Course Program of “Environmental Soil Chemistry”
(Lectures 72 hours, 4 credits)
Staff Member Responsible for the course: Prof. Minkina Tatiana Mikhailovna,
full professor of Soil Science and Agrochemistry Department of the Southern
Federal University. Her principal research and teaching interests lie in the area of
Soil science, Soil chemistry, Environmental chemistry.
E-mail: tminkina@mail.ru
INTRODUCTION
The course is intended for advance undergraduate and graduate students and
masters in soil science and for students in environmental chemistry and
geochemistry.
The course purpose: acquaintance of students of features of soil chemical
properties at the decision of soil science and environment problems.
The course problems: study the role of elements and their compounds in
formation of soil processes and genesis of soils as a whole.
The course provides extensive discussions on the chemistry of inorganic and
organic soil components, soil solution-solid phase equilibria, sorption phenomena,
kinetics of soil chemical processes, redox reactions, soil acidity and salinity, the
chemical and physical forms and distribution of contaminants in soils, mechanisms
of metal sorption on soil components, and speciation of inorganic contaminants.
This course also contains new information on soil quantity, carbon sequestration,
organic matter structure, surface nucleation-precipitation and dissolutions, and the
use of synchrotron-based spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in study soil
chemical reactions and processes at molecular and smaller scales in situ.
Requirements to knowledge of course "Environmental Soil Chemistry"
- To know the maintenance of discipline "Environmental Soil Chemistry" and to
have full information about possibilities of its chapters application at studying the
chemical processes in polluted soils;
- To investigate the soil chemical properties and soil components, to receptions the
calculation of characteristics quantitative and diagnostics of elementary soil
processes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Environmental Soil Chemistry: An Overview
Evolution of Soil Chemistry.
The Modern Environmental Movement.
Contaminants in Soils. Soil Quality. Pesticides. Acid Deposition. Trace Elements.
Hazardous Wastes.
Case Study of Pollution of Soils and Waters. Soil Decontamination. In Situ Methods.
Non-in-Situ Methods.
Molecular Environmental Soil Chemistry. Electromagnetic Spectrum of Light.
Synchrotron Radiation. X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Other Molecular-Scale
Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques.
Chapter 2. Inorganic Soil Components
Introduction.
Pauling's Rules.
Primary Soil Minerals.
Secondary Soil Minerals. Phyllosilicates. Oxides, Hydroxides, and Oxyhydroxides.
Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals.
Specific Surface of Soil Minerals. External Surface Area Measurement. Total
Surface Area Measurement.
Surface Charge of Soil Minerals. Types of Charge. Cation Exchange Capacities of
Secondary Soil Minerals.
Identification of Minerals by X-Ray Diffraction Analyses. Clay Separation and XRay Diffraction Analysis.
Use of Clay Minerals to Retain Organic Contaminants.
Chapter 3. Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
Introduction.
Effect of Soil Formation Factors on SOM Contents.
Carbon Cycling and Sequestration.
Composition of SOM.
Fractionation of SOM.
Molecular and Macromolecular Structure of SOM.
Functional Groups and Charge Characteristics.
Humic Substance-Metal Interactions. Factors Affecting Metal—Complexant
(Ligand) Interactions. Determination of Stability Constants of Metal-HS
Complexes. Effect of HS-Metal Complexation on Metal Transport. Effect of HSA13+ Complexes on Plant Growth. Effect of HS on Mineral Dissolution.
SOM-Clay Complexes. Mechanisms of Interactions.
Retention of Pesticides and Other Organic Substances by Humic Substances.
Chapter 4. Soil Solution-Solid Phase Equilibria
Introduction.
Measurement of the Soil Solution.
Speciation of the Soil Solution.
Ion Activity and Activity Coefficients.
Dissolution and Solubility Processes. Stability Diagrams.
Chapter 5. Sorption Phenomena on Soils
Introduction and Terminology.
Surface Functional Croups.
Surface Complexes.
Adsorption Isotherms.
Equilibrium-based Adsorption Models. Freundlich Equation. Langmuir Equation.
Double-Layer Theory and Models. Surface Complexation Models. Deficiencies of
Double-Layer and Surface Complexation Models.
Sorption of Metal Cations.
Sorption of Anions.
Surface Precipitation.
Speciation of Metal-Contaminated Soils.
Points of Zero Charge. Definition of Terms.
Chapter 6. Ion Exchange Processes
Introduction.
Characteristics of Ion Exchange.
Cation Exchange Equilibrium Constants and Selectivity Coefficients. Kerr Equation.
Vanselow Equation. Other Empirical Exchange Equations.
Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange. Theoretical Background. Experimental
Interpretations.
Relationship Between Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Ion Exchange.
Chapter 7. Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes
Rate-Limiting Steps and Time Scales of Soil Chemical Reactions.
Rate Laws.
Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constants.
Kinetic Models. Elovich Equation. Parabolic Diffusion Equation. Fractional Power
or Power Function Equation. Comparison of Kinetic Models.
Multiple Site Models. Chemical Nonequilibrium Models. Physical Nonequilibrium
Models.
Kinetic Methodologies. Batch Methods. Flow Methods. Relaxation Techniques.
Choice of Kinetic Method.
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates.
Kinetics of Important Soil Chemical Processes. Sorption-Desorption Reactions.
Kinetics of Metal Hydroxide Surface Precipitation/Dissolution. Ion Exchange
Kinetics. Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution.
Chapter 8. Redox Chemistry of Soils
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Potentials.
Eh vs pH and pe vs pH Diagrams.
Measurement and Use of Redox Potentials.
Submerged Soils.
Redox Reactions Involving Inorganic and Organic Pollutants. Mechanisms for
Reductive Dissolution of Metal Oxides/Hydroxides. Oxidation of Inorganic
Pollutants. Reductive Dissolution of Mn Oxides by Organic Pollutants. Reduction
of Contaminants by Iron and Microbes.
Chapter 9. The Chemistry of Soil Acidity
Introduction. Environmental Aspects of Acidification.
Historical Perspective of Soil Acidity.
Solution Chemistry of Aluminum. Monomeric Al Species. Polymeric Al Species.
Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Aluminum.
Soil Acidity. Forms of Soil Acidity. Effect of Adsorbed Aluminum on Soil Chemical
Properties. Titration Analyses.
Liming Soils.
Chapter 10. The Chemistry of Saline and Sodic Soils
Introduction.
Causes of Soil Salinity. Soluble Salts. Evapotranspiration. Drainage. Irrigation
Water Quality.
Sources of Soluble Salts.
Important Salinity and Sodicity Parameters. Total Dissolved Solids (JDS). Electrical
Conductivity (EC). Parameters for Measuring the Sodic Hazard.
Classification and Reclamation of Saline and Sodic Soil. Saline Soils. Sodic Soils.
Saline-Sodic Soils.
Effects of Salinity and Sodicity on Soil Structural Properties.
Effects of Soil Salinity on Plant Growth.
Effects of Sodicity and Salinity on Environmental Quality.
ASSESSMENT
Means of assessment
Assessment one (50 per cent)
2 Hour question, test and task on Soil Solution-Solid Phase Equilibria.
Assessment two (50 per cent)
2 Hour question, test and task on The Chemistry of Soil Acidity.
GRADING SCHEME
A
EXCELLENT - outstanding performance with only minor
errors
B
VERY GOOD - above the average standard but with some
errors
C
GOOD - generally sound work with a number of notable
errors
D
SATISFACTORY- fair but with significant shortcomings
E
SUFFICIENT - performance meets the minimum criteria
FX
F
FAIL - some more work required before the credit can be
awarded
FAIL - considerable further work is required
Method of Assessment:
4 hour examination
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