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6.1 Rocks
Density Lab – use standard samples to fill in table below
Material
Volume (ml or cm3)
Mass (g)
Density = Mass/Volume (g/ml)
Cork
Rubber
Iron
Copper
Wood
Brass
Graphite
Aluminum
Clear plastic
Mineral ID Lab (print Table 4: Mineral Identification Chart) – follow directions and use the identification key to help.
Mineral PPT and Notes
Mining PPT and Notes
Mighty Mineral Project, List of Minerals (each person makes their own) ONGOING…
Brainpop: Rock Types
Rocks are naturally occurring solid mixtures of one or more _____________________ and organic matter.
Organic Matter is ______________________________________________________________.
Minerals are naturally formed inorganic ____________ that has a definite ___________________
structure.
4 properties of minerals are:
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
d. _________________________
The chemical makeup of a rock is known as its ____________________________.
The ____________________________ of a rock depends on the sizes, shapes and positions of the
minerals in the rock.
Class of Rock
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How it Formed
Example
Example
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6.2 Rock Cycle
Students have the option of creating a cartoon or making a children's book after playing the dice game
and doing the activity sheet
Superposition animation
Superposition Lab (see cards and instructions at the station)
Sediment Lab
Rock Cycle Animation
Rock Cycle Animation 2
Interactive Rock Cycle and Quiz (call your teacher over to record your score)
Brainpop: Rock Cycle, Mineral ID, Carbon Dating
The rock cycle is the continuous process by which _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
What does continuous mean?_____________________________________________________.
Label the ROCK CYCLE
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Heat &
Pressure
Heat and
Pressure
Heat and Pressure
Forces that change rock over millions of years are:
a. ________________
b. ________________
c. ________________
Use the diagram on p208 in the green book to answer the following:
a. Sedimentary rocks form by_________________________________________________.
b. Metamorphic rocks form by_________________________________________________.
c. Magma forms by_________________________________________________________.
d. Igneous rocks form by_____________________________________________________.
e. Sediments form by_______________________________________________________.
Weathering is a process in which __________, _________ and __________________ changes break and
decompose rocks.
Erosion is a process by which _________, ______ or ___________ transports soil and
__________________ from one location to another.
Deposition is a process in which sediments are ______________________________.
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7.1 Weathering
 Limestone Chemical Weathering Lab
 Mechanical weathering lab
 Brainpop: Erosion, Weathering
Explain each of the following in the table.
Mechanical Weathering =
Ice
Abrasion
Wind, Water and Gravity
Plants
Animals
Chemical Weathering =
Water
Acid precipitation
Acids in groundwater
Acids in living things
Air
Find photos that illustrate weathering. Create a 8.5”x 11” poster that gives 3 examples of mechanical
weathering and 3 examples of chemical weathering. Label and explain each example.
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7.2 Rates of Weathering
Dissolution Lab
1. How does composition affect the weathering rate of rocks?
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What term is used to describe the difference in weathering rates above? _____________________
_____________________________
Explain the relation between surface area and rates of weathering.
Two climatic factors that affect the weathering rate of rocks are:
a. _______________________
b. _______________________
3 factors that speed up the weathering rates at high altitudes are:
a. ________________________
b. ________________________
c. ________________________
7.3 Bedrock to Soil
 Create split page notes on this section
 Soil observations and comparison with dissecting ‘scope or digital ‘scope. p236 green Holt book. Create
PPT of micrographs and soil types.
 Berlese Funnel and Microscope
 Soil Analysis Lab and Soil Texture Triangle
1. Soil is transferred from one place to another by _________, _____________ and the movement of
_______________.
2. Decomposers, such as _____________ and _____________, break down the remains of plants and
animals, supplying _______________ to the soil.
3. ____________ is the organic stuff formed in the soil from the decayed remains of plants and animals.
4. Humans cause soil erosion by ______________ ________________ that hold soil in place. Bare soil
can then be __________________ when it rains.
7.4 Soil Conservation
 Water percolation rates through soils p237 green Holt book
 Research and create sustainable farming technique brochure or Poster. Include a title, diagram with
labels, explanation of the method and two or more benefits of the technique.
 Brainpop: Soil
1. 3 benefits of soil are:
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
c. ______________________
2. 2 ways soil can be damaged:
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
3. Soil Conservation methods:
METHOD
BENEFITS
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8.1 Inside the Earth
Paper or foam stacks deformation activity P259
Differentiated project (foldable, song, poem, brochure…) about seismic waves probing Earth’s center,
layers, tectonic plates
Create a scale model of the Earth’s layers using adding machine tape and this site. You will need about 7
meters of paper tape. Mark the layers and figure out a scale to represent the thickness of each layer from
the center to the surface to scale. Get your teacher to sign off on your model when finished.
Brainpop: Earth’s Structure
Create a Brace Map that relates the following layers of Earth and includes the physical properties of each
of the layers: crust, mantle, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, core
Earth is divided into these 3 layers:
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
c. _____________________
Scientists called ______logists study the Earth. They divided the Earth into these layers based on the
__________________ that make up each layer. A ___________________ is a substance made of 2 or
more elements.
Less dense compounds make up the _______________ and _______________ and heavier ones make up
the _________________.
Large pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere are called
____________________________ ________________.
Draw a line between the arrows that show what you predict the lower half of this tectonic plate looks like.
When a(an) _______________________ happens, vibrations called ____________________ waves are
produced. These waves travel at different ________________ through the Earth.
By measuring changes in the speed of ____________ waves that travel through the Earth’s interior,
__________________ have learned that the Earth is made of _____________ __________________.
What does a seismologist study?
8.2 Restless Continents
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Pangaea puzzle – print the world map and cut along the continental shelves and fit the pieces together to
make Pangaea. Glue the parts to construction paper.
Devise a demonstration of how the Atlantic Ocean was formed by sea-floor spreading.
Plate Tectonics PPT and Note Guide 1 and Note Guide 2
Lithospheric Plates Notes
Interactive Dynamic Earth and Quiz (call your teacher over to record your score)
Interview Alfred Wegener (watch Wegener Video) – make a story or recording (use photo story)
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Why was Wegener's original idea about continental drift referred to as intuition and not science?
What did Wegener find that he believed was evidence to support his theory?
Why didn't others think that his findings constituted evidence?
Tectonics at Enchanted Learning
Brainpop: Plate Tectonics
______________________ ______________ is the hypothesis that states that the continents once
formed as a single land mass, broke up and drifted apart to their present locations.
This hypothesis explained many observations such as:
a. _______________________________________
b. _______________________________________
c. _______________________________________
Drifting Continents: fill in the boxes with the continent names.
North America
65 Million years ago
split into…
Single, huge super continent:
_______________________
135 Million years ago split into…
(Greek for “all Earth”)
65 Million years ago
Africa
split into…
Antarctica and
Australia
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Mid-ocean ridges are places where _______ ____________ ______________ takes place.
This is the process in which new ___________________________ forms as magma rises to the
surface.
As tectonic plates move apart magma fills the gap. Where would you expect to find the oldest crust
(closer or farther from the mid-ocean ridge)? _______________
How do magnetic reversals provide evidence of seafloor spreading?
The Law of Superposition states that strata (layers of sediment) that are __________________will be
deposited on top of strata that are ___________, given normal conditions of deposition.
8.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics
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Compare topographic features to plate boundaries. Use MS Word to create a table (see example below),
tree map or world map matching the 3 boundary types to 3 or more locations and name the topographic
feature found there – include pictures.
 Convection Connection Lab P290 – answer on your own pap
 Tectonic Theory Video
 Plate Boundary Map
Boundary Type
Examples of Locations
Topographic features Found
Photo
There
Sample – use MS Word to create your own
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Plates are large pieces of the _____________________. They move and change shape. This process is
known as ___________ ____________________.
Tectonic plate ______________________________ are places where the plates touch.
The boundary formed by the collision of 2 tectonic plates: _____________________
_____________________________
The boundary between 2 tectonic plates moving away from each other: _____________________
_____________________________
The boundary between tectonic plates sliding past each other: _____________________
_____________________________
What causes the motion of tectonic plates? _____________________________
The oceanic crust sinks below the continental crust at convergent boundaries because it is
_____________.
A ________________________________ zone is where old oceanic crust is pushed into the
asthenosphere and melted to start the rock cycle all over again.
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8.4 Mountain Building
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Create a mountain building Game. Print photos of at least 3 different mountain types (at home in color is best - about3”x4”
in size). On the back print out a) the type of mountain, b) how it formed and c) the location of the mountain relative to the tectonic
plates (examples: near the middle of a plate, near a divergent boundary, near a convergent boundary…).
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Fault Type Animations
Candy Bar Lab
Mountain Maker, Earth Shaker
Brainpop: Mountains
Deformation changes the shape of rock by _______________.
________________________ is a type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed.
________________________ occurs when at a convergent plate boundary making mountains form.
________________________ is a type of stress that occurs when an object is stretched.
Folding is the ___________________ of rock layers due to stress in the Earth’s crust.
The surface along which rocks break and slide past each other is a _______________.
______________ faults are caused by rock being pulled apart, this is due to what type of stress?
______________
8. ______________ faults are caused by rock being pushed together, this is due to what type of stress?
______________
9. ___________-_______________ faults form when rocks break and move horizontally past each other.
10. When tectonic plates experience compression or tension they can form the following 3 types of
mountains:
a. _______________________________________- form when tension causes large blocks of crust
to drop down relative to surrounding blocks of crust.
b. _______________________________________ - form when rock layers are squeezed and
pushed upward.
c. _______________________________________ - form when rock melted at a subduction zone
forms magma and rises to the surface creating new rock.
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8.5 Earthquakes
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How Earthquakes Work site information and animated fault types
Slinky Lab Directions and Data Sheet
Musical Plates Lab(5 part earthquake, plate and volcano investigation)
Research the effects of earthquakes and write a story from the perspective of a person who experienced
one. What did feel? How long did the ‘quake last? What did they need to be cautious of afterwards?
Your story should be one page typed.
National Geographic Web videos on earthquakes
National Geographic Natural Disasters: make your own ‘quake. Click Earthquakes icon right below “Forces
of Nature” heading
Earthquake waves and time calculations
Brainpop: Earthquakes
Most earthquakes occur near the edge of ________________ ________________.
Seismologists study ___________________________.
_____________________ deformation does not lead to earthquakes because the rock bends like molded
clay.
_____________________ deformation does lead to earthquakes because the rock will stretch like a
rubber band and when it breaks it will release the stored energy.
The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape is ________________
_________________________.
Draw a picture or write a description for the plate motions and fault types:
Plate Motion
Fault Type
Transform =
__________________ = plates moving together
Divergent =
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Reserve fault =
Earthquake zones are places where there are a large number of _______________ near a tectonic plate
boundary.
Seismic waves are _______________ of _________________ that travel through the Earth away from an
earthquake in all directions.
Types of seismic waves:
Body Wave (travels through Earth) _________(_) Moves back and forth – stretching
fastest
Wave
and squeezing rock
Body Wave (travels through Earth) Shear (S)
Moves _________ to ___________.
medium
Wave
Cannot travel trough ___________.
Moves along surface
___________ Moves up and down. Most
slowest
Wave
destructive.
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9.1Volcanic Eruptions
Before reading, create a folded flip book entitled “Layered Book” like the one on the bottom of page 710 in
the green Holt text book. Label the tabs with “Volcanic Eruptions”, “Effects of Eruptions” and “Causes of
Eruptions”. As you read the chapter, write and draw information you learn about each category under the
appropriate tab.
Volcano Lab p299 – answer questions and record data on your own paper.
Volcano Interactive and Quiz (call your teacher over to record your score)
Watch to Volcano Video and create an outline of questions similar to the ones used on your teacher’s Bill Nye
Video guide sheets.
Create and record a radio news photo story of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens, Nevado Del Ruiz, Vesuvius or
Pinatubo. seeP301 TE
Demo viscosity with hour glasses. Which hour glass has greater viscosity? _________________
1. A vent or fissure in the Earth’s surface through which magma and gases are expelled:
__________________
2. Volcanoes can destroy but they can also create fertile ______________ and create some of the
largest ________________________.
3. Most common type of eruption is ______________________ _________________ that produces a
relatively calm flow of lava.
4. Molten rock below Earth’s surface is ______________________.
5. Molten rock that flows to the surface is ____________________.
6. Explosive eruptions are rare and can shoot out clouds of hot _____________, ______ and _______.
7. Draw a volcano and label the magma chamber and vents.
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Water in magma causes _______________________ eruptions.
Magma with a high content of __________________ will make for a(an) _______________________
eruption. This is because this type of magma is stiff and will often plug the volcanic ____________
preventing the magma from escaping.
Pyroclastic material forms when _____________________ is blasted into the air and
__________________.
Four types of pyroclastic materials are:
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
c. ______________________
d. ______________________
_____________________ is used to describe how lava flows (see the 2 timers to observe differences
in this feature).
Four types of lava are:
a. ______________________ - low viscosity
b. ______________________ - low viscosity
c. ______________________ - high viscosity
d. ______________________ - high viscosity
Of the 4 types of lava above, which ones do you think have higher silica content?
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9.2Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
Research an historic volcanic eruption such as Krakatau, Mt. Pinatubo or others. Create a poster that
describes and illustrates the effect it had on global climate. Explain how the eruption ties to change in global
climate and the effects of the climate change. See the map on P311 in the green Holt text book for more
volcanoes.
Brainpop: Volcanoes
1. Types of volcanoes: Use National Geographic Natural Disasters link to make your own eruption. Click
the volcano icon right below “Forces of Nature” heading. You can find the answers to the table below.
Type
Draw shape
How it is made
Example
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Explosive volcanic eruptions can spew volcanic ash high into the atmosphere. This ash can block
_________________________ to cause global temperatures to ________________.
The vent at the center of some volcanoes is a funnel shaped pit called the _______________.
A ______________ is a large circular depression formed when the magma chamber below partially
empties and the ground above sinks.
A landform created by repeated eruptions of lava spread over a large area is a __________
____________________.
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9.3 Causes of Volcanic Eruptions
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Reaction to stress with cornstarch “rock” P311. Record observations on your own paper.
Volcano Verdict P316. Record data and answers on your own paper.
Volcano and Earthquake Map
Create a poster showing locations and photos of one of the following: hot spot volcanoes (Last names
starting A-H research this type), convergent boundary volcanoes (Last names starting I-Q research this
type) or divergent boundary volcanoes (Last names starting R-Z research this type). Research and
describe 3 or more of each type on your poster. Include labels, facts and map locations.
1. The rock in the upper mantle is extremely hot, yet it does not melt into magma because the rock
__________ the mantle _________________ the atoms of the mantle so close together it cannot
melt.
2. Magma forms at _______________ tectonic plate boundaries where the pressure is decreased as the
plates separate. T he decrease in _________________ allows the rock to melt.
3. What is the “Ring of Fire”?
4. Most volcanoes are found along the boundaries between _______________ ________________.
5. Rift zones are found along __________________ boundaries.
6. Mid-ocean ridges are usually found _______________. New ____________ is formed at mid-ocean
ridges.
7. Match the volcano with the location it formed at
(Hot spot, divergent boundary or convergent boundary)
a. Surtsey _______________________________
b. Mauna Loa ____________________________
c. Mt. St. Helens __________________________
d. Pinatubo ______________________________
e. Paricutin ______________________________
8. Use figure 4 on P313 to answer the following:
a. Which plate is denser? (Oceanic or Continental)
b. Which plate contains more water? (Oceanic or Continental)
c. How does water in the mantle rock affect magma formation?
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How does magma form when these 2 plates converge?
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Do explosive eruptions occur more near convergent or divergent boundaries? Why?
Hot spot volcanoes are far from plate boundaries. 2 theories that explain the existence of hot spots
are that they are caused by mantle ____________ or by _______________ in the Earth’s crust.
_____________ volcanoes – have not erupted in recorded history and probably never will.
_____________ volcanoes – are not erupting but records indicate that they may in the future.
_____________ volcanoes – are currently erupting or show signs of erupting in the near future.
Scientists measure ______________________, _______________________________and
________________________ around active volcanoes to predict when they may erupt.