Wildlife in the Modern World - ESRM 150
MIDTERM EXAM 1 OCTOBER 27th, 2011
FORM A
Read questions carefully (each worth 2 points). Select ONE correct answer for each
question. Fill in your answers on the SCANTRON sheet with a #2 pencil. Read both sides
of each page. Good luck!
Name: ___________________________________________________
1. Which of the following is most abundant in an ecosystem:
a. Primary producer
b. Herbivore
c. Insectivore
d. Omnivore
e. Carnivore
2. Wildlife management does NOT include the following approach:
a. Preservation by allowing nature to take its course without human intervention
b. Introduction of exotic game species to take pressure off native game
c. Direct manipulation of animal populations by trapping, shooting, poisoning, and stocking
d. Indirect manipulation of animal populations by altering the vegetation or water that is
present
e. All the above
3. The correct chronological order of the following eras of human relations with wildlife is:
a. Overexploitation, abundance, environmental management, game management, protection
b. Game management, overexploitation, protection, environmental management, abundance
c. Abundance, environmental management, game management, overexploitation, protection
d. Abundance, overexploitation, protection, game management, environmental
management
e. Environmental management, protection, abundance, overexploitation, game management
4. The advent of agriculture is closely tied to:
a. Overall decrease in erosion
b. Overall decrease in human population
c. No change in property ownership
d. Changes in animal species diversity
e. None of the above
5. Which of the following is an information need for effective wildlife conservation?
a. Habitat requirements
b. Assessment of past and current populations
c. Major limiting factors
d. How to manage the population(s)
e. All of the above
6. To landscape your yard for wildlife to use, you should provide:
a. Places to raise young
b. Food
c. Cover
d. Water
e. All of the above
7. Edge effects are NOT associated with increases in
a. Habitat fragmentation
b. Nest predation
c. Dryness and warmth
d. Growth rates for all species
e. Barriers to species movements
Based on the following diagram, answer question 8 – 11.
8. The diagram above is an example of a:
a. Habitat
b. Home range
c. Metapopulation
d. Niche
e. Continuos forest
9. What does “A” show?
a. An unoccupied fragment
b. A pond
c. The matrix
d. A corridor
e. None of above
10. What does “B” show?
a. The dominant habitat-type
b. The matrix
c. Unsuitable habitat for the focal species
d. All of above
e. None of above
11. What happens if the population that inhabits the fragment that contains the letter “C”
goes extinct?
a. It can be recolonized later by individuals from the other fragments
b. It is isolated, so the population will never recover in that fragment
c. The perimeter:area ratio makes it unsuitable for individuals to use it
d. It will drive a massive extinction in the other fragments
e. None of above
The following diagram represents the population growth curve of a species. Please answer
question 12 and 13 based on it.
12. What is the most likely reason for the curve to be this shape?
a. Old-growth species
b. Deterministic events
c. Unlimited resources
d. Limited resources
e. Ecological legacies
13. The number of organisms in the population is fluctuating near the
a. Niche
b. Biodiversity
c. Exponential growth
d. Lambda
e. Carrying capacity
14. What elements define population growth?
a. Births and Immigration
b. Births and Deaths
c. Deaths and Emmigration
d. Births, Deaths and Immigration
e. Births, Immigration, Deaths and Emmigration
15. In the Greater Yellowstone Area, wolves:
a. Directly threaten the lives of humans
b. Are increasing in number
c. Require successive translocations to survive
d. Are currently extinct
e. Are not studied
16. African Elephants CANNOT be described as:
a. Consumers
b. r-selected
c. Herbivores
d. Social animals
e. All above
17. The Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is in great danger. The causes that
have contributed to this decline are:
a. Fragmentation of its habitat
b. Competition with non-native species
c. Hybridization
d. All above
e. None above
18. The Spotted Owl finds the most nesting habitat in the following forest type:
a. Clear-cut
b. Partial cut
c. Young forest
d. Mature forest
e. Old-growth forest
19. A female brown headed cowbird never makes her own nest but instead lays her eggs in a
host bird’s nest, an example of nest parasitism. Parasitism has:
a. A positive effect for the cowbird and a positive effect for the host bird
b. A positive effect for the cowbird and a negative effect for the host bird
c. A negative effect for the cowbird and a positive effect for the host bird
d. A negative effect for the cowbird and a negative effect for the host bird
20. Within the nest, cowbird chicks grow faster than the host chicks. The host female returns
with enough food for one chick only, and the cowbird chick consumes this food. This is best
described as:
a. Intraspecific exploitation competition
b. Intraspecific facilitation
c. Interspecific exploitation competition
d. Interspecific facilitation
e. Intraspecific interference competition
21. In the discussion section we read and talked about edge. Which of the following is FALSE
about edge?
a. Hard edges are more likely to be found in the native landscape than urban areas
b. Soft edges are more accommodating for native wildlife
c. Soft edges are the result of grasses, shrubs, short trees and tall trees
d. Hard edge would be found where a mature forest meets a new road
22. On our nature walks, where did we see examples of humans advancing succession?
a. The grassy strip of lawn on campus
b. The woodlands and new trees of the UBNA
c. In the parking lots behind the tennis courts
d. The prairies in UBNA that were mowed every other year
23. Advancing succession can be achieved in which of the following ways?
a. Planting trees and shrubs
b. Reducing the frequency of mowing
c. Adding soil amendments such as mulch or fertilizers
d. a and b are correct
e. a, b and c are correct
24. Which of the following is NOT a tool that land managers can use to halt succession?
a. A saw
b. A herd of goats
c. Herbicide
d. A flamethrower
e. A tree planting crew
25. When reporting the results of a study on resource abundance is a specific habitat, which of the
following need to be explicitly stated?
a. The spatial scale of the study
b. The species of interest
c. The time of year the study took place
d. The researchers functional definition of habitat
e. All of the above
26. The definition of habitat availability is
a. the resources and conditions present in an area that affect occupancy by a species
b. the ability of the environment to provide conditions appropriate for individual and population
persistence
c. a spatially heterogeneous area used to describe features of interest
d. any biotic or abiotic factor that is directly used by an organism
27. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is more common in urban than rural
landscapes?
a. Expanded niche
b. Increased erosion
c. Altered climate
d. Increased noise
28. We often rely on wildlife scientists to take the lead on species conservation. But, as we saw on
John Marzluff’s talk about his experience in Costa Rica, this may not be true. What can you do to
improve wildlife conservation, even though you may not become a wildlife scientist?
a. Volunteer in restoration projects
b. Reduce your ecological footprint
c. Prefer locally grown produce
d. All above
e. None above
29. As the landscape becomes more urbanized, the species that increase in abundance are known
as:
a. Urban adapters
b. Urban avoiders
c. Allopartic species
d. Urban exploiters
e. Symbiotic species
30. Red Howler monkeys have a severe issue with habitat fragmentation in Colombia. This is
because:
a. There is enough food in the fragments
b. There are more predators in fragments
c. The matrix is unsuitable for movement
d. The fragments are well connected, but the monkeys don’t use the corridors
e. There is illegal hunting as well
For the following questions, mark A for True, B for False on your SCANTRON sheet (10 points
total)
31. Leopold’s land ethic allows hunting. True
32. If an area has a high density of a specific species, the habitat quality in that area will always be
very high. False
33. Wildlife conservation was first oriented toward game animals. True
34. It is considered ethical to have a bird feeder in your yard and let your cat roam outdoors.
False
35. Halting succession is an example of hands-off habitat management. False
36. In presence of tiger sharks, dungongs prefer edge habitat. True
37. Hunting takes the place of natural predation in some places. True
38. The terms habitat and habitat type can be used interchangeably. False
39 The rate of species introduction has remained constant throughout history. False
40. Tiger shark is a top predator. True
For the next 10 questions, you will have to fill the blank space with the concept that completes
the sentence (2 points per blank space completed correctly)
41. Wildlife habitats in urban areas often require more intensive ___management__ than those in
exurban areas.
42. In the 1950s the UBNA was a ________garbage dump_______ and recently it was
________restored_________ to create new wildlife habitat.
43. ________Escape behavior_______ may influence the way an animal reacts to the presence of
a predator.
44. Temperature is higher in urban areas than natural areas in the surroundings. This is known as
______urban (island) heat island________________________.
45. Urbanization creates areas that are very ___different____ from natural areas and its impacts
are __________long-lasting____ in time.
46. Urban bird communities are typically less _diverse_________, dominated by ______a
few_____ species and support more ____exotics (biomass)__________ than natural communities.
47. La Niña years bring ___Cold________ and _____wet______ winters to WA state.
48. Large-scale conservation is a huge challenge. An example of a large-scale connectivity
enhancement initiative is __________Yellowstone to Yukon Initiative___________________.
49. Invasive species have caused most of the _____extinctions_________ on islands.
50. The number of males divided by the number of females in a population is what we know as
_______sex ratio__________________.