MANGA SUB COUNTY
312/2
GEOGRAPHY
Paper2
July/August- 2013
MARKING SCHEME
1.
a)
Characteristics of planted forests
• Are planted in rows.
• Appear of same size.
• Have communication corridors/roads
• Are of pure standard/same species.
• Mostly are of exotic species.
b)
Factors that limit growth of forests in Canada.
• Soils are shallow/thin since they have been glaciated.
• In winter temperatures are too low to allow tree growth/retarded growth.
• Precipitation (winter) comes in the form of shower.
2.
a)
Physical characteristics of areas of shifting cultivation
• Covered by forests/natural vegetation
• Expansive tracts of land available.
• Land is commonly communally owned/ communal land tenure.
b)
Characteristics of shifting cultivation
• Small plots are cultivated
• Use simple tools
• Plots are left fallow for a long time to regain fertility naturally.
• Cultivated areas are scattered over wide areas.
• Fertilizers are really applied.
• Most of the farming work is manual.
3.
a)
Effects of lightening in the environment
• Loss of life
• Loss of property-trees, settlement, animals.
• May interfere with navigation-Aeroplanes flying.
• Causes fire
b)
Ways of reducing adverse effects of lightning
• Use of lightening arresters.
• Avoid sheltering under trees when raining.
• Use of radars to detect storms associated with lightening.
4.
a)
Climatic conditions that favour growth of cocoa in Ghana
• High rainfall, evenly distributed all year round/ranges between 1300-1500mm
• High temperatures/ mean 21-26°C
• High humidity /75%
• Sunny periods for the ripening of pods.
b)
Problems that face cocoa farmers in Ghana.
• Diseases such as swollen shoot/black pod etc affects pods reducing yields.
• Fluctuation of prices in the world market discourages farmers.
• Low prices offered kills the morale of farmers.
Shortage of labour delays harvesting.
• Poor transport makes it difficult for farmers to deliver the produce in time.
• Pests such as capcid bug destroy the cover plants reducing yields.
5.
a)
Domestic tourism
• Citizens making tours/safaris to places of interest for leisure. Reasons
why the government is encouraging domestic tourism. (-‘-• Create unity.
• Encourage ethnic interaction.
• Sustain hotel Employees at work.
• Encourage money circulation
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Geography
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(3mks)
(3mks)
(3mks)
(3mks)
(2mks)
(lmk)
Marking Scheme
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
• Make Kenyans aware of what is present in their own country.
• Make use of Hotel facilities during low tourist season.
SECTION B
i)
Decline of volume for cut flowers .
(2mks)
2009=87.000 tonnes
2010=67.7000 tonnes
Decline = 19.3000 tonnes
% decline = 19.3000 x 100% = 1930 = 22.2%
87
87
Decline in volume of vegetables
(2mks)
2009=72.5000 tonnes
2010= 60.1000 tonnes
Decline = 12.4000 tonnes
% decline 12.4000 x 100% = 1240 = 17.1%
7 2.5
72.5
ii)
Reasons to the reduction in volume of exports of horticultural produce 20092010.
• Due to reduction continued recession in countries that import horticultural
produce.
• Interruptions of air transport to European states due to poor weather.
• Competition from other countries that export horticultural produce reduce the
amount exported.
iii)
Trend of volume of fruits exported -2007-2010.
(2mks)
• Minimum increase in volume of exports of fruits 2006-2007.
• Highest increase was between 2008 -2009.
The volume of exports of fruits was in 2009.
• There was a decrease in volume of export of fruits between 2009 -2010.
• In 2007-2009 volume of fruits exported increased.
Advantages of grass houses
(3mks)
• Temperatures is controlled
• Efficient use of inputs.
• Disease outbreak is limited/controlled
• Many crops can be cultivated in a year.
• No risks of hail/frost.
• Products are of high quality.
Climatic conditions that favour coffee growing
(4mks)
• High rainfall
• Evenly distributed throughout the year.
• High temperatures.
• Sunny day for ripening of berries.
i)
Decline of coffee productions.
(4mks)
(ii)
7.
a)
i)
• Low prices offered to farmers discourages them.
• Late payment kills the farmers morale.
• Fluctuating prices in the world market discourages farmers.
• Mismanagement of coffee cooperatives/embezzlement of funds discourages
farmers/Reduces farmers profits.
• Expensive farm inputs such fertilizers, insecticides discourages the farmers.
• Competition from other crops that generate more income are preferred.
Steps the government has taken to increase production.
(4 mks)
• Research to introduce high yielding coffee variety.
• Improvement of road system to transport coffee to factories fast.
• Advance loans /stabex funds to farmers to improve their farms.
Agricultural non-food industries found in Thika
(3mks)
• Tobacco curing.
• Textile industries
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Geography
Marking Scheme
d)
9.
• Sisal processing/Sacks making
• Leather tanning.
(ii)
Why the government is encouraging small scale industries.
(4mks)
• Needs little capital to start
• Uses locally available materials
• Creates self employment.
Are home based / rather factory based.
Are located both in rural and urban centres.
b)
Ways in which through raw materials influence location of Industries
(4mks)
• Bulky raw materials influence location of industries since they are heavy to
escape high transport charges.
• Perishable raw materials influence location of industries to areas of origin since
they go bad or rot ./wilt quickly.
c)
Factors that have contributed to the growth of electronics manufacturing industries.
(8mks)
High population with high purchasing power.
• High population offers cheap labour to produce goods cheaply.
• Has skilled and industrious work force which enhances efficiency in production.
• Advanced technology and research has resulted the production of high quality
goods.
Have adequate financial base to invest in electronic industry setting and
expansion of industries.
Problems of delocalization of industries in Kenya.
(6mks)
• Poor transport network in rural areas.
• Electricity/power has yet to reach rural areas.
• Some industries rely on other that are located in urban centres.
• Limited markets in the rural areas for manufactured goods.
• May cause displacement of people in the rural areas.
• Scarcity of raw materials in the rural areas especially those that are imported.
a)
i)
Causes of adverse balance of Kenya’s foreign trade.
(2mks)
• Kenya’s foreign trade is made up of low value agricultural raw materials! semiprocessed goods while those imported goods are manufactured products of high value.
• Unexpected trade restrictions reduces Kenya’s exports.
• Bias against goods against Kenyan goods hinders trade with her partners. Since local
consumers prefer imported goods to local ones.
ii) Measures the government may take to reduce her unfavourable balance of
trade.
(8mks)
Reduce importation of expensive luxury items by levying heavy taxations.
• Open new markets to reduce dependence on traditional markets.
Diversify her agricultural exports based on a variety of exports.
Establish import substitution industries and protect them to cut down importation of same
commodities.
Develop alternative sources of energy to reduce importation of petroleum which
consumes a lot of foreign exchange.
b)
Benefits of international trade.
(5mks)
Creates employment opportunities reducing unemployment in the country.
When goods are exported they earn Kenya foreign currency.
It promotes cooperation/international friendship amongst trading
partners/interaction.
• Facilitates establishment of transport and communication lines for faster movement of
c)
goods.
Negative effects of international trade.
(6mks)
• Imported goods may lead to closure local industries resulting to unemployment.
• May lead to over exploitation of resources in the country leading depletion.
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Marking Scheme
8.
c)
d)
• Imported goods may be of low value/expired which may affect the citizens and stall the
economic growth.
• May cause over-reliance on certain items which is risky incase the prices of such commodities
fall in the world market.
d)
Ways government of Kenya promotes internal trade. (4mks)
• Constructs roads, railway, air transport through which goods are moved.
• Ensure security of all businesses, people and industry.
• Advances loans to traders through banks.
• Protects her industries by imposing tarrifs on imported goods to protect local industries.
a)
i)Reasons why wind energy is not well developed in Kenya
(2mks)
• Usually little energy is generated from wind.
• Energy from wind is unreliable since it changes direction and speed.
• Is expensive to generate.
• It is expensive to maintain the gadgets.
ii)
Effects of Geothermal power generation on the environment.
(6mks)
• Has interfere with the volcanic features e.g. the geysers.
Harmful gases emitted e.g. sulphur dioxide is harmful to the people and animals.
• Produces noise /air pollution which affects man.
b)
i)
Other function Masinga Dam other than HEP production
(3mks)
• Provides water for domestic use.
• Is a tourist attraction eg. Masinga Tourist Lodge
• Is a fishing ground/food
• Its water is used for irrigation purposes.
ii)
Three problems that affect HEP generation downstream River Tana.
(3mks)
• Siltation of dams reduces water volume to generate HEP.
• Fluctuation of river volume affects the amount of HEP generation.
High capital investment limits research and construction of HEP stations.
• Inadequate skilled manpower to construct/manage power projects.
i)
Factors that have influenced location of Owen Dam in Uganda
(4mks)
• High head of water from L. Victoria that does not fluctuate.
• Presence of hard basement rock for the firm foundation of the dam and the power house.
• Availability of the natural water falls.
• Presence of L. Victoria that acts as a natural water reservoir.
• Presence of a large market for HEP in Jinja, Tororo, Kamapala and Kenya etc.
ii)
Economic importance of Owen dam —Uganda
(3mks)
• Creates employment opportunities.
Generates HEP which when exported earns foreign currency,
• Supplies HEP to Uganda
• HEP generated reduces the amount of petroleum imported saving foreign currency.
• Power generated in Jinja has facilitated growth of industries.
Measures that the government of Kenya has taken to manage and conserve her energy
resources.
(4 mks)
• Through mass media the government advices people to;
i) Put off energy gadgets when not in use/during the day.
ii) Rationing energy such as idle electricity, oil etc.
iii) Use energy saving devices e.g. economy jikos.
iv) The government encourages use of alternative sources of energy such as wind, solar, bio gas
etc.
10.
v) Encourages use of public transport as much as possible.
vi) Encourages people to plant trees during the rainy season/afforestation/reaforestation etc.
a)
(i)
Reasons for the decline of fertility rate in Kenya
(3mks)
Adoption of family planning techniques.
• Late marriages.
• Most women stay longer in school to better their careers.
• The need for small families that parents can be able to cater for.
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Geography
Marking Scheme
ii)
b)
c)
(3mks)
 Diseases e.g. malaria.
 HIV/AIDS.
 Malnutrition /poor feeding.
 Lack of food.
 Poor health facilities.
 Poverty.
 Poor hygienic conditions.
Refer population pyramid.
i)
Characteristics of population pyramid
(4mks)
• Has low birthrate.
• High number of population between 20 to 64 years/ workers.
• Has low dependence ratio.
• Has high male population compared to female population.
• Has high population of the aged.
i)
Effects of high population on government economic investment policy
(2mks)
• The government will be forced to invest more capital in social amenities such as schools,
hospitals because they are more urgent instead of investing in
industries, roads etc.
• High population retards economic development.
• High population reduces government savings that would have been invested in the country’s
economy.
ii)
Effects of high population on; Energv resources
(2mks)
iii)
d)
Causes of infant mortality in Kenya.
i)
ii)
• High population demand for energy resources is high resulting to depletion of forest
resources for wood fuel, charcoal etc.
High demand for oil will exhaust foreign currency used to import oil.
Effects of high population on government economic investment policy food
production.
(2mks)
• High population will need more food.
• More and more land will be needed for cultivation to produce food.
• Land will be over- cultivated/over used/exhaustion of land.
• Land will be fragmented/subdivided and become un-productive.
• Starvation/shortage of food.
Factors that have contributed to the growth of slums in major towns in Kenya.(6mks)
Inadequate housing units to cater for the high population in urban centres.
Failure of government to build houses for low income /middle class and high income
earners.
• The unemployed in towns are unable to afford decent houses consequently settle in
slums.
Effects of rural urban migration on the place of origin.
(2mks)
The age-sex structure is affected hence causing imbalance in rural areas.
• There is remittance of funds home improving the living standards of the people.
• Absence of the young able bodied affects agricultural production.
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Geography
Marking Scheme