Chapter 15 Guided Reading Notes
1. Name three great discoveries that have occurred in the last 2200 years and what is the point of
mentioning these discoveries?
2. Name 3 ways in the past that we have poorly treated psychological disorders?
3. Summarize Dorothea Dix’s quote, “I… call your attention to the state of the insane persons
confined within the commonwealth, in cages.”
4. Name two reasons that mental health hospitals have been largely emptied since the 1950’s?
5. Explain how learning related disorders, such as phobias, can be treated by psychotherapy?
6. Explain how biologically influenced disorders like schizophrenia, can be treated by biomedical
therapy?
7. Half of psychotherapists use a combination of both techniques by taking an eclectic approachDefine this term?
8. Define psychotherapy integration9. Define psychotherapy10. What are psychologies 4 major theories?
11. Define psychoanalysis and what researcher came up with this idea?
12. Do the majority of psychologists use this technique today and what are they now referred to?
13. Explain what Freud’s aims or goals were in regards to childhood’s residue of repressed impulses
and conflicts?
14. What is the goal of psychoanalytic theory?
15. What did Freud first try which he called unreliable?
16. What is free association?
17. Define resistance18. The psychologist then uses the sensitive material to interpret your words from free association.
Define interpret19. Define latent content in unconscious conflicts?
20. What is the goal of dream analysis?
21. In free association sessions, people disclose a lot to their therapist and often feel good or bad
about the analyst or therapist. Define transferring22. Name 1 criticism of psychoanalysis?
23. How is this rebutted by the psychoanalysis camp?
24. Explain how these sessions can be quite costly in dollars spent?
25. Define psychodynamic therapy26. What is more costly, psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy? How do you know?
27. Read the interaction between therapist Malan and a depressed patient. What is the goal of
psychodynamic therapy?
28. What is interpersonal psychology and what disorder is it most effective in treating?
29. What do interpersonal psychology therapists focus on?
30. Read the case of Anna. Explain the 3 insights the interpersonal therapist wanted her to see?
31. What is the aim of humanistic therapists?
32. What do they have in common with psychodynamic therapists?
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61.
Define insight therapies –
Name 4 ways that psychoanalysts differ from humanistic therapists?
Carl Rogers developed client centered therapy. Define this term?
Explain the major difference in nondirective therapy and psychotherapy? (pay attention to the
term insight)
Name 3 characteristics that Rogers wanted therapists to focus on? Make up your own acronym
using G.A.E (Mine is goalies always eat while picturing an obese goalie- Remember the more
vivid the example the higher chance we have placing the term in long term memory)
When a therapist is genuine and the client feels acceptance, what might clients deepen?
Explain in your own words, Rogers quote, “Thank god, somebody heard me. Somebody knows
what it is like to be me.”
Define active listening and make up your own acronym E.R.S.C (Mine is England Rugby
Supporters Club- if you are bright you can probably guess what I am picturing)
Read Rogers interaction with the client and explain what you believe his goal is by explaining to
the client that he does care about what the person said?
Define unconditional positive regardGive 3 hints that Rogers gives for us to actively listen more in our own relationships?
Define behavior therapy and what are they skeptical of?
Remember Watson’s quote from the learning chapter, “The only thing worth observing is
observable behavior” and explain how this relates to behavioral therapy?
Name two maladaptive symptoms and explain how they can be replaced?
Explain O.H. Mowrer’s contribution to conditioning therapy when it comes to chronic bedwetters?
How do we know this effective and what does it do to the child’s self image?
Define counter-conditioning and give 1 example from the text?
Explain Mary Cover Jones contribution to exposure therapies paying attention to three year old
Peter?
Define exposure therapies and explain what Joseph Wolpe did to Mary Cover Jones contribution
to psychology?
Not in book but critical thinking- Why did Mary Cover Jones not get the credit she deserved in
psychology?
Define systematic desensitization and give advice using this method to someone who is afraid of
public speaking?
Explain the concept of progressive relaxationDefine virtual reality exposure therapyExplain how it works with people who fear flying and give one result showing it works?
Explain how technology paying attention to the avatar example can help people with social
phobias?
Define aversive conditioning?
How is this different than systematic desensitization?
Explain how this works with nail biting and alcohol dependency?
Does it work better in the short run or long run? Give figures to support your answer?
62. Explain how cognitive influences allow the drinker to know that the drink he or she has at a
restaurant is quite different that Menustik (1983) study?
63. Define behavior modification64. Name 3 real life examples that show positive reinforcers work?
65. Explain in extreme cases why treatment must be intensive using Lovaas 1987 study? How can
we quantify if this study was successful?
66. Define token economy and explain how this works in institutional settings?
67. One critique of this technique is how durable is the behavior. Explain what a proponent
(someone who believes) should do to reduce extrinsic rewards?
68. What is the second concern? What is your personal feeling on the ethics of authoritarian
control over another person?
69. Define cognitive therapies70. What are cognitive therapists trying to teach people?
71. How was Aaron Beck originally trained (school of psychology)?
72. What are Beck and his colleagues trying to reverse?
73. Read Beck and his client’s dialogue. What does Beck want people to change?
74. Explain Meichenbraum’s idea of stress inoculation training and give advice to someone you
know who studies hard, but tends to be extremely negative prior to testing?
75. Explain how Seligman, who is known for positive psychology, shows in his 2002 study that this
works and what is the major point of his study?
76. Define cognitive behavior therapy77. Explain how this therapy works using Schwartz 1996 study as an example?
78. How is group therapy in someone’s economic interest?
79. Name 2 benefits to group sessions?
80. Define family therapy81. Name 2 goals of family therapy and 1 proven success of family therapy?
82. Name 4 groups that participate in support groups and 4 groups who do not?
83. How many chapters and members does AA have?
84. Explain 3 characteristics of the 12 step program?
85. Name 2 studies that show AA’s effectiveness?
86. What do these support groups tend to reflect?
87. Copy Table 15.1 into your notes and be complete.
88. Explain the increase in prevalence of people seeking help for mental and emotional problems
from 1991 to 2004?
89. What do clients’ testimonials tell us?
90. Name 3 major criticisms of psychotherapy?
91. Explain how Joan McCord’s research on 500 Massachusetts boys shows minimal gain on
whether treatment was successful? (pay attention to numbers and the control group when
answering this question)
92. Explain how a clinicians’ perspective could often be inflated when judging whether there
treatment was successful?
93. Thinking critically about- Define placebo effect and regression toward the mean?
94. Give 3 examples that show regression to the mean and apply this to how someone may
attribute a therapist for their success when it could have simply been a matter of time before
they feel a sense of normalcy?
95. Explain how physicians came to believe that bleeding did nothing to alleviate typhoid fever
patients?
96. Explain Hans Eysenck’s contribution to the effectiveness of psychotherapy? (Be complete and
pay attention to the word time)
97. What was wrong with is analysis?
98. What is the best way to study outcome research?
99. What does it (previous answer) consist of?
100.
Define meta-analysis101.
Look at Smith’s 1980 research and explain why this is great news for psychotherapists?
102.
What do the 5 subsequent studies also prove? (write down what is italicized)
103.
Give 3 examples that prove psychotherapy is also cost effective?
104.
Is a clinicians experience a great advantage over someone who is new to the field?
105.
Name 5 behavioral problems that have benefitted from behavioral conditioning
therapies?
106.
Name 2 therapies that show cognitive therapies effectiveness?
107.
When is behavioral change most optimistic, when there is a wide range of problems or
when behavior is specific?
108.
Name 5 therapies you would not recommend to friends and neighbors?
109.
What is psychology’s civil war?
110.
Define evidence based practice and draw figure 15.4 into your notes111.
Critical thinking- if you were in charge of an insurance provider like Blue Cross/ Blue
Shield, would you support any of the therapies you mentioned in question 108?
112.
Summarize the following sentence in your own words- The scientific attitude requires
being skeptical, but not cynical, open to surprises but not gullible?
113.
What is EMDR?
114.
Who came up with this idea and how?
115.
What happened to the 22 people she tested?
116.
How many people have been trained in EMDR and from how many countries?
117.
State two examples or studies that show it is credible?
118.
Give two examples or studies that cause skeptics to be non EMDR believers?
119.
Define seasonal affective disorder and give two characteristics of the disorder?
120.
State three examples that prove light exposure therapy does indeed work?
121.
What three ingredients or elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
122.
Read the section of hope for demoralized people and pick one statement from the
paragraph that shows the importance of the participants’ belief?
123.
A new perspective may give people a new attitude. What does this often cause?
124.
Name 5 qualities of effective therapists?
125.
Name 3 similar characteristics of cognitive based therapists, psychodynamic therapists,
and interpersonal therapists?
126.
Define therapeutic alliance127.
What attribute what would be most beneficial to a paraprofessional?
128.
What is most common of people who are least likely to need or seek therapy?
129.
Name 4 attributes therapists attempt to enhance?
130.
Why would immigrants in America from Asian countries have trouble relating to our
cultures individualistic nature?
131.
Why is this problematic from a minority’s viewpoint? (Sue, 2006)
132.
How did Asian American immigrants view counselors from a collectivist background?
133.
What advice would you give a highly religious person in terms of seeking therapy?
134.
What is Albert Ellis known for?
135.
How did Ellis and Bergin differ in terms of supremacy?
136.
What did they agree on that is most important?
137.
Copy Table 15.2 down paying attention to the 2 most important facts of the 4 different
types of therapists?
138.
Fill in the following Psychotherapy is to psychological disorders and biomedical therapy
is to ____________.
139.
Define biomedical therapy140.
What type of therapist can exclusively offer biomedical therapies?
141.
Define psychopharmacology142.
Copy figure 15.5 and explain the rapid decline in state and county hospitals to the
pervasiveness of homelessness throughout the country?
143.
Name two reasons that enthusiasm often diminishes after almost any new treatment
including drug therapy?
144.
What technique and why is used to establish the legitimacy of the drug?
145.
Define psychoses and were drugs that calmed people from this disorder found
purposefully or accidently?
146.
Define antipsychotic drugs147.
Give one example of this type of drug and explain why it useful to schizophrenia?
148.
What type of neurotransmitter do these drugs mimic and what is the goal of these
molecules?
149.
What does this finding reinforce?
150.
Define tardive dyskinesia151.
Explain the difference between thorazine that is used for positive symptoms and
atypical antipsychotics like clozaril that is used for negative symptoms? (pay attention to 2
neurotransmitters)
152.
Name 2 unfortunate side effects of newer antipsychotic drugs?
153.
What is the most positive gain from these drugs combined with life skill programs and
family support?
154.
Define antianxiety drugs and give two examples of the drug and what they do to the
central nervous system?
155.
Name 3 negative side effects of “popping a xanax”?
156.
What is the new standard drug treatment for anxiety disorders?
157.
Define antidepressant drugs158.
Name 1 anxiety disorder that antidepressants work on?
159.
Name two neurotransmitters that antidepressants work on and explain how they work?
160.
Explain how Prozac works in one sentence and copy Figure 15.6 with captions into your
notes?
161.
What are SSRI’s and name 3 drugs that fall into this group?
162.
What is the most effective way of administering the drugs in terms of side effects?
163.
Explain the difference in SSRI drugs from 1987 to 2001 for treating depression?
164.
What were the stats in Barber’s 2008 study on men and women taking antidepressants?
165.
How long does it take typically for these drugs to work and what is the major side effect
of the drugs?
166.
What is one possible reason for this delay? (mention neurogenesis)
167.
Name two other ways we can ourselves a lift from depression?
168.
What is one way to attack depression from above and below?
169.
According to the findings of the placebo effect and spontaneous recovery being so
strong, what type of person should only candidate for antidepressant medication?
170.
Is there a link between adolescent SSRI prescriptions and suicide?
171.
What about in the long run, is there a link between suicide and antidepressants?
172.
What can a simple salt like lithium help alleviate? Name 2 stats that show it works
173.
Define ECT174.
When was it introduced and how may volts did the patient receive?
175.
What does the patient receive currently?
176.
Does the patient remember the episode?
177.
How many people out of 5 does it work for and does it cause brain damage?
178.
Give 1 hypothesis on how ECT works?
179.
Does ECT reduce suicidal thoughts and what are the relapse rates of depression?
180.
Explain research psychologist Endler’s experience with ECT?
181.
Define repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation?
182.
Name two differences between ECT and rtms?
183.
Explain Klein 1999 study of 67 Israelis with major depression?
184.
What is one explanation for why the procedure worked?
185.
Explain Mayberg and her colleagues contribution to deep brain stimulation paying
attention to the 12 patients she studied?
186.
Define psychosurgery187.
Is psychosurgery used often? Why or why not?
188.
Define lobotomy and who came up with this operation189.
When reading about how a lobotomy is conducted what emotions ran through your
head?
190.
Who is a famous recipient of a lobotomy and what prize did Moniz win?
191.
Name 2 benefits and 3 negative characteristics of the lobotomy?
192.
Why was the process largely abandoned in the 1950’s?
193.
Explain the concept of therapeutic life style change and explain two entities are bodies
and brains and bodies were designed for?
194.
Name four characteristics of the Amish that cause depression to be nearly obsolete?
195.
Name 6 ways the Ilardi team believes depression can be reduced?
196.
What were the results of this study?
197.
Critical thinking- Name three contemporary problems in our society that may lead to
depression? (my answer- too much technology, lack of exercise and nutritional diet, and
Facebook)
198.
Read Albee’s 1986 study and comment on whether you see truth in his findings?
199.
What do his findings increase the risk of?
200.
Summarize the following quote” It is better to prevent than to cure”