Literary Terminology
Story Map: a graphic representation of the events of a story.
Exposition: The beginning of a story or novel. This is where the characters,
setting, and the first conflict are usually introduced.
Climax: The highest point of action in a story or novel.
Rising Action: The plot of the story advances.
Falling Action: The story begins to wind down.
Resolution: The conflict of the story is resolved.
Setting:
The time and place of a story or novel.
Example: Where the Red Fern Grows setting is during the Depression
(1930’s) in the Ozark Mountains.
Chronological Order:
presents ideas according to the time in which
they occurred. This type of organization is especially effective if you are describing a
process, relaying a series of actions, or telling a story. For instance, to convey the plot
of a novel or the procedures of an experiment, you would tell readers what happened
first, second, etc.
Protagonist:
The hero or heroine of a story or novel. This is the main
character to who the action and plot of the story or novel revolve around. The
protagonist does not have to be a good character. The protagonist can be an
animal.
Antagonist:
The force or forces working against the protagonist of a
story. There can be more than one antagonist in a story. The antagonist isn’t
necessarily a character. It can be a force of nature, society, etc.
Story Maps
1. What is a chronological list of events in a story?
a. A list that shows the events of a story in the order of their location.
b. A list that shows the events of a story in the order that they occur in time.
c. A list that shows the events of the story in the order of least importance to
the greatest importance
d. A list that shows the events of the story in the order of greatest
importance to the least importance
2. In what part of the story map are the characters, setting and the first
conflict introduced?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
exposition
rising action
climax
falling action
resolution
3. In what part of the story map is the conflict resolved?
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
exposition
rising action
climax
falling action
resolution
4. In what part of the story map does the action wind down?
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
exposition
rising action
climax
falling action
resolution
5. In what part of the story map does the highest point of action occur?
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
exposition
rising action
climax
falling action
resolution
6. In what part of the story map does the plot advance?
u. exposition
v.
w.
x.
y.
rising action
climax
falling action
resolution
7. What are the two parts of setting in a story?
8. What is the difference between the protagonist and the antagonist of a
story?
9. What is a story map?
Point of View
Point of View: The perspective that a piece of writing is written in.
First Person: Written in the I voice. Example:
I couldn’t believe that my parents
were actually going to make me marry a troll.
Second Person:
Written in the You voice. Example: You couldn’t believe that
your parents were actually going to make you marry a troll.
Third Person:
Written in the He/She/It voice. Example: She couldn’t believe that
her parents were actually going to make her marry a troll.
Third Person Limited:
In this point of view, a narrator zooms in on the
thoughts and feelings of just one character in the story. This point of view helps us share that
character’s reactions to the story’s events.
Example: The princess tried desperately to get out of her promise. “It was all my
parents’ fault,” she thought. They were so unfair.
Omniscient:
Omnis in Latin means “all” and sciens means “knowing”. The all
knowing point of view. The omniscient narrator looks down on the action like a god. This
narrator can tell you everything about all the characters, even their most private thoughts.
Example: Once upon a time there lived a princess who would have been perfectly happy
except for one thing. In a moment of weakness, she had promised to marry a frog. Her father
felt sorry for her, but he insisted that she keep her word. (In fact, he was a little nervous-he’d
never met a talking frog before.)
Foreshadowing and Flashback
Foreshadowing: is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in a
story. For example, the description of a dark cloud in a story might foreshadow
something bad that is about to happen. Foreshadowing helps build suspense, the
quality that keeps you wondering what will happen next.
Flashback is a scene that interrupts a story to describe an earlier event. Writers
use flashback to show something about a character’s past. For example, a
flashback about a happy childhood journey might explain why an adult character
loves to travel.
Conflict:
A problem, either internal or external that a character has to work through.
Types of Conflict
1. Internal Conflict
Person vs. Self: Conflict inside of the character’s mind. For example, the character might doubt
his/her/its ability to accomplish something.
2. External Conflict
Person vs. Person: A conflict between the main character and another character. Example:
Red Riding Hood vs. The Big Bad Wolf
Person vs. Society: A conflict between the main character and two or more other characters.
Example: Billy vs. the Town Children in Where the Red Fern Grows.
Person vs. Nature: A conflict between the main character and nature. Example: Dorothy is
swept away by a tornado in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
Person vs. Technology: A conflict between the main character and some type of technology.
Example: Humans vs. robots.
Person vs. Fate/God: A conflict between the main character and a supernatural event,
circumstance, or God. Example: Job is tested by God in the bible.
1. Fiction vs. Non Fiction
Characteristics of fiction
*They include made-up people or animals called characters and a made-up series of events
called the plot.




Fictional works take place in a time and location, or setting, which may or may not be
real.
They are told by a speaker called the narrator.
Fiction is told from a certain perspective, or point of view. First=person point of view is
the perspective of a character in the story. Third-person point of view is the perspective
of a narrator outside the story.
Fiction often includes a theme, or message about life.
Types of Fiction
Novels: are long works of fiction. A novel has a plot in which characters face a problem in
a specific time and place. In addition to its main plot, a novel may introduce subplots, or
minor stories within the larger story.
Novellas: are works of fiction that are longer than short stories but shorter than novels.
Short stories: are brief works of fiction. Like a novel, a short story has characters, a setting,
and a plot. Unlike a novel, it has a single conflict and is meant to be read in one sitting.
Characteristics of Nonfiction
Nonfiction works differ from fiction in a few important ways.
*Nonfiction writings deal only with real people, events, or ideas.
*They are narrated, or told, from the author’s perspective, or point of view. Nonfiction
works have a specific tone that reflects the writer’s attitude toward a subject.
* Nonfiction reflects an author’s purpose, or reason for writing. This might be to explain,
persuade, inform, or entertain.
Types of Nonfiction
Biographies tell the story of someone’s life. A biography is usually told from the thirdperson point of view.
Autobiographies tell the story of the author’s life. An autobiography is told from the firstperson point of view.
Letters are written forms of communication from one person to another. A letter might
share information, thoughts, or feelings.
Journals and diaries are records of daily events and the writer’s thoughts and feelings about
them.
Essays are brief written works based on a particular subject.
Informational texts are the documents we come across in everyday life, including
instructions and newspaper articles.
Speeches are works that are delivered orally to an audience.
Genre:
is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by literary
technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length.
Fiction
Narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact.
All Fiction
Drama
Stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are
expressed through dialogue and action.
Fable
Narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural
tale.
Fairy Tale
Story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children. Includes clear forces of good and evil.
Fantasy
Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.
Fiction in Verse
Full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is
presented in (usually blank) verse form.
Folklore
The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth.
Historical Fiction
Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.
Horror
Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.
Humor
Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain; but can be contained in all genres
Legend
Story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, which has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material.
Mystery
Fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets.
Mythology
Legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and
natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.
Poetry
Verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses.
Realistic Fiction
Fictional story that can actually happen and is true to life. Real characters, real setting, real conflicts.
Science Fiction
Story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets.
Short Story
Fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots.
Tall Tale
Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.
Nonfiction
Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject.
All Nonfiction
Biography/Autobiography
Narrative of a person's life, a true story about a real person.
Essay
A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.
Manual
Step by step information to help operate something
Memoir
A personal narrative story that is true and based on fact.
Newspaper
Reports current events
Narrative Nonfiction
Factual information presented in a format which tells a story.
Speech
Public address or discourse.
Textbook
Informative prose and graphics based on specific topics. Structure essays divided into chapters,
sections, or parts.
Genres
1. What is the difference between fiction and nonfiction?
a. fiction is lying and nonfiction is truth
b. fiction is based on imagination and nonfiction is based on real-life and
facts
c. fiction is just stories and nonfiction is just textbooks
2. Categorize the following genres into either fiction or nonfiction.





science fiction
biography
fantasy
realistic fiction
essay
Fiction
*speech
*folklore
*historical fiction
*myth
*autobiography
Nonfiction
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3. What genre reports current events?
a. realistic fiction
b. historical fiction
*textbooks
*manual
*tall tale
*memoir
*fairy tale
c. textbooks
d. newspaper
4. What genre is an imagined story that has realistic characters, setting, and
conflicts?
a.
b.
c.
d.
realistic fiction
historical fiction
textbooks
newspaper
5. What genre often includes gods and often explains human behavior or
natural phenomena?
a.
b.
c.
d.
folktale
legend
myth
tall tale
6. What genre often includes exaggerations and super heroes that perform
feats with nonchalance and ease?
a.
b.
c.
d.
folktale
legend
myth
tall tale
7. What genre is a nonfiction literary composition that reflects the author's
outlook or point of view?
a.
b.
c.
d.
essay
manual
memoir
textbook
8. What genre is a nonfiction narrative story based on the author’s life or
experience?
a.
b.
c.
d.
essay
manual
memoir
textbook
9. What genre creates a sense of dread in the reader?
a.
b.
c.
d.
myth
legend
horror
tall tale
10. What genre is a fictional story based on a historical setting or event?
a.
b.
c.
d.
fantasy
realistic fiction
biography
historical fiction
“7th Grade”
by: Gary Soto
1. What two languages does Victor already speak?
a.
b.
c.
d.
English and French
English and Spanish
Spanish and French
French and Italian
2. How did Victor and his family earn money to buy fall clothing?
3. What is the setting for the story “7th Grade”? Please give both the time
period and the location.
Time Period:
Place:
3. What did Michael infer from looking at GQ magazines?
a. Models hang around beautiful women.
b. Models have fancy cars.
c. Models get women by scowling.
d. Models are in magazines.
4.. On the way to his homeroom, Victor tried a scowl. He felt foolish, until out of
the corner of
his eye he saw a girl looking at him. Umm, he thought, maybe it does work. He
scowled with
greater conviction.
Based on the above passage what does the underlined word conviction mean?
a.
b.
c.
d.
belief
right
ability
talent
5. Please list three things Victor does in the story to show he likes
Teresa.
a.
b.
c.
6. Please summarize what Victor does in French class to impress Teresa.
7. What is the climax of the story “7th Grade”?
a. Victor talks to Teresa
b. Teresa wants Victor to help her in French.
c. Victor waits to see if Mr. Bueller is going to blow his cover.
d. Victor embarrasses himself in French class.
8. What is the resolution of the story “7th grade”?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Victor pretends to know French
Mr. Bueller punishes Victor
Teresa asks Victor to help her in French class
Victor scowls at Teresa
9. What genre is the story “7th Grade”?
10. What point of view is the story “7th Grade” written in?
Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to
include the following in your answer. (10 pts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hook
Restate the question.
Include the author and the title of the story.
Quote from the story.
Text Connection.
Answer all parts of the question.
Fill all the lines!
In the story “7th Grade” Mr. Bueller knows that Victor can’t speak French. Why
doesn’t he blow Victor’s cover? Would you have blown Victor’s cover if you were
Mr. Bueller? Why or why not?
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“Duffy’s Jacket”
by: Bruce Coville
1. Which of the following sentences is an opinion?
a.
b.
c.
d.
I found a message scrawled on the wall.
But as far as I’m concerned, Duffy makes a turnip look bright.
It was late because we had lost an hour going back to get Duffy’s suitcase.
We decided to go out for another walk.
2. Based on the title, which of the following do you predict what will happen in
the story?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The
The
The
The
story will involve many people.
story will be about animals.
story will have a jacket playing a central role.
story will be at the beach.
3. What can you infer about how the children were feeling from the following
sentence: “We huddled together in the middle of the room, trying to think
of what to do?” pg. 10.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The
The
The
The
children feel threatened.
children feel cold.
children feel like cuddling together.
children are feeling playful.
4. Why does the author use onomatopoeia words, sound effects, to describe
the creature that is outside of the cabin on pg. 10?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To
To
To
To
add
add
add
add
detail to the story.
suspense to the story.
foreshadowing to the story.
a flashback to the story.
5. Which sentence best shows that the narrator is nervous?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Don’t bloodhounds have to have something to give them a scent?
I never saw so many spiders in my life.
Personally, I thought camping was a big mistake.
My stomach rolled over, and the skin at the back of my neck started to
prickle.
6. Paraphrase what the narrator means when he says, “But as far as I’m
concerned, Duffy makes a turnip look bright.”
7. What caused the family to be late arriving at the cabin?
8. Summarize how the Sentinel used Duffy’s jacket to find the children?
9. What conclusion can you draw from the statement, “Non one has had to
remind Duffy to remember his jacket, or his glasses, or his math book for at
least a year now.” ?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Duffy found a new method to organize him self.
Duffy was tired of the narrator getting mad at him.
Duffy has a better memory.
Duffy learned his lesson from his experience with the Sentinel.
10. Which sentence best states the main idea of the story?
a. After all, when you leave stuff lying around, you never can be sure just who
might bring it back.
b. Personally, I thought camping was a big mistake.
c. If my cousin Duffy had the brains of a turnip it never would have happened.
d. That’s why it doesn’t make sense for them to try and do man-stuff with us.
11. What genre is “Duffy’s Jacket”?
12. What point of view is “Duffy’s Jacket” written in?
Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to
include the following in your answer. (10 pts)
8. Hook
9. Restate the question.
10. Include the author and the title of the story.
11. Quote from the story.
12. Text Connection.
13. Answer all parts of the question.
14. Fill all the lines!
Duffy’s forgetfulness causes problems for many characters in the story “Duffy’s
Jacket”. Explain three different effects his forgetfulness has on the other
characters in the story?
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“Rikki-tikki-tavi”
by: Rudyard Kipling
1. Please summarize what a mongoose looks like. Include at least three
characteristics mentioned in the text.
2. Paraphrase what the author means when he uses the idiom, “A
mongoose is eaten up from head to tail with curiosity”.
3. They gave him a little piece of raw meat. Rikki-tikki liked it
immensely.
The underlined word immensely means what?
a.
b.
c.
d.
not at all
enormously
excitedly
happily
4. A garden that is not cultivated might be described as untended,
disorderly, or growing wild. What then would be the definition for a
cultivated garden?
a.
b.
c.
d.
beautiful
neatly kept
overgrown
wild
5. Which of the following statements is a fact?
a. This is a splendid hunting ground.
b. It looks very funny, but it is so perfectly balanced a gait that you can fly
off from any angle you please.
c. Teddy’s safer with that little beast than if he had a bloodhound to watch
him.
d. One of our babies fell out of the nest yesterday and Nag ate him.
6. In what way are Rikki-tikki and the cobras different?
a. They both want to protect their families.
b. They both follow their natural instincts.
c. They both are enemies of the Tailor bird.
d. They both think the garden is their home to protect.
7. Which of the following is an example of internal conflict?
a. Rikki is worried that if he doesn’t bite Nat’s head right away the snake
might beat him in the battle.
b. Rikki is washed away in a flood.
c. Rikki battles Nagaina in her hold.
d. Rikki kills Karait.
8. When Rikki got to the house, Teddy and Teddy’s mother (She looked
very white and still)…
What can you infer about the way Teddy’s mother was feeling from the
above passage?
a.
b.
c.
d.
She
She
She
She
was frightened that Nagaina would kill Teddy.
was hungry because she hadn’t eaten breakfast.
was white because she doesn’t spend much time in the sun.
was very tired because of all the snake attacks.
9. Which of the following is an example of a cause and effect situation?
a. Nagaina loses her chance to kill Teddy when she is distracted by Rikki
and her last egg.
b. Very few mongooses care to follow a cobra down into its hold.
c. The cobra eggs were in the melon patch.
d. The tailor bird wasn’t always very smart.
10. Which of the following is the climax of the story?
a. Rikki kills Nag in the bathroom.
b. Rikki smashes Nagaina’s eggs.
c. Rikki put himself in mortal danger by following Nagaina down her hold.
d. Rikki challenges Nagaina to fight.
11. What genre is “Rikki-tikki-tavi”?
12. What point of view is “Rikki-tikki-tavi” written in?
Constructed Response. . Please answer the following question. Remember to
include the following in your answer. (10 pts)
15. Hook
16. Restate the question.
17. Include the author and the title of the story.
18. Quote from the story.
19. Text Connection.
20. Answer all parts of the question.
21. Fill all the lines!
In the story “Rikki-tikki-tavi” which character do you believe was more valiant
(brave), Rikki or Nagaina? Give at least two examples of their valiant behavior
from the text to support your opinion.
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“Three Skeleton Key”
by: George G. Toudouze
1. In what way might the story of the three convicts foreshadow
what’s going to happen later in the story?
2. “Still, it was a nice life there. We had enough provisions to last
for months, in the event that the sea should become too rough
for the supply ship to reach us on schedule.” Based on the
above passage what can you infer the underlined word
provisions means?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A strong lighthouse
Food and other supplies
Monthly wages
Work duties
3. Compare and contrast Le Gleo’s and Itchoua’s reactions to the
mysterious ship.
4-5.
What do you conclude has happened to the ship’s crew? What
evidence supports your conclusion?
6. In what country does “Three Skeleton Key” take place?
a.
b.
c.
d.
France
Brazil
Cayenne
French Guiana
7. True or false, the rats on board the drifting ship were very similar
to land rats?
8-12. Draw and label a ship with the following terms:
port, starboard, bow, stern, poop.
13. On the 9th day of the rat attack how do the men decide to signal
the mainland that they are in trouble?
a.
b.
c.
d.
They don’t light the lantern.
They signal with Morse code
They telegraph the mainland
They set fire to the lighthouse
14. What is the correct chronological order of the following events?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A meat barge is pulled to the island.
The men don’t light the lantern.
A fireboat sets the meat barge on fire.
The fireboat turned a powerful jet of water on the rats.
A whaleboat took the men off the island.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a, b, c, d ,e
b, d, a, c, e
e, a, d, c, b
b, d, c, a, e
15. What was the author’s purpose in writing “Three Skeleton Key?”
a.
b.
c.
d.
To
To
To
To
inform the reader about ship rats.
warn the reader about working at a lighthouse.
entertain and frighten the reader.
persuade the reader to visit French Guiana.
16. What genre is “Three Skeleton Key”?
17. What point of view was “Three Skeleton Key” written in?
Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to
include the following in your answer. (10 pts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hook
Restate the question.
Include the author and the title of the story.
Quote from the story.
Text Connection.
Answer all parts of the question.
Fill all the lines!
What makes the setting of “Three Skeleton Key” a perfect setting for a horror
story? Give three aspects of the setting to support your opinion.
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“Echo and Narcissus”
Retold by:
1. What is the main idea of the myth “Echo and Narcissus”?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Love is the most important thing.
Love requires patience
Love can be powerful and devastating.
Love is wonderful.
2. Echo’s flaw is talking too much. What is the effect of her
flaw?
a.
b.
c.
d.
She
She
She
She
falls in love with Narcissus.
dies of unrequited love.
is cursed by Hera only to repeat what others say.
is rewarded by Zeus.
3. “But at last Hera realized that Echo was doing this on
purpose to detain her while Zeus went quietly back to
Olympus as if he had never been away.”
Based on the above passage the word detain means.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Uselessly; without result
Not returned in kind
Hold back; delay
With great concentration
4. The phrase her heat leaping with joy shows that Echo feels
this way about meeting Narcissus?
a.
b.
c.
d.
nervous
vain
intent
happy
5. True or false, Aphrodite feels that Narcissus insults her
personally when he rejects Echo’s love.
6. How would you describe Narcissus’s major character trait?
7. Compare the way Echo and Narcissus love was the same?
a.
b.
c.
d.
They both loved themselves.
They both loved Gods or Goddesses
They both were happy with their love
They both had unrequited love
8. What kind of flower bloomed in the spot where Narcissus
died?
9. Which of the following statements of theme best fits this
myth?
a. We can’t love other people when we are too involved with
ourselves.
b. Love is a powerful feeling whether we seek it or not.
c. Romantic love and self love can have devastating effects.
10. “Woe is me for I loved in vain!” he cried.
What does the underlined word vain mean in the above passage?
e.
f.
g.
h.
Uselessly; without result
Not returned in kind
Hold back; delay
With great concentration
11. What genre is “Echo and Narcissus”?
12. What point of view was “Echo and Narcissus” written in?
Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to
include the following in your answer. (10 pts)
8. Hook
9. Restate the question.
10. Include the author and the title of the story.
11. Quote from the story.
12. Text Connection.
13. Answer all parts of the question.
14. Fill all the lines!
Are Echo and Narcissus victims of the gods, or are they responsible for their own
tragedies? Explain your position and use examples from the text to support your
answers.
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“The Naming of Names”
by: Ray Bradbury
“The wind blew as if to flake away their identities. At any moment the Martian air might draw
his soul from him, as marrow comes from a white bone. He felt submerged in a chemical that
could dissolve his intellect and burn away his past.”
1. What can you infer about the way Harry is feeling about Mars from the above passage?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Harry feels that Mars is boring.
Harry feels that Mars is overwhelming and dangerous.
Harry feels that Mars is barren and flat.
Harry feels that Mars is different than Earth.
“They looked at Martian hills that time had worn with a crushing pressure of years. They saw
the old cities, lost in their meadows lying like children’s delicate bones among the blowing lakes
of grass.”
2. What does the above passage foreshadow?
3. List three changes that happen to Earth’s plants and animals on Mars.
1.
2.
3.
4. What effect does the setting have on Sam’s and Harry’s appearance on pg. 452?
5. How is Harry’s reaction to Mars from that of the other settlers? Give one example from
the text to show this difference.
6. Why doesn’t Harry change as quickly as the other settlers?
a.
b.
c.
d.
He is more frightened by the changes.
He only eats Earth food out of the deep freezer.
He is too busy building the rocket.
He has a better memory.
7. What view of life on Mars does Ray Bradbury present?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mars is frightening.
Mars is ugly.
Mars is carefree and peaceful.
Mars is boring.
8. What genre is “The Naming of Names”?
9. What point of view is “The Naming of Names”?
“’What do you think of naming those mountains the Lincoln Mountains, this canal the
Washington Canal, those hills-we can name those hills for you Lieutenant. Diplomacy. And
you, for a favor, might name a town for me. Polishing the apple. And why not make this the
Einstein Valley, and further over…are you listening Lieutenant?’
The lieutenant snapped his gaze from the blue color and the quiet mist of the hills far
beyond the town.
‘What? Oh, yes, sir!’”
10. Based on the above passage what do you predict will happen to the Earth men who just
landed on Mars?
Where in the World…?
Directions: In the “Naming of Names” by Ray Bradbury, the Bittering children decide to change
their names to Martian names. Research the origin and meaning of your first middle and last
name, recording the information in the graphic organizer below and coloring in the country(ies)
or region(s) of origin on the map below.
Name
First
Middle
Last
Meaning
Origin
Constructed Response. Please answer the following question. Remember to
include the following in your answer. (10 pts)
Fill all the lines!
15. Hook
16. Restate the question.
17. Include the author and the title of the story.
18. Quote from the story.
19. Text Connection.
20. Answer all parts of the question.