Introduction to Oceanography – Summer 2014
Krause, Lachenmyer and Marquez
Final Study Guide
Important Notes:
 Bold = Major concepts
 The format will be similar to the last exam
 General Questions on Final exam will be from lecture 7 and on; however, the major
concepts from the entire class are fair game for the Major Concept questions (which
will be more integrative)
-
-
-
-
-
Lecture 2: Physical Oceanography
o Circulation
 meridional overturning, aka thermohaline
 Convergence vs. divergence and coastal upwelling (e.g. US West coast)
Lecture 3: Chemical Oceanography
o Ocean Tracers
Lecture 4: Geological Oceanography
o Ocean formation (Wilson cycle)
o Sediments (Diagenesis, paleoproxies)
Lecture 5-6: Primary Production and Microbial Oceanography
o Microbial loop
o Biological Pump
Lecture 7: Zooplankton Ecology
o Role in the biological pump (also includes those of microbes and
phytoplankton) … think “Who S!@t that Scat?”
o Feeding strategies (focus only on particle feeding)
o Assimilation efficiency (what is it, how is it controlled)
o Microzooplankton
 General information
 Major point: Global significance in %primary production grazed (this
also fits into the biological pump and microbial loop)
o Mesozooplankton
 Controls on ingestion rate (e.g. interplay between cell size and cell
concentration  think in terms of carbon quantity consumed)
 What controls growth rate?
 Vertical migration
o Gelatinous Zooplankton
 Salps (think about those massive fecal pellets in “Who S!@t that Scat?”!)
 Global increase in jellies?
Lecture 8: Oceanographic Methods
o Field sampling:




-
-
Niskin (what can we get from this?)
Towed nets (what can we get from these?)
Towed instruments
Shipboard underway seawater system
 Physically sampling water
 Flowing water through sensors
 Shipboard ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler)
 Core types
 Autonomous sampling
 Remote sensing
 Satellite types, measurements
o Modeling:
 Basic NPZ
o Methods:
 14C or isotope tracer basics
 Dilution method (simultaneous measure of microzooplankton grazing and
phytoplankton growth)
Lecture 9: Fisheries Oceanography
o Law of the Sea Treaty (what does this establish?)
o EEZs
o Linking oceanography & fisheries
 Case study: Bering Sea
 Oscillating Control Hypothesis (this integrates sea ice, phytoplankton
bloom timing, zooplankton and fish)
o Maximum sustained yield
o Goal of Ecosystem Based Management
o Aquaculture
 Which country dominates?
 Positive/negative issues
o Fishing down the food web (includes basics from discussion)
Lecture 10: Ocean Acidification (and its components bolded below)
o The CO2 imbalance (not all anthropogenic CO2 in atmosphere, where does it
go?)
o Fate of CO2 in seawater
o Tracing anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean (where are highest levels found?)
o pH in different marine systems
 why do seemingly little changes cause worry?
o Changes in the aragonite saturation with decreasing pH
 Biological effects
o Biological responses to increasing CO2
-
-
-
 Focus on response types (i.e. graphs in slide 30)
Lecture 11: Hypoxia
o Hypoxia vs. Anoxia
o Global importance
o Major components of hypoxia
 Nutrient inputs
 Physical processes
 Organic carbon
 Oxygen consumption
o Mississippi Dead Zone
o Black Sea
o Hypoxia prevention
Lecture 12: Ocean-Climate
o Natural Climate Change
o Quaternary Climate Change
o Factors affecting the ocean-atmosphere CO2 balance on geological time
o Glacial Iron Hypothesis
 Anderson et al. 2002 Southern Ocean Scenarios
o El Nino/La Nina
o North Atlantic Oscillation
o Sea level rise
Lecture 13: Ocean Geoengineering
o Wave use
 Raw energy extraction
 “sock” pumps
o CO2 Removal/capture
 Iron fertilization (couples to Glacial Iron Hypothesis)
 CO2 injection
o Increase albedo
 Marine cloud brightening
o Ocean City infrastructure (e.g. Equatorial Pacific)