Name_______________________________________________________ Number_______________
Study Review Guide Standard 4 Objectives 2-3
Vocabulary:
Adhesion: the ability of water molecules to be attracted to other substances
Cohesion: water molecules sticking to other water molecules
Biotic: all living or once living things
Abiotic: non-living things
Ecosystems: a community of living and non-living things that work together
Pollution: the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or
poisonous effects.
Outgassing: release of gas that was trapped in some material, i.e. gasses released during a volcanic eruption
Comets: an icy small solar system body)
Salinity: the amount of salt dissolved in a body of water
Coriolis Effect: describes how Earth’s rotation deflects winds and surface ocean currents. Coriolis causes freely moving
objects to appear to move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
Deep Current: Deep currents are large convection currents. A convection current is a vertical current that flows
because of differences in density at the top and bottom.
Tide: the rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. They occur all around the globe.
High tides occur when the water reaches its highest level. Low tides occur when the water reaches its lowest level.
Upwelling: deep ocean water rises to the surface. When water comes up from the deep, it brings alot of nutrients with
it. That’s because nutrients settle to the bottom over time. The nutrients brought to the surface support many living
things.
Water is a polar molecule with a more positive charge on one side and a mor3e negative charge on the other side.
Water is the only substance on Earth that is stable in all three states.
List three unique properties that water has due to hydrogen bonding?
Molecules sticking together through cohesion, adhesion properties- (the ability of water molecules to be attracted to
other substances), hydrogen bonds cause water to have a relatively high boiling point of 100°C (212°F), and due to
hydrogen bonds, water dissolves more substances than any other common liquid. Hydrogen bonds also cause water to
form into a crystalline type structure thus expanding when it freezes. This, in turn, causes ice to have a lower density
(mass/volume) than liquid water.
Why is it essential for life that water is less dense when frozen than in the liquid form?
The lower density of ice means that it floats on water. For example, in cold climates, ice floats on top of the water in
lakes. This allows lake animals such as fish to survive the winter by staying in the liquid water under the ice.
Water always beads up on a freshly waxed car. Is this due to adhesion of cohesion? Both? Explain?
Cohesion: hydrogen bonds explain why water molecules tend to stick together or have cohesion –(water molecules
sticking to other water molecules)
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
The oxygen atom in a water molecule attracts negatively-charged electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms do.
As a result, the oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge, and the hydrogen atoms have a slightly positive charge. A
difference in electrical charge between different parts of the same molecule is called polarity, making water a polar
molecule.
List ways to reduce water pollution
Properly dispose of motor oil and household chemicals. Never pour them down the drain. Also, don’t let them spill on
the ground. This keeps them out of storm sewers and bodies of water.
Use fewer lawn and garden chemicals. Use natural products instead
Repair engine oil leaks right away. A steady drip of oil from an engine can quickly add up to gallons. The oil can wash off
river ways and streets. It can end up in storm drains and pollute the water supply.
Don’t let pet litter or pet wastes get into the water supply. The nitrogen they contain can cause overgrowth of algae. The
wastes may also contain bacteria and other causes of disease.
Identify ways to conserve water
Saving Water in Irrigation, Rationing Water the ban on use of water during certain times and for certain things, Save
water at home, install water saving toilets, Take shorter showers, Use low-flow shower heads, Fix leaky shower heads
and faucets, Don’t leave the water running while you brush your teeth
Describe how oceans are were formed
When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago, it would not have been called the “blue planet.” There were no oceans then. In
fact, there was no liquid water at all. Early Earth was too hot for liquid water to form. It consisted only of molten rock.
volcanic eruptions, kept bringing magma and gases to the surface through a process called outgassing –(release of gas
that was trapped in some material, i.e. gasses released during a volcanic eruption). One of the gases was water vapor.
More water vapor came from asteroids and comets –(an icy small solar system body) that crashed into Earth. As Earth
cooled still more, the water vapor condensed. This was Earth’s first liquid water. At last, the oceans could start to form.
State how oceans influence Earth
Oceans affect the atmosphere, climate, and living things.
Ocean water also absorbs gases from the air. It absorbs oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is needed by living things in
the oceans. Much of the dissolved carbon dioxide sinks to the bottom of the water.
Compared with inland areas, coastal areas have a milder climate. Land near an ocean is influenced by the temperature
of the water. The temperature of ocean water is moderate and stable
The oceans also provide a home to many living things. In fact, a greater number of organisms live in the oceans than on
land. Coral reefs have more living things than almost anywhere else on Earth.
Describe the makeup of ocean water
The amount of salts in ocean water varies from place to place. For example, near the mouth of a river, ocean water may
be less salty. That’s because river water contains less salt than ocean water. Where the ocean is warm, the water may be
more salty. Can you explain why? (Hint: More water evaporates when the water is warm.)
96.5% water, of the 3.5% remaining 55% is chloride, 7.7% sulfate, 30.6% sodium, 1.2% calcium, 1.1% potassium, 3.7%
Magnesium, 0.7% minor consitutents.
Why does the Water pressure and density change according to depth?
Pressure is the amount of force acting on a given area. As you go deeper in the ocean, the pressure exerted by the water
increases steadily. That’s because there is more and more water pressing down on you from above. As the salinity of
the water increases so does the density of the water. This change in density will in turn cause the water to sink.
Identify 2 causes of ocean waves
Wind and Earthquakes which can cause a Tsunami
Name_______________________________________________________ Number_______________
Study Review Guide Standard 4 Objectives 2-3
Vocabulary:
Adhesion:
Cohesion:
Biotic:
Abiotic:
Ecosystems:
Pollution:
Outgassing:
Comets:
Salinity:
Coriolis Effect:
Deep Current:
Tide:
Upwelling:
Water is a polar molecule with a more positive charge on one side and a mor3e negative charge on the other side.
Water is the only substance on Earth that is stable in all three states.
List three unique properties that water has due to hydrogen bonding?
Water can exist in all three states of matter. Why is water typically in the liquid form?
Why is it essential for life that water is less dense when frozen than in the liquid form?
Water always beads up on a freshly waxed car. Is this due to adhesion of cohesion? Both? Explain?
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
List ways to reduce water pollution
Identify ways to conserve water
Describe how oceans are were formed
State how oceans influence Earth
Describe the makeup of ocean water
Identify 2 causes of ocean waves