Chapter 16 Notes
Torn by War (1861-1865)
Section 1
Union, Blue, Yankees v. Confederate, Gray, Rebels:
Union – President Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Edwin Stanton (Secretary of War),
General George McClellan (Democrat), General Ulysses Grant, General Philip Sheridan,
General William Tecumseh Sherman, General Ambrose Burnside
Confederate - President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee*(* Lee’s plantation home in Arlington,
Virginia was used by Union official Simon Cameron, as a union soldier burial ground
known today as Arlington Cemetery), General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson,
General George Pickett, General James Longstreet
Border States (Key States):
Union – Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland
Confederate – Virginia*(*except for western Virginia), North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
War Plans:
Union – blockade, seize control of the Mississippi River, and seize Confederate capitol of Richmond, Virginia
Confederate – stay home, be the defense, rely on European allies or money and supplies
Advantages
Union – four times as many free citizens, factories/industry with workers (guns, bullets, canons, and
uniforms), strong navy, and railroads
Confederate – home turf, fierce fighting for independence, hunters (skilled officers and soldiers)
Disadvantages
Union - unfamiliar southern territory, out in open
Confederate – small population of free citizens, few factories/industry with workers (no means to produce
guns, bullets, canons, uniforms), no navy, few railroads
Battles:
1.) July 21, 1861 – Bull Run, Virginia (winner Confederate General Jackson)
2.) March 1862 – Richmond, Confederate Capitol in Virginia (winner Confederate General Robert E. Lee)
3.) March 8, 1862 – Naval battle in Chesapeake Bay; Confederate Merrimack v. Union Monitor (tie)
4.) September 17, 1862 – Antietam, Maryland (winner Union General George McClellan)
5.) April 6, 1862 – Battle at Shiloh on the Tennessee River (winner Union General Ulysses Grant)
6.) April 1862 – July 4, 1863 - Union Navy captures New Orleans, Louisiana and Memphis, Tennessee cutting
southern supply line, while on ground troops captured Vicksburg, Mississippi by way of Jackson, Mississippi
splitting the Confederate states in two. (Union wins)
*7.) July 11 - July 18, 1863, two battles – Fort Wagner on Morris Island (near Charleston) South Carolina.
Union 54th Massachusetts (all-black regiment along with 2 additional brigades) v. Confederate brigades. The
Confederates abandoned the fort September 7, 1863. Union 54th Massachusetts lost 40,000 men.
(Confederate wins the two battles)
*first time an all-black regiment fought in America
8.) December 11 -15, 1862 – battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Confederate General Lee v. Union General
Burnside (confederate win)
9.) May 1862 – Chancellorsville, Virginia, Confederate Generals Lee and Jackson v. Union Troops
(Confederate win)
10.) June 30 – July 2 - Cemetery Ridge overlooking Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Confederate Generals Lee,
Longstreet, and Pickett v. Union Troops (Union win) This battle turned the tide to favor the Union.
11.) May – October 1864 – Shenandoah Valley, Virginia and Atlanta, Georgia; Union Sheridan and Sherman
v. Confederate Lee (Union win in ‘total war’)
12.) Last true battle of the civil war, Columbus, Georgia - Confederate General Lee v. Union General
Sherman (Union win)
13.) April 2 – Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia (Union win)
On April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia Confederate General Lee surrendered. Union
General Grant allowed Confederate officers to keep their pistols yet collected all rifles. Confederate soldiers
were allowed to keep their horses for spring plowing. Union General Grant silenced the cheering Union
Soldiers with these words, “The war is over. The rebels are our country men again.”
Vocabulary and Terms and key persons:
 draft……………………law requiring males (age 20- 45) to serve in military (p.467)
 civilians……………….non-soldiers, person not in military (p.466)
 habeas corpus……right to have charges filed or a hearing before being jailed (p.468)
 inflation…………....economic cycle in which the value of money falls and prices of goods rise (p.469)
 emancipate……….to set free (p.464)
 bounties…………….payment made to men who joined the Union army(p.467)
 profiteers…………..person who takes advantage of an emergency to make money (p. 469)
 tax-in-kind………..tax paid with goods rather than money(p.469)
 copperheads……northerner who thought South should be allowed to leave the union (p.467)
 total war………….everyone was affected as the army destroys food and equipment (p. 476)

 Emancipation Proclamation – 1863 President Lincoln’s declaration freeing slaves in the Confederacy
(p.464)
 Clara Barton…………..founded American Red cross
 Jefferson Davis……..president of the Confederacy
 Dorothea Dix…………superintendent of army nurses in the North
 Ulysses S. Grant……commander of Union forces to whom Robert E. Lee surrendered
 Stonewall Jackson…Confederate General who earned his nickname at Bull Run
 Robert E. Lee………….commander of the Confederate forces
 George McClellan……commander of Union armies after Bull Run
 William Tecumseh Sherman….led the Union march from Atlanta to the sea
 General Philip Sheridan…general who led Union forces into the Shenandoah Valley late in the war
 Edwin Staton……… Secretary of War under President Lincoln