AP Psychology
Unit 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
As you read the chapter, fill in the guided reading. You may be completing statements
from the text or answering based on what you have read.
1. Mental health therapies fall into two main categories: _________________ which
involves psychological techniques and ___________________ therapy which
involves medication or surgery.
2. Therapists who blend several psychotherapy techniques are said to take a(n)
__________ approach.
3. The major psychotherapies are based on four of psychologies main theories: the
__________, ____________, ______________, and _____________
perspectives.
4. Freud’s technique in which a patient says whatever comes to mind is called
___________ _____________.
5. When, in the course of therapy, a person omits shameful or embarrassing
material, ____________ is occurring. Insight is facilitated by the analyst’s
_____________ of the meaning of such omissions, of dreams, and of other
information revealed during therapy sessions.
6. Freud referred to the hidden meaning of a dream as its ___________
____________.
7. When strong feelings, similar to those experiences in other important
relationships, are developed toward the therapist, ___________ has occurred.
8. Therapists who are influenced by Freud’s psychoanalysis but who talk to the
patient face to face are ___________ therapists. In addition, they work with
patients only ____________ (how often?) and for only a few weeks or months.
9. A brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has proven effective with
____________ patients is _____________ _____________. While this approach
aims to help people gain ______________ into their difficulties, it focuses on
_______________ _____________ rather than on past hurts.
10. Humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their potential for ____-_____.
11. The humanistic therapy based on Rogers’ theory is called _______________________ therapy, which is described as _____________ therapy because the
therapist _______________ (interprets/does not interpret) the person’s problems.
12. In order to promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists exhibit ____________,
_______________, and _______________.
13. Rogers’ technique of restating and clarifying what a person is saying is called
______________ _____________. Given a nonjudgmental environment that
provides _____________ ______________ ______________, patients are better
able to accept themselves as they are and to feel valued and whole.
14. Three tips for listening more actively in your own relationships are to
____________, _____________ _____________, and ____________
_______________.
15. One cluster of behavior therapies is based on the principles of _____________
_______________, as developed in Pavlov’s experiments. The technique, in
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which a new, incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive one is called
__________________. Two examples of this technique are ________________
__________________ and ________________ ________________.
16. The most widely used technique of behavior therapy are the ________________
_________________. The technique of systematic desensitization has been most
fully developed by the therapist ________________. The assumption behind this
technique is that one cannot simultaneously be ________________ and relaxed.
17. The first step in systematic desensitization is the construction of a ____________
of anxiety-arousing stimuli. The second step involves training in _____________
_____________. By repeatedly pairing _______________ with the anxiety
causing imagined scene, one will no longer feel the anxiety.
18. For those who are unable to _____________ an anxiety-arousing situation, or too
afraid or embarrassed to do so, _________________ ________________
_______________ therapy offers a promising alternative.
19. In the future, avatars in simulated worlds may help people overcome _______
__________ by allowing them to attend virtual parties or group discussions.
20. In aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to substitute a ______________
(positive/negative) response for one that is currently (positive/negative). In this
technique, a person’s unwanted behaviors become associated with ___________
feelings.
21. Therapists that influence behavior by controlling its consequences are based on
principles of _____________ conditioning. One application of this form of
behavioral modification therapy used in institutional settings is the
_____________ ______________, in which desired behaviors are rewarded.
22. Therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking are using
_______________ therapy.
23. One variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the _____________ beliefs
often associated with _______________ (type of disorder) by helping clients see
their irrationalities. This therapy was developed by ________________.
24. Training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations is the goal of
_____________ ____________ training. Students trained to ______________
their negative thoughts are less likely to experience future depression.
25. Treatment that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify
behavior is known as ______________-______________ therapy.
26. In a study of people with compulsive disorders, practice in r________________
obsessive thoughts and r_________________ their behaviors was quite effective.
27. In this type of group, therapists focus on healing ___________ within the family
and helping family members to discover new ways of preventing or resolving
_____________.
28. In contrast to earlier time, most therapy today ___________ (is/is not) provided
by psychiatrists.
29. A majority of psychotherapy clients express _______________ (satisfaction
/dissatisfaction) with their therapy.
30. A long-term study of 500 Massachusetts boys found that those who received
intensive counseling _____________ (had/did not have) significantly fewer
problems than a control group.
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31. Clinicians have positive perceptions of therapy outcomes because hear little from
patients who experience only ________________ relief.
32. The debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began with a study by
________________; it showed that the rate of improvement for those who
received therapy _____________ (was/was not) higher than the rate for those who
did not.
33. A statistical technique that makes it possible to combine the results of many
different psychotherapy outcome studies is called ____________-____________.
Overall, the results of such analysis indicate that psychotherapy is ____________
(somewhat effective/ineffective).
34. Comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of therapy reveal __________
(clear / no clear) differences, that the type of therapy provider ____________
(matters greatly / does not matter), and that whether therapy is provided by an
individual therapist or within a group _____________ (makes a difference / does
not make a difference).
35. With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior problems, ____________
______________ therapies have been the most effective.
36. Studies have also demonstrated that suicide risk can be reduced and depression
may be effectively treated with ___________
_____________.
37. As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are ____________
(clear-cut /less-focused). The more specific the problem, the _______________
the hope.
38. To ensure patients receive the best treatment for their conditions, government and
insurer support for mental health services requires ___________-____________
______________.
39. Today, many forms of _____________ _____________ are touted as effective
treatments for a variety of complaints and may provide more options beyond
psychotherapy.
40. In another popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers eye movements in
patients while they imagine _____________ ______________. This therapy,
called ____________ ____________ ____________ ___________ __________,
has proven _______________ (completely ineffective/somewhat effective) as a
treatment for nonmilitary ____________ - ____________ ____________
____________. However, skeptics point to evidence that the effects may be due
to a robust ____________ ______________ instead of the therapy.
41. For people who suffer from the wintertime form of depression called __________
____________ ____________, timed ____________-______________ therapy
seems to be as effective as _________________________ or
_____________________________.
42. Studies have found ____________ (little/much) correlation between therapists’
training and experience and clients’ outcomes.
43. The three benefits most often reported from effective therapeutic environments
are ___________________________, ____________________________, and
_________________________________.
44. The emotional bond between therapist and client is called the _______________
_________________.
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45. Generally speaking, psychotherapists’ personal values _____________ (do/do
not) influence their therapy.
46. The most widely used biomedical treatments are the ____________ therapies.
The field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior is
_________________.
47. Thanks to these therapies, the number of residents in mental institutions has
_____________ sharply.
48. When neither the patients nor the staff are aware of which condition a given
individual is in, a _____________-_____________ procedure is being conducted.
49. One effect of ______________ drugs such as _____________ is to help those
experiencing ____________ (positive/negative) symptoms of schizophrenia by
decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. This is accomplished by
______________ receptor sites for _______________ and blocking its activity.
50. A side effect of traditional anti-psychotics is _____________ _______________
which produces body twitches similar to those experienced by those who suffer
from ________________ disease.
51. Schizophrenic patients who are apathetic and withdrawn may be more effectively
treated with the atypical antipsychotic drug _________________. These drugs
work by targeting the receptor sites for the neurotransmitters _____________ and
______________.
52. Risk of _______________ and _________________ are associated with
antipsychotics. So, research into stimulating receptor sites for ______________
is raising hopes of being able to reduce schizophrenic symptoms with fewer side
effects.
53. Xanax and Ativan are classified as ______________ drugs. These drugs depress
activity in the _____________ _____________ _____________.
54. Critics fear that antianxiety meds may reduce symptoms without ____________
the underlying problem and may cause ____________________ dependence.
The rate of outpatient treatment for anxiety has nearly _______________ and the
percent of psychiatric patients receiving medication has increased from
__________% to __________%.
55. Drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression and are increasingly used to treat
anxiety are called ______________ drugs. These drugs also work by increasing
levels of the neurotransmitters _____________ and _____________. One
example of this type of drug is _____________ , which works by blocking the
reabsorption of _____________ from synapses and is therefore called a
_______________-_______________-_______________-_______________
drug. Two other drugs that work this way are ___________ and _____________.
56. While effective in calming anxious people and energizing depressed people
___________ ___________ drugs, which block the reabsorption or breakdown of
serotonin and norepinephrine also come with side effects like ___________,
__________________ and __________________.
57. Aerobic exercise does ________________ (as much/not as much) good for people
with mild to moderate depression.
58. Although people with depression often improve after one month on
antidepressants, meta-analysis studies demonstrate that a large percentage of the
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effectiveness may be due to natural ________________ and _________________
effect.
59. While science is not sure why, in order to stabilize the mood swings of a bipolar
disorder, ______________ or the drug ___________ is often prescribed.
60. The therapeutic technique in which the patient received an electric shock to the
brain is referred to as _________________________ therapy, abbreviated as
__________________.
61. ECT is most often used with patients suffering from severe _____________.
Research evidence __________ (confirms/does not confirm) ECT’s effectiveness
with such patients.
62. One theory of how ECT works suggests that it boosts the production of new
______________ _______________.
63. A gentler procedure called ______________ ______________ _______________
______________ aims to treat depression by presenting pulses through a
magnetic coil held close to a person’s skull above the right eyebrow. Unlike
ECT, this procedure produces no ______________, _____________ loss, or other
side effects. This procedure may work by energizing the brain’s left
___________ _____________, which is relatively inactive in depressed patients.
64. The biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain tissue is removed or destroyed
is called ______________.
65. In the 1930’s, Moniz developed an operation called the ____________. In this
procedure the _____________ lobe of the brain is disconnected from the rest of
the brain.
66. Today, psychosurgery is used only in very extreme cases like patients suffering
from uncontrollable ________________.
67. Because ______________ affects body chemistry and health, some
researchers/therapists are promoting ____________ ___________-____________
_____________. This therapy stresses the importance of regular
______________ __________________ and sleep.
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