Bacteria
What domain do they belong to?
They are prokaryotic and they are part of the bacterium kingdom
structure: They have a cell wall, a capsule, DNA/RNA (in the nucleoid), cell membrane,
cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cilia and pili. They also have flagellums.
What type of bacteria is this? Staphylobascillus
Binary Fission- is when a single bacteria cell grows and splits into two bacteria cells multiply
this is the video we watched in class of binary fusion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc
Growth rate – exponential (the population doubles once all the bacteria have split)
Arrangements - Diplo (two), staphylo (clump), strepto (chain), tetra (four)
Types - Cocci (sphere-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (spiral-shaped)
examples: cocci(staphocculus & Streptococcus) bacillus(e.coli)
How can we prevent/fight them?-antibiotics (anti- against bio- life)
Examples of epidemics- the flu like what we watched in the movie in class NO, the flu is caused
by a virus some examples are cholera and mersa, polio, malaria Influenza is a epidemic!
Viruses are just a type of epidemic. Also the swine flu malaria and more
How do they get you sick?
Bacteria get you sick by reproducing (through binary fission) in your body and they eat your
nutrients.
It can also get transported from outside (breathing), eating food or drinking water with bacteria
already growing in it, putting your hands in your mouth, and getting cuts in scrapes (bacteria can
go inside of your cuts). And saliva.
PARASITES
Why do they get you sick?- Parasites get you sick by eating, secreting, and reproducing.
to help prevent parasites you can;
sterilize your water (by boiling it or using an iodine tablet) when you boil water be sure to filter the
water because boiling water can kill germs and bacteria but then the germs/ bacteria settle on the
bottom. and even though an iodine tablet is not GREAT for your body, its better then getting
parasites, because iodine tablets are not THAT bad for us, they are just not the best
Experimenting with Bacteria
Inoculating (infecting) a Petri dish
Bacteria grow in a petri dish when eating up at the agar.. There’s a youtube video example of
bacteria growing in a petri dish
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-chXVgu8Z0 This is really good review for making a petri
dish.
What is in a Petri dish?
Agar, which feeds the bacteria so it can grow more.
Calculating bacteria growth
To calculate the bacteria growth you have to find the percentage of boxes with bacteria in them
out of the whole grid sticker or the section.
Analyzing a Petri dish
Compare your calculations
Colonies vs. individual bacteria
Colonies- A group/cluster of bacteria grown together, they are, sometimes large enough to see
.under a microscope
Individual bacteria-a single bacteria is too small to see.
Fungus vs. Bacteria (what is growing?)
Fungus grows faster then bacteria. It looks less circular under a microscope than bacteria. Also
the fungus looks like hair while bacteria are growing in circle shapes. Bacteria takes a few days in
order to grow big.
When we tested the school for bacteria, the fungus from the floor had most of the section on the
Petri dish covered.
Can we study with a microscope?
No, bacteria are too small. Actually, they can be observed through a stereoscope or something
like that. You could use a Petri dish to study bacteria (bacteria feed off the agar in the inside the
petri dish). Just swab the spots and wipe it onto your agar (the jelly like substance in your petri
dish). Wait a few days for your bacteria to grow and then you can study them underneath a
microscope. because they will be big enough to see under a microscope.
VIRUS
Major Structures
DNA/RNA, proteins, membrane
https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/HP2MqGB9oCcAQef5CYQfn6IYaS_FHA1OjRggXSsOiP_9c0
SD-Dc2gf0S_RfrMV-4ZMB4tu35VJD1wBTajdkWUOGiBJFLrMCHa_s9W-TqNL_OnkB3JKw
How do they reproduce?
They inject their own DNA into a host cell. The DNA/RNA takes over the cells functions.The cell
begins to create new viruses. Soon the host cell is filled with new viruses and explodes releasing
the new viruses into the organism.
What cell parts are responsible making the virus?
The DNA/RNA makes the virus and ribosomes are responsible for making the virus.
Why do they make you sick?
To reproduce, viruses use a host cell (see “How do they reproduce?”) And that process destroys
the cell in the end, and the new viruses will keep destroying cells.
Are they living or non-living?
Viruses are non-living because they aren’t capable of reproducing without a host cell
How can we prevent/fight them?
We give people/patients vaccines with a the virus you are trying to fight but the virus has the DNA
a/o the RNA removed from it. that way the “shell” of the virus can’t inject any DNA into the cells to
destroy.
Examples of epidemics
influenza
HIV
Hepatitis C
Small pocks
Tuberculosis
Yellow Fever
Avian Influenza
Virus
Black death
Rotavirus
Bacteria vs. Virus vs. Parasites
Parasites are larger then bacteria and lastly viruses.
Viruses are non-living while parasites and bacteria are.
Here’s a video with really cool pictures of bacteria and viruses
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGElu0zkJEw
 Viruses are pieces of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a coat of protein that
replicate only within the cells of living hosts.
Bacteria are one-cell microorganisms with a simple cellular organization whose nucleus la Epidemics
are widespread diseases. Can be spread a town, city or country.
Pandemics-largely spread (continents/ countries)
Endemics-local disease outbreaks
What increase chances of infection? being near someone with the disease. Not washing your
hands and having good hygiene.
if many people have the disease or if it is spread easily like through the air
In Pandemic 2, the disease could be spread faster by symptoms like sneezing.
Who would be most at risk for infection (neg. behaviors)?
people who interact with others could be most at risk of infection if the people that they interact
with have the disease. and people who have weak immune systems, i.e. : old people and children
Why are some countries more prone to disease?
some countries are more prone to disease because they might have worse conditions like UNpurified water. so, it is easy to get a bacteria or a parasite through the water
Some countries are more prone to disease because they are very poor and don’t have all of the
necessary resources.
Because they are poor they can’t afford the vaccines.
they also don't live in sanitary environments so diseases are easier to spread.
In my report,Indonesia and parts of Africa were infected by the polio virus because they had
banned the vaccine because it was rumored to cause AIDS.
There aren’t good living places, not good economy, leaders. Also knowledge about viruses,
bacteria and parasites are scarce.
Examples of Epidemics
AIDS/HIV
Swine FluFlu
Avian Flu
Malaria
Smallpox
Polio
Mad cow disease
Ebola Virus
Black plaguemeasles
mumps
Yellow Fever
chlorea
Case Study on Diseases
Review your epidemic report
HIV / Aids; Smallpox; Malaria; Cholera
Ethical study of diseases
Transmission
How do diseases spread through a population?
diseases can spread through a population very easily depending how the disease is transmitted.
if it is spread through saliva, then it might be easier for more people to get (because of the
bacteria that is now in the air) so many people get it. Disease is spread through saliva, mucus,
blood, and reproductive fluids.
Finding patient zero- to find the patient zero, you use a transmission tree.
Transmission trees: A chart that links people with the disease together to figure who is patient
zero.
Patient Zero- the 1st person with the disease
https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/E4Uzd684CCVrGGR5F0RI8K3r1aZki7mq_SiyUVqE6WgzSzY
4KNaXIVQziEJ4SqFY-7e3EPTzOhTU9pUNMLHIFYlFoH9jkp6vKsUWLvUh9pgA
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/scfYpMCgk6KuPrtUhnUfEHhFZDWuD9RxtHd2lR7jPIZHUiQfRHIB24UHLWbk_AbfMbRnFQxFXCNiJ0fM1CZsCXhhNcGAmAjDPMV_KggRVPzymwLdc
Reducing of spread disease Wash your hands often and limit your interaction with others.
Ways of fighting disease are antibiotics, vaccines, education
Development of Disease
Spontaneous generation: Spontaneous generation is the theory that micro-organisms can just
appear out of midair.
Pasteur’s experiments He got 2 flasks of broth, and boiled all life out of them, and then broke the
swan neck off of one and saw if there was any spontaneous generation. the broken flask got dust
while the swan neck stayed empty, disproving his theory.
He used two flasks of sterilized broth ( to sterilize it he boiled the broth).Then, he broke off the
neck of one of the flasks.
He observed bacteria growth in the broth with the broken flask and the broth with the flask and
compared the two. He found that the the broth with the flask had no bacteria and by that he
disproved the spontaneous generation.
Germ Theory
Germs can be found in the dust that is in the air and cannot be spontaneously generated
this is a really good biography of pasture and the germ theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo-ewybcG-Y
Parasites
An organism that lives in or on a organism (its host) and lives of that organism
What domain?
Eukaryotic
What kingdom? (Protista!!)
Structures (including locomotive)- flagellum, cilium, pili, eye-spot, food Vacuole
Where are they found?- Many are found in wet/damp areas animal waste
How are they transmitted? fluids
How can we prevent/fight them? boil water in camps, make sure food is cooked and not raw, do
not drink dirty water (from lakes, oceans, etc) carefully dispose of your waste when you’re
Examples of epidemics African sleeping syndrome, malaria.
Why do they get you sick?- The parasite eats up what you need like the food in your digestive
system or stuff in your blood. They lay eggs inside of you and break up parts of your body. They
also take up space in you body that is needed by other organs.
Analyzing Data
Analyzing Data and Finding Patterns
Graphing – necessary components- title, line that represents the data the best, scale.
Independent and dependent variables on axis- IV on x and DV on y.
Epidemics
What are they?
Epidemics are widespread diseases. Some examples of epidemics are Hepatitis C, HIV, and
Small pocks.
Causes of epidemics
Bacteria - prokeryotic cell that infects the body by reproduction, eating, and secretion and can be
cured by antibiotics they are bacterial organisims also know as a large group of single celled
organisms. But however they lack nucleus and internal organelles such as mitochondria. Bacteria
has a cellulare structure with 8 key parts.
Virus- A disease that's contagious. It is a non living thing made up of proteins and DNA or RNA.
Parasite Parasites go into your body and they take your resources like food. Parasites do 3 things
that harm you. They eat your nutrients/food,they secrete putting toxics into the cells., and they
reproduce. When they reproduce, the problems ( eating and secreting) multiply, and take up
space. A parasite CAN NOT give anything back to its host.
Pandemics vs. Endemics: A endemic is a small scaled epidemic and an pandemic is a larger
outbreak of a disease caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Trend lines: Trend lines are the lines used to best represent your data in a flowing pattern, they
don’t have to go all the data points. Can be both microorganisms or macroorganisms
microorganisms are too small to see under a microscope and macroscopic
organisms you can see under a microscope and sometimes with the naked eye
Bacteria
Bacteria (good vs. bad)
Good- Bacteria can be good by helping digestion, eating dead skin cells, eating dandruff, and
eating eye crust!!!!
Bad- Bad bacteria can do harm to your body by releasing waste into your body and messing with
your internal organs and taking up space.
Structure


lack membrane-bound organelles. (Prokaryotic)
Parasites may be protozoa, yeasts, or multi-cellular organisms such as fungi or worms
that live in or on a host to obtain nourishment without providing any benefit to the host.
(Eukaryotic)
Flagella or cilium
Others don’t have either and don’t really move around
Transmission Tree- tracks the spread of disease through a population
PATIENT ZERO- 1ST PERSON WITH DISEASE WHO STARTS THE SPREAD OF THE
DISEASE
Indicator-to show the presence or absence of a chemical
PROTISTS

They are eukaryotes because they all have a nucleus and have membrane bound
organelles.

Most have a mitochondria and some will later loose theirs.

Mitochondria were derived from aerobic alpha-proteobacteria that once lived within their
cells.
Many have chloroplasts with which they create photosynthesis. Chloroplasts were
derived from photosynthetic cyanobacteria living within their cells.

Many are unicellular and all groups (with one exception) contain some unicellular
members.

The name Protista means "the very first", and some of the 80-odd groups of organisms
that we classify as protists may have existed as far back as 2 billion years!

Many of the groups placed in the Protista are not at all closely related to one another; that
is, the protists do not represent a single form.

So they are basically consider a group that are
Eukaryotes that are neither Animals, Fungi, nor Plants.
RNA: Single strand of genetic material related to making proteins. It doesn’t have Thymine and
instead, has Uracil. Is a single helix shape. Means: RiboNucleicAcid
DNA: Genetic material. DNA stands for dioxy-ribonucleic acid. Double helix shape and is unique
to every living thing. Contains base pairs such as Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine and Adenine. The
pairs that go with each or the are Adanine with Thymine and Cytozine with Guanine. They are
connected by two oxygen based sugar strands.Avian influenza, Malaria, h1n1, Polio, African
sleeping sickness, these are just a few epidemics.
a
VACCINES: vaccines are modified versions of viruses minus the DNA/RNA. the vaccine is a trial
run so the body learns how to fight it with not getting infected.
Base Pairs
adenine-thymine (uracil in RNA)
cytosine-guanine