Chapter 7 – DNA Fingerprinting
(Guided notes)
11. What is a chromosome?
1. What does DNA stand for?
12. How many strand is a DNA molecule?
2. Who has identical DNA?
13. What is DNA coiled around?
3. Is DNA class evidence or individual evidence?
14. What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
4. Since when has DNA been used to identify people?
15. Name the two scientists who described the shape of DNA. When?
5. What types of biological evidence can be used for identification
purposes?
16. What is the backbone of the DNA ladder made of?
17. What are the rungs of the DNA ladder composed of?
6. What were forensic laboratory techniques originally intended for?
18. What are the four bases of DNA?
7. What is the analysis of chromosomes called?
8. What is another term for DNA fingerprinting?
19. How do the four based pair?
9. How much biological evidence is needed to extract DNA?
20. How many pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of most human
cells?
10. DNA holds information for cells to do what two functions?
21. How does half of a person’s DNA come from each parent?
32. Where is the human genome located?
22. What is DNA in chromosomes called?
33. How many base pairs in the chromosomes?
23. Compare nuclear DNA is a skin cell with DNA in a liver cell.
34. What are exons?
24. Where is mitochondrial DNA located?
35. What do exons do?
25. How do you inherit mitochondrial DNA?
36. What are introns?
26. So, really, which parent gives you more DNA?
37. What do introns not do?
27. What is a gene?
38. What percent of your DNA is coding DNA?
28. What can a gene make, besides a protein?
39. What percent of your DNA is non-coding DNA?
29. What is an allele?
40. What is the function of some non-coding DNA?
30. How are pairs of alleles inherited?
41. Why is the term “junk DNA” no longer used?
31. What is the human genome?
42. What part of DNA varies from person to person?
52. What types of biological evidence can be collected at a crime scene?
43. What is a polymorphism?
53. What is does PCR stand for?
44. What does a DNA fingerprint look like?
54. What does PCR do?
45. What does VNTR stand for?
55. Who invented PCR? When did he receive the Nobel Prize for this?
46. How many bases long is a VNTR?
56. How can contamination of DNA evidence occur?
47. What does STR stand for?
57. List the 8 steps to avoid DNA contamination:
48. How many bases long is a STR?
49. Which is preferred by forensic scientists, VNTR’s or STR’s? Why?
50. What two purposes are DNA profiles used for?
51. What is population genetics?
58. List three conditions that can damage DNA.
64. How many restriction enzymes are used on a DNA sample?
65. What process amplifies the number of DNA fragments?
59. What is electrophoresis?
66. When DNA fragments are processed through a gel, which fragments
move the farthest?
67. What is a radioactive probe used for?
60. When DNA is extracted from the cell nucleus, what does it need to
be separated from?
68. What is fluorescent stain used for?
61. To create fragments, what is the DNA sample mixed with?
69. How many different probes are used in DNA fingerprinting for
criminal cases?
70. Both the ______________ and ____________ of the DNA bands
have to match exactly.
62. What living thing produces restriction enzymes? What does this
organism need restriction enzymes for?
71. What is CODIS?
72. What is CODIS similar to?
63. Each restriction enzyme binds to a specific ________________
_________________________ .
73. Which individuals have their DNA profile entered into CODIS?