FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION ONLY
Appendix S1: Literature Used for Log Response Ratio Calculations
S1.1 Log Response Ratio Calculation Methods
We used the log response ratio (LRR) to calculate average effect sizes of decreased landscape
connectivity on ecosystem service provision (pollination, pest regulation, and seed dispersal).
Data were extracted from digitized graphs from 15 papers with empirical field data (Table S1.1)
and LRR was calculated as:
service provision in low connectivity landscape 
ln 

service provision in high connectivity landscape 
Landscapes with low and high landscape connectivity were selected from the ends of the

connectivity gradient used in each paper. Some papers measured more than one ecosystem
service. In these cases, each service was analyzed separately.
Across the 15 studies, the measurements of landscape connectivity and ecosystem service
provision varied greatly, therefore we calculated LRR separately for each paper. Thus, the final
LRR values for each ecosystem service represent average values from the wide range of
landscape connectivities that have been measured up to this point in the current literature. Many
of the papers used multiple variables to quantify the provision of a single service; for these
papers we averaged the separate LRR values across all variables to calculate a single mean LRR
value for each study.
Table S1.1 Connectivity and Ecosystem Service Data for LRR Calculations
Paper
Ecosystem
Service
Connectivity
Gradient
(connected vs.
fragmented)
Ecosystem Service
Measurement
Albrecht
and others
2007
Pollination
0m vs. 200m from forest
edge in ecological
compensation areas
(wildflower strips,
hedges, hay meadows)
Abundance of solitary bees
(# individuals/20 min)
Species richness of solitary bees
Abundance of hover flies
(# individuals/20 min)
Species richness of hover flies
Abundance of large pollinators
(# individuals/20 min)
Species richness of large pollinators
Amorim
and De
Marco
2011
Pollination
Breitbach
and others
2010
Seed
Dispersal
Chacoff
and others
2006
Farwig and
others
2009
Pollination
Pollination
Value in
Connected
Landscape
Value in
Fragmented
Landscape
Log
Response
Ratio
Mean Log
Response
Ratio
3.30
0.23
-2.65
-1.59
2.98
16.42
0.23
7.86
-2.55
-0.74
9.43
5.24
5.94
1.03
-0.46
-1.63
3.35
0.76
-1.49
B. coccolobifolia plants
2m vs. 16m from each
other
Proportion of fruits produced
(calculated from regression line)
Proportion of fruits produced
(calculated from data points)
0.08
0.06
-0.22
0.21
0.11
-0.71
Gradient of vertical
vegetation
heterogeneity in
surrounding landscape,
from high (connected)
to low (fragmented)
Disperser species richness
Disperser abundance
(# individuals/5 min)
Tree visitor species richness
Total number of tree visitors
(# individuals/8 h)
Number of cherries removed
Flight distance of seed dispersers (m)
8.49
19.10
2.18
4.81
-1.36
-1.38
6.82
37.48
4.83
28.55
-0.35
-0.27
14.78
13.58
25.18
107.11
0.53
2.07
Pollinator visitation rate
(# visits/15 min/flower)
Number of pollinator morphospecies
(morphospecies/15 min.)
Total number of pollinator
morphospecies
0.47
0.20
-0.88
0.83
0.55
-0.41
32.10
15.08
-0.76
0.73
0.44
-0.51
0m vs. 100m from forest
in grapefruit plantations
Sites adjacent vs. 100m
from woody habitat in
agricultural landscape
Proportion of Primula elatior flowers
setting seed
-0.47
-0.13
-0.68
-0.51
Paper
Ecosystem
Service
Connectivity
Gradient
(connected vs.
fragmented)
Ecosystem Service
Measurement
Value in
Connected
Landscape
Value in
Fragmented
Landscape
Log
Response
Ratio
Mean Log
Response
Ratio
Farwig and
others
2006
Seed
dispersal
Forest fragments vs.
main forest landscape
Number of frugivorous species in
forest
Number of frugivorous individuals in
forest (# individuals/20 min)
Number of frugivorous species in P.
africana trees
Number of frugivorous individuals in
P. africana trees (# individuals/ 3 h)
Number of seeds dispersed per tree
19.06
16.60
-0.14
0.32
97.72
89.13
-0.09
4.18
5.01
0.18
7.91
13.12
0.51
9.38
28.97
1.13
4.30
2.81
-0.43
-0.43
51.45
1141.17
87.56
1602.94
-0.53
-0.34
-0.44
1.81
1.06
-0.53
-0.52
641.03
383.98
-0.51
Fazzino
and others
2011
Pollination
Fragmented vs.
connected meadows
Potential germinants per
inflorescence when naturally
pollinated
Hadley
and Betts
2009
Pollination
Forested vs. agricultural
landscape
Homing time for hummingbirds (min)
Hummingbird movement path (m)
Holzschuh
and others
2010
Pollination
High edge density vs.
low edge density
agricultural landscape
Number of bee species
(# species/4 trap nests)
Number of bee brood cells
Klein and
others
2002
Pollination
Low land-use intensity
vs high land-use
intensity agroforestry
landscapes
Number of bee brood cells
(# brood cells/6 trap nets)
Number of pollinator species
Abundance of solitary bees
(# individuals/15 min/tree)
Diversity of solitary bees
Abundance of social bees
(# individuals/15 min/tree)
Diversity of social bees
24.49
186.45
2.03
4.38
6.99
8.31
36.59
0.64
1.66
4.78
63.15
7.27
5.98
0.42
-2.36
4.77
1.51
-1.15
Number of pollinator species
Abundance of pollinators
(# individuals/10 trap nests)
Number of natural enemy species
Abundance of natural enemy species
(# individuals/10 trap nests)
7.51
540.38
4.87
528.64
-0.44
-0.02
-0.23
7.69
9.41
4.03
3.19
-0.65
-1.08
-0.86
Klein and
others
2006
Pollination
Pest
Regulation
<100m from forest vs.
>500m from forest in
agroforestry landscape
0.21
Paper
Ecosystem
Service
Connectivity
Gradient
(connected vs.
fragmented)
Ecosystem Service
Measurement
Lenz and
others
2011
Seed
dispersal
Forest vs. agricultural
landscape
Ricketts
2004
Pollination
Schuepp
and others
2011
Pollination
Value in
Connected
Landscape
Value in
Fragmented
Landscape
Log
Response
Ratio
Mean Log
Response
Ratio
Modelled seed dispersal distance (m)
from field data
86.0
265.0
1.13
1.13
<50m from forest vs.
>800m from forest in
coffee agricultural
landscape
2001 accumulated pollinator richness
2001 pollinator visitation rate
(# individuals/10 min)
2002 accumulated bee richness
2002 pollinator visitation rate
(# individuals/10 min)
11.58
7.93
2.29
3.99
-1.62
-0.69
-0.96
9.48
4.24
2.48
2.17
-1.34
-0.67
Forest edge vs. isolated
fields in agricultural
landscape
Bee species richness
Bee abundance
(# individuals/2 trap nests)
Enemy species richness
Enemy species abundance
(# individuals/2 trap nests)
1.30
20.90
1.21
38.36
-0.08
0.61
0.27
5.09
32.84
2.51
8.40
-0.71
-1.36
-1.04
Number of aphids on cherry trees
without glue ring
Syrphid abundance
Coccinelid beetle abundance
80.86
200.61
-0.91
-0.35
1.34
0.06
0.64
0.11
-0.74
0.58
Pest
Regulation
Stutz and
Entling
2011
Pest
Regulation
Adjacent to vs. 100200m from forest
habitat in agricultural
landscape
Appendix S2: Literature Used in Quantitative Analysis
S2.1 Paper distribution in journals
Papers from the subset of 69 articles that explicitly investigated the effects of landscape
connectivity on a specific ecosystem service came from a variety of different journals (52
journals total; Table S2.1). Only 9 journals contributed more than one article, and most journals
provided only a single paper.
Table S2.1 Distribution of Connectivity-Ecosystem Service Papers in Journals
Journal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Journal of Applied Ecology
Biological Conservation
Conservation Biology
Ecological Applications
Ecology Letters
Oecologia
Journal of Animal Ecology
Landscape Ecology
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B –
Biological Sciences
Acta Ecologica Sinica
Ambio
American Midland Naturalist
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Biological Control
Biology Letters
Bioscience
Bird Conservation International
Brazilian Journal of Biology
Chinese Geographical Science
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology
Conservation Letters
Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology
Ecological Modelling
Ecological Monographs
Ecology
Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes1
Environment and Development Economics
Environmental & Resource Economics
Environmental Modeling and Assessment
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
Journal of the American Water Resources Association
Landscape and Urban Planning
Marine and Freshwater Research
No. of
papers
5
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
Cum.
Distrib.
0.07
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.38
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.74
Journal
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Policy
Modsim 2007 Conference Proceedings2
Nature
Northwest Science
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
PLoS Biology
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
River Research and Applications
Society and Natural Resources
South African Journal of Botany
Sustainable Tourism III
Theoretical Ecology
Trends in Ecology & Evolution
Tropical Conservation Science
Wetlands
World Watch
2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and
Control Engineering2
1Book chapter – see Steinman and Denning 2005 below.
2Conference
No. of
papers
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Cum.
Distrib.
0.75
0.77
0.78
0.80
0.81
0.83
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.99
1.00
proceedings
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