AS A TEACHER: DESIGN CHOICE IN PRODUCTS:
Create an activity / assessment that allows students to demonstrate knowledge of the contents of this photo.
 Make your products different.
 Write clear instructions for the students to follow
Group One
Group Two
Group Three
Group Four
AS A TEACHER: DESIGN CHOICE IN PRODUCTS:
Create an activity or assessment that allows students to demonstrate knowledge of the contents of this photo.
 Make your products different.
 Write clear instructions for the students to follow
Group One
Group Two
Group Three
Group Four
(YOU ARE A STUDENT)
Write 1-2 “critical thinking” questions on this page for the class to answer…
Group One
Group Two
Group Three
Group Four
(YOU ARE A STUDENT)
Write a 1-2 “critical thinking” questions on this page for the class to answer…
Group One
Group Two
Group Three
Group Four
As a teacher, construct a series of questions that would lead your students to understanding the
message of the cartoon…
 Use the various levels of questioning
 Be clear and concise
Group One
Group Two
Group Three
Group Four
As a
teacher, construct a series of questions that would lead your students to understanding the message
of the cartoon…
 Use the various levels of questioning
 Be clear and concise
Group One
Group Two
Group Three
Group Four
First Amendment
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances.”
“The very first right mentioned in the First Amendment is freedom of religion, indicating its importance to the American people. As protected by the
First Amendment, freedom of religion consists of two parts: the Establishment clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The Establishment Clause
forbids the government from creating –or establishing –an official church, formally supporting religious activities, or giving preference to religion. But
under the Free Exercise Clause, the government also cannot interfere with the expression of religious beliefs. Sometimes these two rights conflict.”
-Linda Monk
Everson v. Board of Education, 1947
Facts Everson:
Facts: A New Jersey statute authorizes its local school districts to make rules for the
transportation of children to and from schools. This case was filed by a taxpayer that
was concerned about reimbursements to parents for money that paid for the
transportation of some children in the community to Catholic parochial schools. These
church schools give their students, in addition to secular (non-religious) education,
regular religious instruction conforming to the religious tenets and modes of worship of
the Catholic Faith. The superintendent of these schools is a Catholic priest.
1. Why is this case reaching the Supreme Court?
2. Should the city in NJ use taxpayers money to reimburse the parents sending
students to religious schools?
3. Explain 2 reasons why the law might be constitutional and unconstitutional?
Unconstitutional
Constitutional
Decision: (use a quote and explain in your words.)
Do you agree or disagree with the decision?
 Take a clear position
 Support your position with 2-3 reasons
 Support your reasons with evidence
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Engel v. Vital, 1962
The Board of Education of New Hyde Park, New York, acting in its official capacity
under state law, directed the School District's principal to cause the following prayer
to be said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each
school day:
Facts Engel:
"Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee,
and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and
our Country."
This daily procedure was adopted on the recommendation of the State Board of
Regents, a governmental agency created by the State Constitution to which the New
York Legislature has granted broad supervisory, executive, and legislative powers
over the State's public school system. These state officials composed the prayer
which they recommended and published as a part of their "Statement on Moral and
Spiritual Training in the Schools."
Shortly after the practice of reciting the Regents' prayer was adopted by the School District, the parents of ten pupils started this lawsuit
because this appeared to be an “official prayer,” that was contrary to their religious beliefs.
1. Why is this case reaching the Supreme Court?
2. Is the prayer an acceptable way to begin each school day?
3. Explain 2 reasons why the law might be constitutional and unconstitutional?
Unconstitutional
Constitutional
Decision:
you agree or disagree with the decision?
 Take a clear position
 Support your position with 2-3 reasons
 Support your reasons with evidence
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EVERSON Case
The "establishment of religion" clause of the First Amendment means at least this: Neither a state nor the Federal
Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over
another. Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to
profess a belief or disbelief in any religion.
No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, for church attendance or nonattendance. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever
they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion.
Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or
groups and vice versa. In the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect "a
wall of separation between church and State."
The Township of Ewing is not furnishing transportation to the children in any form; it is not operating school busses itself or
contracting for their operation; and it is not performing any public service of any kind with this taxpayer's money. All school
children are left to ride as ordinary paying passengers on the regular busses operated by the public transportation system.
What the Township does, and what the taxpayer complains of, is at stated intervals to reimburse parents for the fares paid,
provided the children attend either public schools or Catholic Church schools. This expenditure of tax funds has no possible
effect on the child's safety or expedition in transit.
The New Jersey Act in question makes the character of the school, not the needs of the children determine the eligibility of
parents to reimbursement. The Act permits payment for transportation to parochial schools or public schools but prohibits it
to private schools operated in whole or in part for profit. ...If all children of the state were objects of impartial solicitude, no
reason is obvious for denying transportation reimbursement to students of this class, for these often are as needy and as
worthy as those who go to public or parochial schools. Refusal to reimburse those who attend such schools is
understandable only in the light of a purpose to aid the schools, because the state might well abstain from aiding a profitmaking private enterprise. --Justice Black, 1947
EVERSON Case
The "establishment of religion" clause of the First Amendment means at least this: Neither a state nor the Federal
Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over
another. Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church …
No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, for church attendance or nonattendance. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions…
In the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect "a wall of separation
between church and State."
The Act permits payment for transportation to parochial schools or public schools but prohibits [payments] to private
schools operated in whole or in part for profit. ...If all children of the state were objects of impartial solicitude, no reason is
obvious for denying transportation reimbursement to students of this class, for these often are as needy and as worthy as
those who go to public or parochial schools.
Refusal to reimburse those who attend such schools is understandable only in the light of a purpose to aid the schools,
because the state might well abstain from aiding a profit-making private enterprise. --Justice Black, 1947
ENGEL Case
The First Amendment was added to the Constitution to stand as a guarantee that neither the power nor the prestige of the
Federal Government would be used to control, support or influence the kinds of prayer the American people can say -- that
the people's religions must not be subjected to the pressures of government for change each time a new political
administration is elected to office. Under that Amendment's prohibition against governmental establishment of religion, as
reinforced by the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment, government in this country, be it state or federal, is without
power to prescribe by law any particular form of prayer which is to be used as an official prayer in carrying on any program of
governmentally sponsored religious activity.
There can be no doubt that New York's state prayer program officially establishes the religious beliefs embodied in the
Regents' prayer. The respondents' argument to the contrary, which is largely based upon the contention that the Regents'
prayer is "non-denominational" and the fact that the program, as modified and approved by state courts, does not require all
pupils to recite the prayer but permits those who wish to do so to remain silent or be excused from the room, ignores the
essential nature of the program's constitutional defects. …
The Establishment Clause, unlike the Free Exercise Clause, does not depend upon any showing of direct governmental
compulsion and is violated by the enactment of laws which establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly
to coerce non-observing individuals or not. …When the power, prestige and financial support of government is placed behind
a particular religious belief, the indirect coercive pressure upon religious minorities to conform to the prevailing officially
approved religion is plain.
-Justice Black, 1962
ENGEL Case
The First Amendment was added to the Constitution to stand as a guarantee that neither the power nor the prestige of the
Federal Government would be used to control, support or influence the kinds of prayer the American people can say -- that
the people's religions must not be subjected to the pressures of government for change each time a new political
administration is elected to office.
There can be no doubt that New York's state prayer program officially establishes the religious beliefs embodied in the
Regents' prayer. The respondents' argument to the contrary, which is largely based upon the contention that the Regents'
prayer is "non-denominational" and the fact that the program, as modified and approved by state courts, does not require all
pupils to recite the prayer but permits those who wish to do so to remain silent or be excused from the room, ignores the
essential nature of the program's constitutional defects. …
The Establishment Clause…does not depend upon any showing of direct governmental compulsion and is violated by the
enactment of laws which establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce non-observing
individuals or not.
When the power, prestige and financial support of government is placed behind a particular religious belief, the indirect
coercive pressure upon religious minorities to conform to the prevailing officially approved religion is plain.
-Justice Black, 1962