
HBS Final Study Guide
Systems
o Integumentary
o Skeletal
o Muscular
o Cardiovascular
Integumentary System
1. What are the three layers of the skin



Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
2. What is unique about the epidermis?
a. What is the epidermis composed of?

The Epidermis is composed of primarily dead skin
3. What features are found in the dermis?
a. What purpose do those items serve?
i. Sebaceous Gland

Secrete Sebum (An oily substance) that helps protect the skin from
pathogens and makes the skin smooth and soft
ii. Sweat Glands

Helps to cool down the skin through secreting sweat (A mixture of nutrients
and water)
iii. Nerve Endings/Pain Receptors

Nerve endings help the skin to sense or feel pressure from their outside
environment
4. What nutrient does the skin synthesize

The skin synthesizes Vitamin D
5. What are some protective functions of the skin?


Provide a physical barrier
Provide a mechanical barrier
6. How does the skin help in excretion

The skin helps to excrete sweat and sebum in order to help the body
maintain homeostasis
7. How does the skin aid in thermoregulation?



The skin aids in thermoregulation by secreting sweat, which helps to cool off
the body
The skin will help with radiation by releasing heat
The smooth muscle of the arrector pili contracts, standing hair up, which
traps warm air next to the body
o The contraction of muscles also releases heat
8. What is the pigment that gives the skin color and aids in protection called?

Melanin
9. What is Basal Cell Carcinoma?

A type of skin cancer that is the lease malignant, but most common form
10. What is the difference in the different categorizes of burns
a. 1st

A burn that only affects the epidermis
b. 2nd

A burn that damages the dermis, but does not penetrate through the dermis
c. 3rd

A burn that penetrates throught the dermis into the hypodermis
(Subcutaneous layer)
11. Which types of burn is the most damaging?

3rd Degree
12. What is it called when the dermis and the epidermis separate due to friction?

Blister
SKELETAL SYSTEM
13. What is the primary function of the skull?

Protection of the Brain
14. Be able to pick out the bones found in the axial and appendicular skeleton
15. Where are red blood cells formed?

Red Bone Marrow
a. Where is that marrow found?


Epiphysis of long bones
Flat Bones
16. Why do bones contain attachment sites?

For Skeletal muscles to attach
17. Where does the skeletal system store fat?

Yellow Marrow
a. Where is that marrow found?

Diaphysis of long bones
18. List an example of a long bone

Femur, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula, Phalanges

a. Short Bone
Carpals, Tarsals

b. Flat Bone
Cranial Bones, Coxal, Scapula

c. Irregular Bone
Vertebra, Mandible,
19. What is the disorder called when there is a lack of calcium in the bones?

Osteoporosis
20. What are the three abnormal curvatures of the spinal column called?



Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
21. What is the fracture called when the bone punctures the skin?

Compound Fracture
22. Be able to list the three different categories of joints and an example of each
a. (Synovial joint, ball and socket, found between the humerus and
scapula)



Synovial- Hinge- Femur &Tibia Fibula
Cartilaginous- Pubic Symphysis
Fibrous- Sutures- Frontal & Parietal
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
23. What are the three types of muscle?



Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
a. What are their main functions



Skeletal- Attach to bones to provide body movement
Smooth- Contract the digestive tract to allow internal bodily movement
Cardiac- Contract to pump blood out of the heart
24. What are the locations of the three different types of muscles



Skeletal- Attach to bones
Smooth- In the lining of the walls of the digestive tract
Cardiac- In the heart
25. Which muscles are voluntary,

Skeletal
a. Which muscles are involuntary


Smooth
Cardiac
26. What types of muscles are striated?



Skeletal
Cardiac
27. What muscle is responsible for helping the heart beat

Cardiac
28. What are antagonistic muscle pairs (Agonist vs Antagonist)

Muscles that oppose and work against each other
a. List an example

Biceps Brachii and Triceps Brachii
29. What is the difference between a sprain and a strain
a. (Think Location)


Sprain- A stretching or tearing of a ligament
Strain- A stretching or tearing of a tendon
30. How can someone slow down the process of aging on their muscles


Proper Exercise
Proper Diet
31. What is the term for muscle growth

Hypertrophy
a. Muscle loss/wasting away

Atrophy
32. How are flexion and extension different


Flexion is when the angle of the joint decreases
Extension is when the angle of the joint increases
a. Adduction vs Abduction


Adduction is when the body part is brought towards the midline of the body
Abduction is when the body part is brought away from the midline of the
body
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
33. What are the different type of blood vessels



Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
a. How are they different



Arteries are thick walled vessels that take blood away from the heart
Veins are thin walled vessels that contain valves and bring blood back
towards the heart
Capillaries are small vessels where the site of gas exchange occurs
34. Which blood vessels contain valves and carry blood back towards the heart?

Blood Veins
35. Which blood vessels have very thick muscular walls and bring blood away
from the heart?

Blood Arteries
36. What is the main function of the heart?

Pump blood throughout the body
37. What is the purpose of the pulmonary vessels?

To supply the blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
38. What is the function of the entire cardiovascular system?

To supply the body with oxygen and nutrients
39. What do red blood cells do?

Red blood cells carry hemoglobin, which are iron containing proteins that
carry oxygen from the lungs and give off to the body
40. Where does gas and nutrient exchange occur?

Capillaries
41. What is a health blood pressure range?

120/80 is normal
o 140>/90> is hypertension
42. What is the disease that is responsible for a buildup of fatty substances on
the vessel wall, leading to a narrowing of the vessel?

Atherosclerosis
43. How can someone maintain/create a healthy blood flow?




Proper Diet
Proper Exercise
Don’t/Quit Smoking
Maintain stress level
44. Be able to label a diagram of the heart