Supporting Information Submission for Paper 2015JB012100
Magnitude and symmetry of seismic anisotropy in mica- and amphibole-bearing
metamorphic rocks and implications for interpretation of crustal structure and
shear-wave splitting data from the southeast Tibetan plateau
Shaocheng Ji1,*, Tongbin Shao1, Katsuyoshi Michibayashi2, Shoma Oya2, Takako
Satsukawa3, Qian Wang4, Weihua Zhao5, Matthew H. Salisbury6
1. Département des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, École Polytechnique de
Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
2. Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya,
Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
3. ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) & GEMOC,
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW
2109, Australia
4. State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
5. Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081,
China
6. Geological Survey of Canada-Atlantic, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box
1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada
*Corresponding author (E-mail: sji@polymtl.ca)
J. Geophys. Res., XXX(BX), doi:10.1029/2015JB012100, 2015
Introduction
1
The supporting material contains six tables and one figure giving additional details of the
study. Table S1 provides sample description (this study). Table S2 provides information
about P-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a function of propagation direction
and hydrostatic confining pressure (MPa) for 25 schist samples from this study. Table S3
provides information about P-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a function of
propagation direction and hydrostatic confining pressure (MPa) for 107 schist samples
from the literature. Table S4 provides information about S-wave velocities (km/s) and
anisotropy (%) as a function of propagation-polarization direction and hydrostatic
confining pressure (MPa) for 10 Mica-bearing samples from this study. Table S5 provides
information about S-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a function of
propagation-polarization direction and hydrostatic confining pressure (MPa) for 10 Micabearing samples from this study. Table S6 provides information about P-wave velocities
(km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a function of propagation direction and hydrostatic confining
pressure (MPa) for 26 quartzite samples from the literature. Figure S1 provides EBSDmeasured pole figures for plagioclase from samples GLG102 (a), GLG 110 (b), GLG119
(c), GLG132J (d), GLG133 (e), GLG134 (f), AM1 (g), GLG201B (h), GLG203 (i), and
GLG237 (j), and YN1351 (k), and for K-feldspar from samples GLG102 (l), and GLG110
(m).
1. 2015JB012100-fs01.eps (Table S1). Sample description (this study).
1.1 Column “Sample”.
1.2 Column “Measurement”.
1.3 Column “Lithology”.
1.4 Column “Locality”.
1.5 Column “Latitude (°)”.
1.6 Column “Longitude (°)”.
1.7 Column “Modal composition (Vol%)”.
1.8 Column “References for geological setting”.
2
2. 2015JB012100-fs02.eps (Table S2). P-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a
function of propagation direction and hydrostatic confining pressure (MPa) for 25 schist
samples from this study.
2.1. Column “Sample”.
2.2. Column “Lithology”.
2.3. Column “Density (g/cm3)”.
2.4. Column “Propagation-Polarization”.
2.5. Column “Pressure (MPa)”.
3. 2015JB012100-fs03.eps (Table S3). P-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a
function of propagation direction and hydrostatic confining pressure (MPa) for 107
schist samples from the literature.
3.1. Column “Sample”.
3.2. Column “Lithological category”.
3.3. Column “Locality”.
3.4. Column “Density (g/cm3)”.
3.5. Column “Propagation”.
3.6 Column “Pressure (MPa)”.
3.7. Column “Reference”.
4. 2015JB012100-fs04.eps (Table S4). S-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a
function of propagation-polarization direction and hydrostatic confining pressure
(MPa) for 10 Mica-bearing samples from this study.
4.1. Column “Sample”.
4.2. Column “Lithology”.
4.3. Column “Density (g/cm3)”.
4.4. Column “Propagation-polarization”.
4.5. Column “Pressure (MPa)”.
3
5. 2015JB012100-fs05.eps (Table S5). S-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a
function of propagation-polarization direction and hydrostatic confining pressure
(MPa) for 25 mica-bearing samples from the Literature.
5.1. Column “Sample”.
5.2. Column “Lithological category”.
5.3. Column “Locality”.
5.4. Column “Density (g/cm3)”.
5.5. Column “Propagation-polarization”.
5.6. Column “Pressure (MPa)”.
5.7. Column “Reference”.
6. 2015JB012100-fs06.eps (Table S6). P-wave velocities (km/s) and anisotropy (%) as a
function of propagation direction and hydrostatic confining pressure (MPa) for 26
quartzite samples from the literature.
6.1. Column “Sample”.
6.2. Column “Locality”.
6.3. Column “Density (g/cm3)”.
6.4. Column “Propagation”.
6.5. Column “Pressure (MPa)”.
6.6. Column “Anisotropy pattern”.
6.7. Column “Origin of anisotropy”.
6.8. Column “Reference”.
2015JB012100-fs07.eps (Figure S1). EBSD-measured pole figures for plagioclase from
samples GLG102 (a), GLG 110 (b), GLG119 (c), GLG132J (d), GLG133 (e), GLG134 (f),
AM1 (g), GLG201B (h), GLG203 (i), and GLG237 (j), and YN1351 (k), and for Kfeldspar from samples GLG102 (l), and GLG110 (m). Equal-area lower hemisphere
projections. The maximum density and J-index (pfJ), which is calculated from the
orientation distribution function, are indicated for each sample. N: number of measured
grains. Horizontal line represents plane of foliation with lineation direction at X.
4
References for Table S1
Akciz, S., B. C. Burchfiel, J. L. Crowley, J. Y. Yin, and L. Z. Chen (2008), Geometry,
kinematics, and regional significance of the Chong Shan shear zone, Eastern
Himalayan
Syntaxis,
Yunnan,
China,
Geosphere,
4,
292-314,
doi:10.1130/GES00111.1.
Bai, D., M. J. Unsworth, M. A. Meju, et al. (2010), Crustal deformation of the eastern
Tibetan plateau revealed by magnetotelluric imaging, Nat. Geosci., 3, 358-362,
doi:10.1038/ngeo830.
Bellefleur, G., E. de Kemp, J. Goutier, M. Allard, and E. Adam (2014), Seismic imaging
of the geologic framework and structures related to volcanogenic massive sulfide
deposits in the Archean Rouyn-Noranda district, Quebec, Canada, Economic Geology,
109, 103-119.
Cook, F. A., A. J. van der Velden, and K. W. Hall (1999), Frozen subduction in Canada’s
Northwest Territories: Lithoprobe deep lithospheric reflection profiling of the western
Canadian Shield, Tectonics, 18, 1-24.
Hanmer, S., S. Ji, M. Darrach, and C. Kopf (1991), Tantato domain, northern
Saskatchewan: A segment of the Snowbird tectonic zone, In Current research, part C,
pp. 121-133, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 91-C.
Helmstaedt, H., W. A. Padgham, and J. A. Brophy (1986), Multiple dikes in Lower Kam
Group, Yellowknife greenstone belt: Evidence for Archean sea-floor spreading?
Geology, 14, 562-566.
Lin, S., D. W. Davis, E. Rotenberg, M. T. Corkery, and A. H. Bailes (2006), Geological
evolution of the northwestern Superior Province: Clues from geology, kinematics, and
geochronology in the Gods Lake Narrows area, Oxford-Stull terrane, Manitoba, Can.
J. Earth Sci., 43, 749-765.
Lucas, S. B., E. C. Syme, and K. E. Ashton (1999), Introduction to special issue on the
NATMAP Shield margin Project: The Flin Flon Belt, Transhudson Orogen, Manitoba
and Saskatchewan, Can. J. Earth Sci., 36, 1763-1765.
Milkereit, B., E. K. Berrer, A. R. King, A. H. Watts, B. Roberts, E. Adam, D. W. Eaton,
J. J. Wu, and M. H. Salisbury (2000), Development of 3-D seismic exploration
5
technology for deep nickel-copper deposits-A case history from the Sudbury basin,
Canada, Geophysics, 65, 1890-1899.
Peterson, V. L., and E. Zaleski (1999), Structural history of the Manitouwadge greenstone
belt and its volcanogenic Cu-Zn massive sulphide deposits, Wawa subprovince, southcentral Superior Province, Can. J. Earth Sci., 36, 605-625.
Socquet, A., and M. Pubellier (2005), Cenozoic deformation in western Yunnan (ChinaMyanmar border), J. Asian Earth Sci., 24, 495-515.
Tapponnier, P., R. Lacassion, P. H. Leloup, U. Scharer, D. L. Zhong, H. W. Wu, X. H.
Liu, S. Ji, L. S. Zhang, and J. Y. Zhong (1990), The Ailao Shan/Red River
metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China,
Nature, 343, 431-437.
Wang, Y. J., W. M. Fan, G. C. Zhao, S. Ji, and T. P. Peng (2007), Zircon U-Pb
geochronology of gneissic rocks in the Yunkai massif and its implications on the
Caledonian event in the South China Block, Gondwana Research, 12, 404-416.
Whitney, D. L., and B. W. Evans (2010), Abbreviations for names of rock-forming
minerals, Am. Mineral., 95, 185-187.
Zagorevski, A., C. R. van Staal, and V. J. McNicoll (2007), Distinct Taconic, Salinic and
Acadian deformation along the Iapetus suture zone, Newfoundland Appalachians,
Can. J. Earth Sci., 44, 1567-1585.
Zhang, B., J. J. Zhang, and D. L. Zhong (2010), Structure, kinematics and ages of
transpression during strain partitioning in the Chongshan shear zone, western Yunnan,
China, J. Struct. Geol., 32, 445-463.
Zhang, B., J. J. Zhang, D. L. Zhong, L. K. Yang, Y. H. Yue, and S. Y. Yan (2012),
Polystage deformation of the Gaoligong metamorphic zone: Structures, 40Ar/39Ar
mica ages, and tectonic implications, J. Struct. Geol., 37, 1-18.
References for Table S3
6
Barruol, G., and H. Kern (1996), Seismic anisotropy and shear-wave splitting in lowercrustal and upper-mantle rocks from the Ivrea Zone−Experimental and calculated data,
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 95, 175-194.
Birch, F. (1960), The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars, Part 1, J.
Geophys. Res., 65(4), 1083-1102.
Brocher, T. M., W. J. Nokleberg, N. I. Christensen, W. J. Lutter, E. L. Geist, and M. A.
Fisher (1991), Seismic reflection/refraction mapping of faulting and regional dips in
the Eastern Alaska Range, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10233-10249.
Burlini, L., and D. M. Fountain (1993), Seismic anisotropy of metapelites from the IvreaVerbano zone and Serie dei Laghi (northern Italy), Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 78, 301317.
Christensen, N. I. (1965), Compressional wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at
pressures to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 6147-6164.
Christensen, N. I., and D. A. Okaya (2007), Compressional and shear wave velocities in
South Island, New Zealand rocks and their applications to the interpretation of
seismological models of the New Zealand crust, A Continental Plate Boundary:
Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand Geophysical Monograph Series, 175,
American Geophysical Union, 123-155, doi:10.1029/175GM08.
Fountain, D. (1976), The Ivrea-Verbano and Strona-Ceneri zones, Northern Italy: A crosssection of the continental crust-new evidence from seismic velocities of rock samples,
Tectonophysics, 33, 145-165.
Fuis, G. S., E. L. Ambos, W. D. Mooney, N. I. Christensen, and E. Geist (1991), Crustal
structure of accreted terranes in southern Alaska, Chugach Mountains and Copper
River basin, from seismic refraction results, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4187-4227.
Godfrey, N. J., N. I. Christensen, and D. A. Okaya (2000), Anisotropy of schists:
Contribution of crustal anisotropy to active source seismic experiments and shear wave
splitting observations, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 27991-28007.
Hughes, S., J. H. Luetgert, and N. I. Christensen (1993), Reconciling deep seismic
refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western
New England, Tectonophysics, 225, 255-269.
7
Kern, H., and H.-R. Wenk (1990), Fabric-related velocity anisotropy and shear wave
splitting in rocks from the Santa Rosa mylonite zone, California, J. Geophys. Res., 95,
11213-11223.
Khazanehdari, J., E. H. Rutter, and K. H. Brodie (2000), High-pressure-high-temperature
seismic velocity structure of the midcrustal and lower crustal rocks of the IvreaVerbano zone and Serie dei Laghi, NW Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B6), 13843-13858.
McDonough, D. T., and D. M. Fountain (1988), Reflection characteristics of a mylonite
zone based on compressional wave velocities of rock samples, Geophys. J., 93, 547558.
McDonough, D. T., and D. M. Fountain (1993), P-wave anisotropy of mylonitic and
infrastructural rocks from a Cordilleran core complex, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 78,
319-336.
Okaya, D., N. I. Christensen, D. Stanley, T. Stern, and South Island Geophysical Transect
Working Group (1995), Crustal anisotropy in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault Zone,
South Island, New Zealand J. Geol. Geophys., 38, 579-583.
Punturo, R., H. Kern, R. Cirrincione, P. Mazzoleni, and A. Pezzino (2005), P- and S-wave
velocities and densities in silicate and calcite rocks from the Peloritani Mountains,
Sicily (Italy): The effort of pressure, temperature and the direction of wave
propagation, Tectonophysics, 409, 55-72.
Szymanski, D. L., and N. I. Christensen (1993), The origin of reflections beneath the Blue
Ridge-Piedmont Allochthon: A view through the Grandfather Mountain window,
Tectonics, 12, 265-278.
Whitney, D. L., and B. W. Evans (2010), Abbreviations for names of rock-forming
minerals, Am. Mineral., 95, 185-187.
Wissinger, E. S., A. Levander, and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic images of crustal
duplexing and continental subduction in the Brooks Range, J. Geophys. Res., 102,
20847-20871.
References for Table S5
8
Barruol, G., and H. Kern (1996), Seismic anisotropy and shear-wave splitting in lowercrustal and upper-mantle rocks from the Ivrea Zone−Experimental and calculated data,
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 95, 175-194.
Burke, M. M. (1991), Reflectivity of highly deformed terranes based on laboratory and in
situ velocity measurements from the Grenville front tectonic zone, central Ontario,
Canada, PhD thesis, Dalhousie Univ., Canada.
Burlini, L., and D. M. Fountain (1993), Seismic anisotropy of metapelites from the IvreaVerbano zone and Serie dei Laghi (northern Italy), Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 78, 301317.
Christensen, N. I. (1966), Shear wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at pressures to 10
kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 3549-3556.
Fountain, D. M., and M. H. Salisbury (1996), Seismic properties of rock samples from the
Pikwitonei granulite belt−God’s Lake domain crustal cross section, Manitoba, Can. J.
Earth Sci., 33, 757-768.
Whitney, D. L., and B. W. Evans (2010), Abbreviations for names of rock-forming
minerals, Am. Mineral., 95, 185-187.
References for Table S6
Barruol, G., and H. Kern (1996), Seismic anisotropy and shear-wave splitting in lowercrustal and upper-mantle rocks from the Ivrea Zone−Experimental and calculated data,
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 95, 175-194.
Birch, F. (1960), The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars, Part 1, J.
Geophys. Res., 65(4), 1083-1102.
Christensen, N. I. (1965), Compressional wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at
pressures to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 6147-6164.
Fountain, D. M., and M. H. Salisbury (1996), Seismic properties of rock samples from the
Pikwitonei granulite belt−God’s Lake domain crustal cross section, Manitoba, Can. J.
Earth Sci., 33, 757-768.
9
Hughes, S., J. H. Luetgert, and N. I. Christensen (1993), Reconciling deep seismic
refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western
New England, Tectonophysics, 225, 255-269.
Ji, S., C. X. Long, J. Martignole, and M. H. Salisbury (1997), Seismic reflectivity of a
finely layered, granulite-facies ductile shear zone in the southern Grenville Province
(Quebec), Tectonophysics, 279, 113-133.
Kern, H., S. Gao, Z. Jin, T. Popp, and S. Jin (1999), Petrophysical studies on rocks from
the Dabie ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metramorphic belt, central China: Implication for
the composition and delamination of the lower crust, Tectonophysics, 301, 191-215.
McDonough, D. T., and D. M. Fountain (1988), Reflection characteristics of a mylonite
zone based on compressional wave velocities of rock samples, Geophys. J., 93, 547558.
McDonough, D. T., and D. M. Fountain (1993), P-wave anisotropy of mylonitic and
infrastructural rocks from a Cordilleran core complex, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 78,
319-336.
Punturo, R., H. Kern, R. Cirrincione, P. Mazzoleni, and A. Pezzino (2005), P- and S-wave
velocities and densities in silicate and calcite rocks from the Peloritani Mountains,
Sicily (Italy): The effort of pressure, temperature and the direction of wave
propagation, Tectonophysics, 409, 55-72.
Simons, G., and W. F. Brace (1965), Comparison of static and dynamic measurements of
compressibility of rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 5649-5656.
Szymanski, D. L., and N. I. Christensen (1993), The origin of reflections beneath the Blue
Ridge-Piedmont Allochthon: A view through the Grandfather Mountain window,
Tectonics, 12, 265-278.
Whitney, D. L., and B. W. Evans (2010), Abbreviations for names of rock-forming
minerals, Am. Mineral., 95, 185-187.
Zappone, A., M. Fernàndez, V. García-Dueňas, and L. Burlini (2000), Laboratory
measurement of seismic P-wave velocities on rocks from the Betic chain (southern
Iberian Peninsula), Tectonophysics, 317, 259-272.
10