L. Weber 2003, Werner 1975 Weber 2003, Werner 1975 Werner 1975 Werner 1975 Weber 2003, Werner 1975 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 10 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Werner 1975 Weber 2003, Werner 1975, Whitson 1999, Howard 1992 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Weber 2003, Werner 1975 Invades in absence of human disturbance Dispersal over time Specialized dispersal Animal dispersal Plasticity Weber 2003 Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait. Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004 APRS 2000, Hawkes 1989, Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004 Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004, Taylor 1990 Hawkes 1989, Weber 2003 Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Wide light regime Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire APRS 2000, Hawkes 1989, Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003 Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004 Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004 Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004 Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Hawkes 1989, Schiffman 2004, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Schiffman 2004, Weber 2003 Euphorbia esula L. Strongly clonal Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002, Simonin 2000, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Large propagule crop Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Taylor 1990 Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time APRS 2000, Best 1980, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000, Weber 2003 Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000 Specialized dispersal Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002, Simonin 2000, Whitson 1999 Animal dispersal Water dispersal Plasticity Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000 Biesboer 1996, Simonin 2000 APRS 2000, Weber 2003 Drought tolerant Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 11 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Wide moisture regime Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002 Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002 Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Kreps 2000 APRS 2000, Biesboer 1996 Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters hydrology Alters nutrient cycling Alters fire regime Alters soil stability Anonymous 2005, Best 1980, Hirsch 1998, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002 APRS 2000, Simonin 2000 Anonymous 2005, Kreps 2000 Anonymous 2005 Simonin 2000 Hirsch 1998 Excretes salts or toxins Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Hirsch 1998, Kreps 2000, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Anonymous 2005, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Hirsch 1998, Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000, Weber 2003 Festuca rubra L.* Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Crowe 1997, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a USDA-NRCS 2004 Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a Frenkel 1978, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a Campbell 1988, Frenkel 1978, Taylor 1983, Walsh 1995a USDA-NRCS 2002c, USDA-NRCS 2004 Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Excretes salts or toxins Campbell 1988, Frenkel 1978, Hickman 1993, Taylor 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a Fransen 2001, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a Fransen 2001, Grime 1979, Hellström 2003, Walsh 1995a Walsh 1995a, Wilson 1999, Wilson 1999 Crowe 1997, USDA-NRCS 2002c, Walsh 1995a Walsh 1995a Invades in absence of human disturbance Frenkel 1978 Holcus lanatus L. Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 12 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Wind dispersal Plasticity Hawkes 1989, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988 Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, Weber 2003 Hickman 1993, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004 Grime 1979, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988 Thompson 1988, Weber 2003 Grime 1979, Thompson 1988 Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Cook 1998, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004 Pitcher 1988, Taylor 1983, Thompson 1988, Weber 2003 Pitcher 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004 Thompson 1988 Wide nutrient or soil texture Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters soil stability Excretes salts or toxins Grime 1979, Hawkes 1989, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004 Thompson 1988, Weber 2003 Grime 1979, Pitcher 1988 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Large propagule crop Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Forms monocultures or near monocultures Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Weber 2003 Hordeum murinum L. ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev Dean 1990 Weber 2003 Dean 1990, Weber 2003 Dean 1990, Maron 2004 Dean 1990, Weber 2003 Dean 1990 Dean 1990 Dean 1990, Grime 1979 Dean 1990, Weber 2003 Hypericum perforatum L. APRS 2000, Maron 2004, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 APRS 2000, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Hickman 1993, Weber 2003 APRS 2000, Grime 1979 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 13 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Water dispersal Drought tolerant Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire APRS 2000, Weber 2003 APRS 2000 APRS 2000, Taylor 1990 APRS 2000, Weber 2003, Wilson 1999 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Weber 2003 Lactuca serriola L. Weaver 2003, Whitson 1999 Hickman 1993, Weaver 2003, Wilken 1998a Hickman 1993, Taylor 1990, Weaver 2003, Wilken 1998a Weaver 2003, Whitson 1999, Wilken 1998a Weaver 2003 Weaver 2003 Lacey 2002, Weaver 2003 Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005 Peat 2005 Peat 2005 Hitchcock 1969 Peat 2005 Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Cranston 2002, Olson 1997, Olson 1999, OMAF 2002, Rutledge 1998, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999, WSNWCB 2002 Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1997, Olson 1999, Rutledge 1998, WSNWCB 2002 Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Hickman 1993 Alvarez 2000, Mitch 2000 Wind dispersal Olson 1999, WSNWCB 2002 Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Wind dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Grazing tolerant or increaser Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Animal dispersal Drought tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Strongly clonal Wide moisture regime Alvarez 2000, Andersen 1995, Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999, WSNWCB 2002 Clements 2004 Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999 Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999, WSNWCB 2002 Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, USDA-NRCS 2004 Clements 2004 Animal dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 14 Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters nutrient cycling Alters soil stability Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999, USDA-NRCS 2004, WSNWCB 2002 Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Cranston 2002, Mitch 2000, Olson 1997, Olson 1999, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2004, WSNWCB 2002 Olson 1999 Clements 2004, Olson 1999, WSNWCB 2002 Forms monocultures or near monocultures Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, CWMA 2002, Olson 1999, OMAF 2002, Taylor 1990, WSNWCB 2002 Traits Wide nutrient or soil texture Invades in absence of human disturbance Strongly clonal Alvarez 2000, Rutledge 1998 Linaria dalmatica (L.) P. Mill. Butler 1994, Carpenter 1998b, Lajeunesse 1999, Prather 2002, Rutledge 1998, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999, WSNWCB 2002, Zouhar 2003b Large propagule crop Butler 1994, Carpenter 1998b, Gates 1960, Lajeunesse 1999, Prather 2002, WSNWCB 2002, Zouhar 2003b Dispersal over time Carpenter 1998b, Hickman 1993, Lajeunesse 1999, Zouhar 2003b Butler 1994, Carpenter 1998b, Lajeunesse 1999, Rutledge 1998, WSNWCB 2002, Zouhar 2003b Specialized dispersal Lajeunesse 1999 Wind dispersal Butler 1994, Carpenter 1998b, WSNWCB 2002, Zouhar 2003b Animal dispersal Butler 1994, Lajeunesse 1999, Zouhar 2003b Water dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Lajeunesse 1999, Zouhar 2003b Carpenter 1998b, Lajeunesse 1999, Zouhar 2003b Butler 1994, Carpenter 1998b, Gates 1960, Lajeunesse 1999, Prather 2002, Rutledge 1998, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999, WSNWCB 2002, Zouhar 2003b Carpenter 1998b, Rutledge 1998, Zouhar 2003b Zouhar 2003b Gates 1960, Lajeunesse 1999 Grazing tolerant or increaser Beck 2002, Butler 1994, Carpenter 1998b, Lajeunesse 1999, Rutledge 1998, Zouhar 2003b Small seeds/fruits Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 15 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Increases post-fire Alters hydrology Alters soil stability Carpenter 1998b, Lajeunesse 1999, Zouhar 2003b Carpenter 1998b, Lajeunesse 1999 Lajeunesse 1999, Zouhar 2003b Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Strongly clonal Carpenter 1998b, Lajeunesse 1999, Rutledge 1998, Whitson 1999, WSNWCB 2002, Zouhar 2003b Beck 2002, Lajeunesse 1999, Rutledge 1998, Taylor 1990, Zouhar 2003b Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub (formerly, Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995b, Weber 2003 Large propagule crop Boedeltje 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 Animal dispersal Gibson 2001 Plasticity Gibson 2001, Hensen 2001, USDA-NRCS 2002d, USDANRCS 2004, Walsh 1995b, Weber 2003 Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, Walsh 1995b Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, Walsh 1995b, Weber 2003 Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, Walsh 1995b, Weber 2003 Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Batcher 2000, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995b Gibson 2001, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995b, Weber 2003 Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, Hensen 2001, USDA-NRCS 2002d, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995b Gibson 2001, Walsh 1995b Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995b Alters soil stability Batcher 2000, Hensen 2001, USDA-NRCS 2002d, Walsh 1995b, Weber 2003 Excretes salts or toxins Forms monocultures or near monocultures Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, Hensen 2001, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995b Batcher 2000, Gibson 2001, Hensen 2001, USDA-NRCS 2002d, Walsh 1995b, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Batcher 2000, Walsh 1995b Lotus corniculatus L. Strongly clonal Haubensak 1999b, Taylor 1990, Turkington 1980 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 16 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Small seeds/fruits Turkington 1980, Weber 2003 Dispersal over time Specialized dispersal Animal dispersal Plasticity Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Turkington 1980 Turkington 1980 Turkington 1980 Turkington 1980, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Haubensak 1999b, Turkington 1980 Haubensak 1999b, Taylor 1983, Turkington 1980, Weber 2003 Taylor 1983, Turkington 1980, Sullivan 1992c Turkington 1980 Turkington 1980 Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Haubensak 1999b, Turkington 1980 Weber 2003 Haubensak 1999b, Turkington 1980, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Alters nutrient cycling Forms monocultures or near monocultures Large propagule crop Turkington 1980, Weber 2003 Medicago lupulina L. Turkington 1979, USDA-NRCS 2004 Small seeds/fruits Hickman 1993, Turkington 1979 Dispersal over time Animal dispersal Water dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters nutrient cycling Turkington 1979 Turkington 1979 Turkington 1979 Turkington 1979 Gebhart 1993, Turkington 1979, USDA-NRCS 2004 Turkington 1979, USDA-NRCS 2004 Turkington 1979 Grime 1979 Gebhart 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004 Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa Sullivan 1992b Hickman 1993 Sullivan 1992b Sullivan 1992b, USDA-NRCS 2002e, USDA-NRCS 2004 Gebhart 1993, Sullivan 1992b, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2004 Strongly clonal Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Plasticity Drought tolerant Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 17 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Wide moisture regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Sullivan 1992b, USDA-NRCS 2004 Sullivan 1992b Sullivan 1992b, USDA-NRCS 2004 Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters nutrient cycling Alters soil stability Sullivan 1992b Sullivan 1992b, USDA-NRCS 2004 Gebhart 1993, Sullivan 1992b, USDA-NRCS 2004 Sullivan 1992b Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Turkington 1978, USDA-NRCS 2004 Eckardt 1987, Hickman 1993, Turkington 1978, Weber 2003 Eckardt 1987, Turkington 1978, Weber 2003 Turkington 1978 Eckardt 1987, Sullivan 1992c, Turkington 1978 Sullivan 1992c, Turkington 1978 Eckardt 1987, Sullivan 1992c, Turkington 1978, Weber 2003 Turkington 1978 Eckardt 1987, Gebhart 1993, Sullivan 1992c, Turkington 1978, USDA-NRCS 2004 Eckardt 1987, Sullivan 1992c, USDA-NRCS 2004 Eckardt 1987, Sullivan 1992c Eckardt 1987, Sullivan 1992c, Turkington 1978, Weber 2003 Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Specialized dispersal Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Water dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters nutrient cycling Alters soil stability Excretes salts or toxins Sullivan 1992c, Turkington 1978, Weber 2003 Lacey 2002 Eckardt 1987, Sullivan 1992c, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Eckardt 1987, Gebhart 1993, Sullivan 1992c, Taylor 1990, Turkington 1978, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Sullivan 1992c, Turkington 1978, Whitson 1999 Sullivan 1992c Forms monocultures or near monocultures Eckardt 1987, Turkington 1978, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance Strongly clonal Eckardt 1987, Sullivan 1992c Mentha ×piperita L. (pro sp.) [aquatica x spicata] Hickman 1993, Leonard 2001 Small seeds/fruits Hickman 1993 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 18 Traits Plasticity Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Forms monocultures or near monocultures Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Leonard 2001 Leonard 2001 Leonard 2001 Leonard 2001 Onopordum acanthium L. Beck 1999, NRE 2002, Parent 2004, Piper 1984, WSNWCB 2002 Beck 1999, CWMA 2002, Hickman 1993, NRE 2002, Piper 1984, Whitson 1999 Wind dispersal Beck 1999, Parent 2004, Peat 2005 Beck 1999, Hickman 1993, NRE 2002, Parent 2004, Piper 1984, WSNWCB 2002 Animal dispersal Beck 1999, NRE 2002, Parent 2004, Piper 1984, WSNWCB 2002 Drought tolerant Beck 1999, NRE 2002, Parent 2004, Piper 1984, WSNWCB 2002 Beck 1999, CWMA 2002, Julian 2002, Parent 2004, Piper 1984, Prather 2002, Taylor 1990, UNR 2002, WSNWCB 2002 Wide moisture regime Beck 1999, Julian 2002, Parent 2004, Prather 2002, Taylor 1990, UNR 2002, WSNWCB 2002 Flooding/saturation tolerant Beck 1999, Julian 2002, Parent 2004, Prather 2002, UNR 2002, WSNWCB 2002 Wide nutrient or soil texture WSNWCB 2002 Grazing tolerant or increaser Beck 1999, CWMA 2002, Julian 2002, NRE 2002, Parent 2004, UNR 2002, Whitson 1999, WSNWCB 2002 Forms monocultures or near monocultures CWMA 2002, Julian 2002, Parent 2004, Prather 2002, UNR 2002, Whitson 1999, WSNWCB 2002 Water dispersal Invades in absence of human disturbance Strongly clonal Julian 2002, Taylor 1990 Phalaris arundinacea L.* APRS 2000, Hickman 1993, Lyons 1998, Naglich 1994, Snyder 1992, Stannard 2002, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2002f, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Large propagule crop Boedeltje 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 19 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Small seeds/fruits Wind dispersal Hickman 1993, Lyons 1998, Stannard 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Moffat 2004 Water dispersal APRS 2000, Boedeltje 2003, Naglich 1994 Lyons 1998, Stannard 2002, USDA-NRCS 2002f, USDANRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Lyons 1998, Naglich 1994 APRS 2000, Lyons 1998, Naglich 1994, Snyder 1992, USDANRCS 2004 APRS 2000, Hickman 1993, Lyons 1998, Naglich 1994, Snyder 1992, Stannard 2002, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2002f, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Wilson 1999 Alkaline or saline tolerant Lyons 1998, Naglich 1994 Lyons 1998, Snyder 1992, USDA-NRCS 2002f, USDA-NRCS 2004 Grazing tolerant or increaser Lyons 1998, Snyder 1992, Stannard 2002, USDA-NRCS 2002f Increases post-fire Alters hydrology APRS 2000, Snyder 1992, Stannard 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004, Wilson 1999 APRS 2000, Lyons 1998 Alters soil stability APRS 2000, Lyons 1998, Naglich 1994, Snyder 1992, USDANRCS 2002f, Weber 2003 Forms monocultures or near monocultures APRS 2000, Lyons 1998, Naglich 1994, Snyder 1992, Stannard 2002, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Invades in absence of human disturbance APRS 2000, Lyons 1998, Stannard 2002 Phleum pratense L. Strongly clonal Esser 1993a Large propagule crop Esser 1993a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Small seeds/fruits Bush 2002b, Esser 1993a, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 20 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Plasticity Esser 1993a Esser 1993a Bush 2002b, Esser 1993a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Excretes salts or toxins Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance APRS 2000, Esser 1993a, Leege 1981 APRS 2000, Esser 1993a, Leege 1981 APRS 2000, Esser 1993a Bush 2002b, Esser 1993a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Crowe 1997, Esser 1993a, Green 1995, Leege 1981 Esser 1993a, USDA-NRCS 2004 Esser 1993a, Weber 2003 Esser 1993a Weber 2003 Strongly clonal Esser 1993a, Weber 2003 Plantago lanceolata L. Cavers 1980, Clapham 1987, Weber 2003 Large propagule crop Cavers 1980 Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Animal dispersal Plasticity Cavers 1980, Clapham 1987, Hickman 1993, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Cavers 1980, Grime 1979, Tonsor 1993 Cavers 1980, Clapham 1987, Weber 2003 Cavers 1980, Clapham 1987, van der Toorn 1988, Weber 2003 Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Cavers 1980 Cavers 1980, Clapham 1987 Weber 2003, Hitchcock 1969 Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Cavers 1980 Cavers 1980, Clapham 1987 Cavers 1980, Clapham 1987 Large propagule crop Weber 2003 van der Toorn 1988 Plantago major L. APRS 2000, Hawthorn 1974 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 21 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Small seeds/fruits Hawthorn 1974, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, van der Toorn 1988 Dispersal over time Animal dispersal Plasticity Hawthorn 1974 APRS 2000, Hawthorn 1974 Hawthorn 1974, Hickman 1993 Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Hawthorn 1974, USDA-NRCS 2004 Hawthorn 1974, USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000, Hawthorn 1974, USDA-NRCS 2004, van der Toorn 1988 APRS 2000, Hawthorn 1974, USDA-NRCS 2004 Hawthorn 1974, USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Specialized dispersal Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Invades in absence of human disturbance Poa bulbosa L. Harrison (no date) Harrison (no date) Harrison (no date), Hawkes 1989, Hickman 1993, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999 Harrison (no date), USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000, USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000, USDA-NRCS 2004, Hickman 1993 Harrison (no date), USDA-NRCS 2004 Harrison (no date) USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000, Harrison (no date) Large propagule crop Harrison (no date) Poa pratensis L. and Poa compressa L. APRS 2000, Bush 2002c, Crowe 1997, Green 1995, Hickman 1993, Sather 1996, Taylor 1990, Uchytil 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2003c APRS 2000, Bush 2002c, Sather 1996, Uchytil 1993, USDANRCS 2004 Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time APRS 2000, Bush 2002c, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004 Sather 1996 Strongly clonal Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 22 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Plasticity Bush 2002c, Green 1995, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2004 Drought tolerant Bush 2002c, Uchytil 1993 Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant APRS 2000, Bush 2002c, Sather 1996, Uchytil 1993 APRS 2000, Sather 1996, Uchytil 1993, Weber 2003 APRS 2000, Bush 2002c, Sather 1996, Uchytil 1993, USDANRCS 2004 Hickman 1993 USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000, Clary 1995, Crowe 1997, Green 1995, Hellström 2003, Sather 1996, Uchytil 1993 Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Uchytil 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000, Bush 2002c, Uchytil 1993, Weber 2003 Bush 2002c, Sather 1996, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Large propagule crop Sather 1996, Uchytil 1993 Polygonum convolvulus L. Hume 1983 Small seeds/fruits Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Hume 1983, Whitson 1999 Dispersal over time Water dispersal Wide moisture regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Hume 1983 Andersen 1995, Hume 1983 Hume 1983 Hume 1983 Potentilla recta L. Endress 2005, Rice 1991, Werner 1976, Zouhar 2003c Endress 2005, Hickman 1993, Rice 1999, Werner 1976, Zouhar 2003c Endress 2005, Grime 1979, Zouhar 2003c Endress 2005 Endress 2005 Water dispersal Plasticity Endress 2005 Werner 1976 Large propagule crop Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 23 Traits Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Endress 2005, Rice 1991, Werner 1976, Zouhar 2003c Endress 2005, Rice 1991, Rice 1999, Zouhar 2003c Endress 2005, Zouhar 2003c Rice 1999, Werner 1976 Endress 2005, Rice 1991, Rice 1999, Werner 1976, WSNWCB 2002, Zouhar 2003c Endress 2005, Zouhar 2003c Werner 1976, WSNWCB 2002 Endress 2005, Rice 1999, Werner 1976, WSNWCB 2002 Strongly clonal Endress 2005, Rice 1999, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2003c Rumex acetosella L. Esser 1995, Hickman 1993, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Wilken 1998b Small seeds/fruits Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Wilken 1998b Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Esser 1995, Weber 2003 Esser 1995, Weber 2003 Plasticity Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Weber 2003, Wilken 1998b Esser 1995, Weber 2003 Esser 1995, Weber 2003 Esser 1995 Esser 1995, Whitson 1999, Wilken 1998b Esser 1995, Leege 1981 Esser 1995, Wilken 1998b Esser 1995, Weber 2003 Large propagule crop Esser 1995, Weber 2003 Rumex crispus L. Boedeltje 2003, Weber 2003 Small seeds/fruits Hickman 1993, Weber 2003, Wilken 1998c Dispersal over time Wind dispersal Water dispersal Grime 1979, Weber 2003, Wilken 1998c Moffat 2004, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Andersen 1995, Boedeltje 2003, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 24 Traits Plasticity Flooding/saturation tolerant Wide light regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters soil stability Forms monocultures or near monocultures Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Specialized dispersal Wind dispersal Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Invades in absence of human disturbance Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Weber 2003, Wilken 1998c Weber 2003, Wilken 1998c Weber 2003 Wilken 1998c Crowe 1997, Wilken 1998c Wilken 1998c Weber 2003 Sisymbrium altissimum L. APRS 2000, Howard 2003, Peat 2005, Whitson 1999 Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005, Whitson 1999 Peat 2005 APRS 2000, Howard 2003, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999 Howard 2003, Peat 2005, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999 Howard 2003 Howard 2003 Howard 2003 Howard 2003 Howard 2003, Zollinger 1999 Howard 2003 Small seeds/fruits APRS 2000, Howard 2003 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Boedeltje 2003, Clapham 1987, Holm 1997, Hutchinson 1984 Clapham 1987, Hickman 1993, Holm 1997, Hutchinson 1984, Wilken 1998d Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Clapham 1987, Hickman 1993, Holm 1997, Hutchinson 1984, Taylor 1990, Wilken 1998d, Zollinger 1999 Holm 1997, Hutchinson 1984, Zollinger 1999 Water dispersal Boedeltje 2003, Holm 1997 Plasticity Holm 1997, Hutchinson 1984 Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Holm 1997, Hutchinson 1984 Clapham 1987, Hutchinson 1984 Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Boedeltje 2003, Esser 1993b, Stewart-Wade 2002, USDANRCS 2004 Large propagule crop Large propagule crop Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 25 Wind dispersal Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Haubensak 1999c, Hickman 1993, Stewart-Wade 2002, USDANRCS 2004, Whitson 1999 Esser 1993b, Stewart-Wade 2002 Esser 1993b, Haubensak 1999c, Stewart-Wade 2002, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999 Animal dispersal Stewart-Wade 2002 Water dispersal Boedeltje 2003, Stewart-Wade 2002 Haubensak 1999c, Stewart-Wade 2002, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999 Traits Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Stewart-Wade 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Esser 1993b, Leege 1981, Stewart-Wade 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Esser 1993b, Leege 1981 Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Stewart-Wade 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Esser 1993b, Stewart-Wade 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Excretes salts or toxins Invades in absence of human disturbance Crowe 1997, Esser 1993b, Green 1995, Leege 1981, StewartWade 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Esser 1993b, Stewart-Wade 2002 Stewart-Wade 2002 Esser 1993b, Haubensak 1999c, Stewart-Wade 2002 Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey Hickman 1993, Hull 1971, Ogle 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Alkaline or saline tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Harrison (no date), Hull 1971, Ogle 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 Ogle 2003 Ogle 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 Increases post-fire Alters soil stability Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Ogle 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004 Harrison (no date), Ogle 2003 Harrison (no date), Ogle 2003 Harrison (no date), Ogle 2003 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 26 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Large propagule crop Tragopogon dubius Scop. USDA-NRCS 2004 Wind dispersal Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Taylor 1990 Drought tolerant Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser APRS 2000, Hitchcock 1969, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 Lacey 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004 Trifolium dubium Sibthorp Strongly clonal Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Peat 2005 Peat 2005 FAO 2005, Grime 1979 Wilson 1999 FAO 2005 Trifolium hybridum L. USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000, USDA-NRCS 2004 USDA-NRCS 2004 Trifolium pratense L. USDA-NRCS 2004 APRS 2000 USDA-NRCS 2004 Hellström 2003 USDA-NRCS 2004 Trifolium repens L. Coladonato 1993, Crowe 1997, Grime 1979, Taylor 1990, Turkington 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Turkington 1983 Turkington 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Coladonato 1993, Turkington 1983 Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Water dispersal Plasticity Wide moisture regime Coladonato 1993 Coladonato 1993, Moffat 2004, Turkington 1983, Weber 2003 Coladonato 1993 Turkington 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Coladonato 1993 Dispersal over time Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Alters nutrient cycling Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Alters nutrient cycling Large propagule crop Dispersal over time Plasticity Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters nutrient cycling Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 27 Traits Wide light regime Wide nutrient or soil texture Grazing tolerant or increaser Alters nutrient cycling Forms monocultures or near monocultures Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Coladonato 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004 Coladonato 1993, Turkington 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004 Crowe 1997, Grime 1979, Turkington 1983, Weber 2003 Coladonato 1993, Turkington 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003 Animal dispersal Turkington 1983, Weber 2003 Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss. & Durieu Hitchcock 1969 Drought tolerant Martin 2003, Old 1987, Whitson 1999 Grazing tolerant or increaser Martin 2003, Old 1987, Whitson 1999 Verbascum blattaria L. Gross 1978, Whitson 1999 Gross 1978 Gross 1978 Gross 1978 Gross 1978 Gross 1978 Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Specialized dispersal Plasticity Wide moisture regime Forms monocultures or near monocultures Large propagule crop Small seeds/fruits Dispersal over time Specialized dispersal Plasticity Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Grazing tolerant or increaser Increases post-fire Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Strongly clonal Gross 1978 Verbascum thapsus L. Gross 1978, Hoshovsky 1986, Pitcairn 2000, Whitson 1999 Gross 1978, Hoshovsky 1986, Pitcairn 2000, Whitson 1999 Gross 1978, Pitcairn 2000, Weber 2003 Gross 1978 Gross 1978 Gross 1978, Hoshovsky 1986, Pitcairn 2000, Weber 2003 Hoshovsky 1986, Pitcairn 2000, Weber 2003 Gross 1978, Hoshovsky 1986, Pitcairn 2000, Whitson 1999 Hoshovsky 1986, Pitcairn 2000 Gross 1978, Weber 2003 Pitcairn 2000, Weber 2003 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Hickman 1993, Peat 2005 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 28 Traits Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species. Large propagule crop Hitchcock 1969 Small seeds/fruits Wind dispersal Animal dispersal Plasticity Flooding/saturation tolerant Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969 Peat 2005 Peat 2005 Boeger 2003 Boeger 2003, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005 Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray Dowling 2004, Haubensak 1999d Haubensak 1999d Haubensak 1999d, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969 Hitchcock 1969 Hitchcock 1969, Weber 2003 Hitchcock 1969 Haubensak 1999d Haubensak 1999d Large propagule crop Dispersal over time Drought tolerant Wide moisture regime Flooding/saturation tolerant Alkaline or saline tolerant Increases post-fire Excretes salts or toxins Forms monocultures or near monocultures Invades in absence of human disturbance Weber 2003 Weber 2003 Alvarez ME (2000) Leucanthemum vulgare L. In: Bossard CC, Randall JM, Hoshovsky MC (eds) Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands (on-line: http://www.calipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/online.php). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, pp 227-231 Andersen UV (1995) Comparison of dispersal strategies of alien and native species in the Danish flora. In: Pyšek P, Prach K, Rejmánek M, Wade M (eds) Plant Invasions - General Aspects and Special Problems. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 61-70 Electronic Supplement - Index of Alien Impact – Appendix 1 29 Anonymous (2005) Global Invasive Species Database. Euphorbia esula. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP). Accessed online 11 January 2005: http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/ APRS Implementation Team (2000) Alien Plants Ranking System, Version 5.1. Invasive plants literature synopses (facts.zip). Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. Accessed online 30 September 2002: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/aprs/index.htm Batcher MS (2000) Element Stewardship Abstract for Festuca arundinacea (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/festarun.html). The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA Batson MG (1998) Agrostis castellana (Poaceae), dominant Agrostis species, found in bent grass pastures in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 46:697-705 Bayer D (2000) Cirsium arvense. 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